Petteri Lalu: Syvää Vai Pelkästään Tiheää? Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, Taktiikan Laitos Julkaisusarja 1: No

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Petteri Lalu: Syvää Vai Pelkästään Tiheää? Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, Taktiikan Laitos Julkaisusarja 1: No SYVÄÄ VAI PELKÄSTÄÄN TIHEÄÄ? Neuvostoliittolaisen ja venäläisen sotataidollisen ajattelun lähtökohdat, kehittyminen, soveltaminen käytäntöön ja nykytilanne. Näkökulmana 1920- ja 1930-luvun syvän taistelun ja operaation opit. Petteri L alu Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Julkaisusarja 1 Nro 3/2014 Taktiikan laitos Väitöskirja PETTERI LALU SYVÄÄ VAI PELKÄSTÄÄN TIHEÄÄ? Neuvostoliittolaisen ja venäläisen sotataidollisen ajattelun lähtökohdat, kehittyminen, soveltaminen käytäntöön ja nykytilanne. Näkökulmana 1920- ja 1930-luvun syvän taistelun ja operaation opit. Akateeminen väitöskirja, joka Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun tutkimusneuvoston suostumuksella esitetaä n̈ julkisesti tarkastettavaksi sotatieteiden tohtorin tutkintoa varten Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun pääauditoriossa, Santahaminassa, 13. kesäkuuta 2014 kello 12. MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU HELSINKI 2014 MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU TAKTIIKAN LAITOS JULKAISUSARJA 1: NO. 3 / 2014 NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF TACTICS AND OPERATIONS ART SERIES 1: NO. 3 / 2014 SYVÄÄ VAI PELKÄSTÄÄN TIHEÄÄ? Neuvostoliittolaisen ja venäläisen sotataidollisen ajattelun lähtökohdat, kehittyminen, soveltaminen käytäntöön ja nykytilanne. Näkökulmana 1920- ja 1930-luvun syvän taistelun ja operaation opit. MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU Taktiikan laitos HELSINKI 2014 Petteri Lalu: Syvää vai pelkästään tiheää? Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, Taktiikan laitos Julkaisusarja 1: No. 3 / 2014 Väitöskirja National Defence University, Department of Tactics and Operations Art Series 1: No. 3 / 2014 Doctoral dissertation Tekijä: Yleisesikuntaeverstiluutnantti Petteri Lalu Ohjaava professori: Sotilasprofessori, eversti Pasi Kesseli, Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Esitarkastajat: Dosentti Pasi Tuunainen, Itä-Suomen yliopisto Dosentti Ali Pylkkänen, Turun yliopisto Vastaväittäjä: Dosentti, eversti Petteri Jouko, Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Uusimmat julkaisut pdf-muodossa: http://www.doria.fi Kannen kuva, kirjan taitto ja piirrokset (ellei toisin mainita): Petteri Lalu Kansikuvan taitto: Heidi Paananen ISBN 978-951-25-2550-8 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-25-2551-5 (PDF) ISSN 1238-2744 Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu – National Defence University Taktiikan laitos – Department of Tactics and Operations Art Juvenes Print Tampere 2014 TIIVISTELMÄ Sosialistisen vallankumouksen jälkeen Neuvosto-Venäjän oli monien muiden kysymys- ten ohella ratkaistava sosialismin saavutusten puolustaminen. Aluksi ratkaisuksi suunni- teltiin vapaaehtoisuuteen perustuvaa punakaartia, mutta riittävän miesvahvuuden tur- vaamiseksi päädyttiin yleiseen asevelvollisuuteen. Pian Venäjän sisällissodan jälkeen sotataidon suunta painottui enemmän vanhan armeijan asiantuntijoiden näkemysten kuin vallankumoussankarien kokemusten mukaiseksi, vaikka Frunzen puna-armeijalle kirjoittama doktriini perustui luokkataisteluun ja korosti sisällissodassa hyväksi koettua operatiivista liikkuvuutta. Neuvostoliiton ja Venäjän sotataidon perustana on Pietari I:n aloittama länsimainen suuntaus, jota kuitenkin täydentävät vahvat kansalliset piirteet. Venäläisen sotataidon henkisenä isänä voidaan hyvällä syyllä pitää Aleksandr Suvorovia, jonka opetukset nä- kyvät tekstilainausten lisäksi myös periaatteissa ja sotilaskasvatuksessa. Napoleonin so- tien jälkeen perustettu Keisarillinen yleisesikunta-akatemia loi Venäjälle sotatieteellisen tutkimuksen ja opetuksen. Sotatieteen mahdollisuuksia ei 1800-luvun Venäjällä osattu täysin hyödyntää. Aseistuksen kasvavan tehon merkitystä vähättelevä asenne johti sota- taidon taantumisen ja katastrofiin Venäjän–Japanin sodassa. Sen kokemuksia ana- lysoidessaan Aleksandr Neznamov kehitti edelleen saksalaista operaation käsitettä ja loi perustan Neuvostoliitossa 1920-luvulla kehitetylle operaatiotaidolle. Neuvostoliittolaisen sotataidon päämääränä oli kehittää taktinen ja operatiivinen ratkai- su aseistuksen tehon kasvun aikaansaamaan puolustuksen ylivoimaisuuteen. Ratkaisus- sa hyödynnettiin brittien kokemuksia ja tutkimusta. Neuvostoliittolainen taktiikka ja operaatiotaito eivät kuitenkaan olleet brittiläisen mekanisoidun sodankäynnin tai saksa- laisen salamasodan itäinen kopioita vaan itsenäisiin ratkaisuihin pohjautuvia. Syvän taistelun ja operaation teoriaa kokeiltiin harjoituksissa, ja sitä kehitettiin Stalinin vuoden 1937 puhdistuksiin saakka. Toisen maailmansodan taisteluissa puna-armeija sovelsi alkuvaiheen katastrofin jälkeen syvän taistelun ja syvän operaation oppeja. Komentajien ja joukkojen taito ei riittänyt teorian vaatimusten mukaiseen toimintaan, siksi syväksi aiotusta taistelusta tuli ajoittain ainoastaan tiheää. Suuren isänmaallisen sodan kokemusten perusteella neuvostoliittolai- nen sotatiede kehitti yleisjoukkojen taistelun periaatteet, jotka ovat säilyneet muuttu- mattomina nykypäivään saakka. Kylmän sodan aikakaudella ydin- ja tavanomaisen aseistuksen merkitys sodan ja taiste- lun kuvassa vaihteli. Lännen sotataidon ja aseteknologian kehitys pakotti Neuvostoliiton siirtymään 1980-luvulla sotilaallisessa ajattelussaan hyökkäyksestä puolustukseen. Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen Venäjän sotilaallisen turvallisuuden takaajana on ydinaseistus. Yhdysvaltain tavanomainen ilma-avaruushyökkäyskyky vaatii Venäjää kehittämään torjuntajärjestelmiä. Tavanomaisten joukkojen rakentamisessa Venäjä seuraa tarkasti läntisen sotataidon ke- hittymistä, mutta pitäytyy omaperäisiin ratkaisuihin, joiden kehittämisessä sen vahvalla sotatieteellisellä järjestelmällä ja dialektisen materialismin metodilla on edelleen olen- naisen tärkeä merkitys. ABSTRACT After the socialist revolution, Soviet Russia was forced, among many other issues, to solve the question of how to defend the achievements of socialism. Initially, the solution was the forming of voluntary Red Guards, but in order to ensure sufficient manpower, obligatory military service was introduced. Soon after the Russian Civil War, the mili- tary art started to emphasize more the expertise of the Imperial Army, than the experi- ence of the red heroes of Civil War. However, the Red Army doctrine, written by Frun- ze, was based on class struggle and stressed operational mobility, which was perceived positively during the Civil War. In the Soviet Union and in Russia the military art is based on the Western trend started by Peter I, which is, however, complemented by strong national characteristics. There are good reasons to represent Alexander Suvorov as the spiritual father of the Russian military art. His teachings appear in text citations as well as in the principles of military art and education. The Imperial General Staff Academy, founded after the Napoleonic wars, created the basis of the Russian Military scientific research and teaching. The full potential of military science was not fully realized in the 19th century Russia. The dis- missive attitude towards the growing importance of firearms led to the decline of the military art and to the disaster in the Russo-Japanese war. Analyzing the experiences of that war, Alexander Neznamov further developed the German concept of operation and laid the foundations of the concept of operational art, which was developed in the Soviet Union during the 1920s. The aim of the Soviet military art was to develop a tactical and operational solution against the superiority of defence, which was due to the increase of firepower. Also British experience and research was exploited in this development process, although the Soviet tactics and operational art were not Eastern copies of British mechanized warfare or German Blitzkrieg, but an independent concept. The theory of deep battle and deep operations was tested in military exercises, and it was developed until Stalin’s Great purge of 1937. In the battles of World War II, the Red Army applied the concept of deep battle and deep operations after the catastrophe of the first phase of the war. The commanders and troops had not been skilled enough to act in accordance with the requirements of the theory, causing the battle, which was intended to be deep, to became dense only. Based on the experience of the Great Patriotic War, Soviet military science developed the principles of combined forces battle, which have remained unchanged to the present day. During the Cold War era the importance of nuclear and conventional weaponry varied. In the 1980s, the Western development of military art and weapons technology forced the Soviet Union to transform its military thought from offense to defence. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, nuclear armament has guaranteed the national security of the Russian Federation. The capability of the United States to launch a conventional aerospace offense requires Russia to develop defensive systems. When building conventional forces Russia closely follows the development of the Western military art, but holds onto its own solutions, in which its strong system of mil- itary science and the method of dialectical materialism still play a significant role. ESIPUHE Omistan tämän kirjan perheelleni, vaimolleni Minnalle ja pojalleni Iirolle, jotka ovat sietäneet minua, niin tutkimusprosessin aikana kuin muutenkin. Kiitän vanhempiani Mairea ja Paulia kannustuksesta. Syypää tähän tutkimukseen, jos sellaisia pitää etsiä, on itseni lisäksi professori Pasi Kesseli. Ilman sinun kysymystäsi Taktiikan laitoksen edustalla keväällä 2008: ”Oletko ajatellut, että voisit tehdä venäläisestä sotataidosta väitöskirjan?”, olisi tämä työ jäänyt tekemättä. Kiitos esittämästäsi haasteesta ja ohjauksesta. Kiitän Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulua mahdollisuudesta tehdä tutkimusta tutkijaesiupsee- rina ja vastaväittäjääni dosentti
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