FAMILY Apteronotidae Jordan, 1923 - ghost knifefishes [=?Ophichthytes, Sternarchidae, Adontosternarchinae, Sternarchorhynchinae, Oedemognathinae, Sternarchorhamphini, Sternarchellini, Porotergini] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice ?Ophichthytes Jarocki, 1822:367 [ref. 4984] (family) ? Sternarchus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Sternarchidae Swainson, 1838:216, 222 [ref. 4302] (family) Sternarchus [also Swainson 1839:196, 337 [ref. 4303]] Apteronotidae Jordan, 1923a:138 [ref. 2421] (family) Apteronotus [probably intended as a replacement name, Article 40.2; Apteronotidae used as valid by: Lindberg 1971 [ref. 27211], Nelson 1976 [ref. 32838], Shiino 1976, Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Sterba 1990, Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], Malabarba et al. 1998 [ref. 23777], Albert 2001 [ref. 25614], de Santana 2003 [ref. 26978], Reis et al. 2003 [ref. 27061], Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Buckup, Menezes & Ghazzi 2007, Albert & Crampton 2009 [ref. 30049], Triques 2011 [ref. 31671]] Adontosternarchinae Mago-Leccia, 1978:14 [ref. 5489] (subfamily) Adontosternarchus Sternarchorhynchinae Mago-Leccia, 1978:14 [ref. 5489] (subfamily) Sternarchorhychus Oedemognathinae Mago-Leccia, 1978:14 [ref. 5489] (subfamily) Oedemognathus Sternarchorhamphini Albert, 2001:73 [ref. 25614] (tribe) Sternarchorhamphus Sternarchellini Albert, 2001:77 [ref. 25614] (tribe) Sternarchella Porotergini Albert, 2001:78 [ref. 25614] (tribe) Porotergus

GENUS Adontosternarchus Ellis, in Eigenmann, 1912 - ghost knifefishes [=Adontosternarchus Ellis [C. H.], in Eigenmann, 1912:424 (in key)] Notes: [ref. 1227]. Masc. Sternarchus sachsi Peters, 1877. Type by subsequent monotypy. Type by subsequent monotypy (Ellis 1913:155 [ref. 1271]). Appeared first in Eigenmann 1912:424 (in key) [ref. 1227] without species; more fully described in Ellis 1913:155, with one species. •Valid as Adontosternarchus Ellis, 1912 -- (Mago-Leccia et al. 1985 [ref. 5732], Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:30 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:433 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Lundberg & Cox Fernandes 2007:27 [ref. 29255], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], de Santana & Crampton 2010:165 [ref. 30762], de Santna & Vari 2012:535 [ref. 32200]). Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus Ellis, 1912. Apteronotidae. Species Adontosternarchus balaenops (Cope, 1878) - Pebas ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus balaenops Cope [E. D.], 1878:682] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 17 (no. 101); ref. 945] Pebas, Amazon system, Peru. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus balaenops (Cope, 1878). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Adontosternarchus clarkae Mago-Leccia et al., 1985 - Raudal ghost knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus clarkae Mago-Leccia [F.], Lundberg [J. G.] & Baskin [J. N.], 1985:14, Figs. 1c, 16] Notes: [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 358; ref. 5732] Raudal (Rapids) de Mavahate, Río Negro near San Carlos de Río Negro, Amazonas Territory, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus clarkae Mago-Leccia, Lundberg & Baskin, 1985. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Negro River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Adontosternarchus devenanzii Mago-Leccia et al., 1985 - Cano Cuajarito dwarf knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus devenanzii Mago-Leccia [F.], Lundberg [J. G.] & Baskin [J. N.], 1985:11, Figs. 1b, 2-6, 14] Notes: [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 358; ref. 5732] Caño Cuajarito, tributary of Río Portuguesa, 3 kilometers above La Unión, Estado Guárico, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus devenanzii Mago-Leccia, Lundberg & Baskin, 1985. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Portuguesa and Orinoco rivers, and Amazon River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Adontosternarchus duartei de Santana & Vari, 2012 - Beruri ghost knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus duartei de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2012:536, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32200] Beruri, beach in front of channel connecting with Lago Ayapuá, 4°28'57"S, 62°03'52"W, Rio Purus basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus duartei de Santana & Vari, 2012. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Purus system, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Adontosternarchus nebulosus Lundberg & Cox Fernandes, 2007 - nebulosus ghost knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus nebulosus Lundberg [J. G.] & Cox Fernandes [C.], 2007:28, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 156; ref. 29255] Rio Madeira, 2 kilometers below Vila Urucurituba, about 3°33'05.6"S, 58°54'56.4"W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus nebulosus Lundberg & Cox Fernandes, 2007. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Adontosternarchus sachsi (Peters, 1877) - Sachs' ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus sachsi Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1877:473, Unnumbered plate following p. 556] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preuss[ischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1877; ref. 18538] San Fernando de Apure, Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus sachsi (Peters, 1877). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Apteronotus Lacépède, 1800 - ghost knifefishes, black ghost knifefishes [=Apteronotus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:208, Memarchus Kaup [J. J.], in Duméril, 1856:201, Sternarchus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:497, Ubidia Miles [C.], 1945:461] Notes: [ref. 2709]. Masc. Apteronotus passan Lacepède, 1800. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:27 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:430 [ref. 23853], Britski et al. 1999:90 [ref. 24147], Campos-da-Paz 1999:1041 [ref. 24190], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], de Santana 2003:1 [ref. 26978], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061], de Santana et al. 2004:2 [ref. 27412], de Santana & Maldonado-Ocampo 2004:1 [ref. 27837], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], de Santana & Crampton 2006:115 [ref. 28765], de Santana & Lehmann A. 2006:261 [ref. 28847], de Santana et al. 2006:275 [ref. 28848], de Santana et al. 2007:117 [ref. 29198], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2011:505 [ref. 31518], Triques 2011:299 [ref. 31671], de Santana & Cox Fernandes 2012:283 [ref. 32053]). Current status: Valid as Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae. (Memarchus) [ref. 1154]. Masc. Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus, 1766. Not available, name only without description or indication; authorship of type inferred. •Objective synonym of Sternarchus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. •In the synonymy of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Mago-Leccia 1994:27 [ref. 21320], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae. (Sternarchus) [ref. 471]. Masc. Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus, 1766. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann 1910:448 [ref. 1224]. •Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Mago-Leccia 1994:27 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:430 [ref. 23853], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae. (Ubidia) [ref. 2998]. Fem. Ubidia magdalenensis Miles, 1945. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Ubidia Miles, 1945 -- (see Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Mago-Leccia 1994:37 [ref. 21320], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939]). •Synonym of Apteronodus Lacepède, 1800 based on placement of Ubidia magsalenensis in Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2011:505 [ref. 31518]. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae.

Species Apteronotus acidops Triques, 2011 - long-snouted electric fish [=Apteronotus acidops Triques [M. L.], 2011:300, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 3); ref. 31671] Rio Paraná at Ilha Solteira, 20°30'S, 51°00'W, between states of São Paula and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus acidops Triques, 2011. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1758) - apteronotid eel [=Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus [C.], 1766:428, Sternarchus lacepedii Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:93, Pl. 45 (fig. 3), Sternarchus maximilliani Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:93, Pl. 45 (fig. 4), Apteronotus passan Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:209, Pl. 6 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Northern and central South America, Amazon and Orinoco basins: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela [this range now reduced]. Habitat: freshwater. (lacepedii) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater. (maximilliani) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Urubamba, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater. (passan) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 2; ref. 2709] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus anu de Santana & Vari, 2013 - black ghost knifefish [=Apteronotus anu de Santana [C, D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2013:570, Figs. 3, 5] Notes: [Journal of the Linnaean Society v. 168; ref. 33165] Zulia, Rio Negro, 12 km south of Machiques on way to Tokuko at the bridge, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus anu de Santana & Vari, 2013. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus apurensis Fernández-Yépez, 1968 - Apure ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus apurensis Fernández-Yépez [A.], 1968:[6], Pl. 5 (unnumb.)] Notes: [Evencias No. 20; ref. 7318] Río Bucaral, Paso Mirabal, Río Apure system, Oronoco basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus apurensis Fernández-Yépez, 1968. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Apure River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus baniwa de Santana & Vari, 2013 - Baniwa ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus baniwa de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2013:575, Figs.7-8] Notes: [Journal of the Linnaean Society v. 168; ref. 33165] Amazonas, Río Orinoco, 147 km east-south-east of San Fernando de Atabapo,3°45'23"N, 66°36'12"W, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus baniwa de Santana & Vari, 2013. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Ríos Orinoco and Ventuari, southern Portions of Río Orinoco Basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus bonapartii (Castelnau, 1855) - Bonapart's ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus bonapartii Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:92, Pl. 45 (fig. 2), Apteronotus anas Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.], 1942:321, Pl. 15 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Lake emptying into Río Ucayali, Peru. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus bonapartii (Castelnau, 1855). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (anas) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Iquitos, Amazon system, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus bonapartii (Castelnau, 1855). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus brasiliensis (Reinhardt, 1852) - Velhas ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus brasiliensis Reinhardt [J. T.], 1852:148] Notes: [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn, Aaret 1852; ref. 18619] Rio das Velhas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus brasiliensis (Reinhardt, 1852). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Das Velhas River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus camposdapazi de Santana & Lehmann A., 2006 - Rosariana black electric ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus camposdapazi de Santana [C. D.] & Lehmann A. [P.], 2006:262, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 28847] Niquelandia, Arroio Arara, 500 meters from mouth of Rio Maranhão at Rosariana, 14°01'S, 48°26'W, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus camposdapazi de Santana & Lehmann, 2006. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus caudimaculosus de Santana, 2003 - Novo black ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus caudimaculosus de Santana [C. D.], 2003:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 252; ref. 26978] Aquapap Pantanal, 19°36.64'S, 56°24.87'W, Aquidauna, Rio Novo, Brejo de Santa Sofia, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus caudimaculosus de Santana, 2003. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus cuchillejo (Schultz, 1949) - Motatan black ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchogiton cuchillejo Schultz [L. P.], 1949:72, Pl. 3 (fig. B)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 99 (no. 3235); ref. 3967] Río Motatán, 8 kilometers below Motatán, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus cuchillejo (Schultz, 1949). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Catatumbo River basin, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus cuchillo Schultz, 1949 - cuchillo black ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus cuchillo Schultz [L. P.], 1949:69, Pl. 3 (fig. A)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 99 (no. 3235); ref. 3967] Río Socuy, 3 kilometers above mouth, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus cuchillo Schultz, 1949. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus ellisi (Alonso de Arámburu, 1957) - Parana black ghost knifefish (author) [=Porotergus ellisi Alonso de Arámburu [A. S.], 1957:154, Fig. 1] Notes: [Notas del Museo de La Plata v. 19 (no. 177); ref. 12128] Lower Río Paraná, San Pedro, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus ellisi (Alonso de Arámburu, 1957). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Paraná River basin: Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana et al., 2004 - Eschmeyer's black ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana [C. D.], Maldonado-Ocampo [J. A.], Severi [W.] & Mendes [G. N.], 2004:3, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 410; ref. 27412] Rio Magdalena Basin, Las Juntas de Apulo, Rio Bogotá along railway between Girardot and Facatativa, Departamento Cundinamarca, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes, 2004. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Bogotá River and Luisa River, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus ferrarisi de Santana & Vari, 2013 - Yaracuy black ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus ferrarisi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2013:577, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Journal of the Linnaean Society v. 168; ref. 33165] Yaracuy, Río Yaracuy, basin, (Caribbean Coast), Quebrada Guaquira on Hacienda Guaquira, southeast of El Peñon Reservoir, 10°17'40"N, 68°9"35"W, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus ferrarisi de Santana & Vari, 2013. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Yaracuy and adjoining Río, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus galvisi de Santana et al., 2007 - Cusiana ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus galvisi de Santana [C. D.], Maldonado-Ocampo [J. A.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2007:118, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 2); ref. 29198] Río Meta drainage, Río Cusiana, bridge El Venado, 5°00'50"N, 72°41.30.9"W, Casanare, Colombia, elevation 305 meters. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus galvisi de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo & Crampton, 2007. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Meta River basin, Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus jurubidae (Fowler, 1944) - Jurubida ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus jurubidae Fowler [H. W.], 1944:242, Fig. 20] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1452] Río Jurubidá, Nuquí, Pacific Slope, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus jurubidae (Fowler, 1944). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Jurubidá River basin, Arato River system, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Ellis, 1912) - brown ghost knifefish [=Sternarchus leptorhynchus Ellis [M. D.], in Eigenmann, 1912:439] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Ellis, 1912). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Essequibo River dranage, Guyana [some records above are in error]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus lindalvae de Santana & Cox Fernandes, 2012 - Uatuma ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus lindalvae de Santana [C. D.] & Cox Fernandes [C.], 2012:286, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2012 (no. 2); ref. 32053] Rio Uatumã, Cochoeira do Mirití, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus lindalvae de Santana & Cox Fernandes, 2012. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apteronotus macrolepis (Steindachner, 1881) - macrolepis ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus macrolepis Steindachner [F.], 1881:98] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademy der Wissenschften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschftliche Classe v. 18 (no. 11); ref. 20484] Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus macrolepis (Steindachner, 1881). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus macrostomus (Fowler, 1943) - macrostomus ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus macrostomus Fowler [H. W.], 1943:263, Fig. 63] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 95; ref. 1443] Villavicencio, Río Meta basin, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus macrostomus (Fowler, 1943). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Meta River basin, Orinoco River system, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus magdalenensis (Miles, 1945) - Magdalena ghost knifefish (author) [=Ubidia magdalenensis Miles [C.], 1945:461, Figs. 11-12] Notes: [Caldasia v. 3 (no. 15); ref. 2998] Río Magdalena, Honda, Tolima, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus magdalenensis (Miles, 1945). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Magdalena-Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus magoi de Santana et al., 2006 - Mago ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus magoi de Santana [C. D.], Castillo [O.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2006:276, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 28848] Río Apure drainage, Caño Bravo, 8°00'S, 67°59'W, Barinas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus magoi de Santana, Castillo & Taphorn, 2006. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Apure River drainage, Orinoco River system, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus mariae (Eigenmann & Fisher, 1914) - Girardot ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus mariae Eigenmann [C. H.] & Fisher [H. G.], 1914:236] Notes: [Indiana University Studies No. 25; ref. 11068] Girardot, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus mariae (Eigenmann & Fisher, 1914). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Magadelena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus milesi de Santana & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2005 - Amparo ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus milesi de Santana [C. D.] & Maldonado-Ocampo [J. A.], 2005:224, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 16 (no. 3); ref. 28331] Municipio de Ancermanuevo, Hacienda el Amparo, Río Chanco, Departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, elevation 950 meters. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus milesi de Santana & Maldonado-Ocampo, 2005. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Cauca River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus paranaensis (Schindler, 1940) - Parana ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus paranaensis Schindler [O.], 1940:104, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Ibero-Amerikanische Studien v. 13; ref. 31257] Small tributary on right side of Rio Paraná, 34 km upstream of Porto Tibiriçá (Presidente Epitácio), Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, ca. 21°29'S, 52°07E. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus paranaensis (Schindler, 1940). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Paraná River Basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus pemon de Santana & Vari, 2013 - Bolivara ghost knifefish (author) [=Apteronotus pemon da Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2013:586, Figs. 17-18] Notes: [Journal of the Linnaean Society v. 168; ref. 33165] Bolivara, Techiné-meru waterfall, tributary of upper Río Caroni, about 5°01'N, 62°17'60"E, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus pemon de Santana & Vari, 2013. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Techiné-meru waterfall, tributary of upper Río Caroni basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus rostratus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) - rostrate ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus rostratus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.], 1913:85] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Río Grande near Cana, Panama. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus rostratus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Magdalena and Maricabo basins: Colombia, Panama, Habitat: freshwater.

Species Apteronotus spurrellii (Regan, 1914) - Spurrell's ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus spurrellii Regan [C. T.], 1914:32] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 14 (no. 79); ref. 14172] Río Condoto, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus spurrellii (Regan, 1914). Apteronotidae. Distribution: San Juan River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Compsaraia Albert, 2001 - ghost knifefishes [=Compsaraia Albert [J. S.], 2001:78] Notes: [ref. 25614]. Fem. Porotergus compsus Mago-Leccia, 1994. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Porotergus Ellis, 1912 – (Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939]). •Valid as Compsaraia Albert, 2001 -- (Albert in Reis et al. 2003:499 [ref. 27061], Albert & Crampton 2009:81 [ref. 30049]). Current status: Valid as Compsaraia Albert, 2001. Apteronotidae.

Species Compsaraia compsa (Mago-Leccia, 1994) - compsa ghost knifefish (author) [=Porotergus compsus Mago-Leccia [F.], 1994:82, Figs. 90, 91] Notes: [Electric fishes of the continental waters of America; ref. 21320] Río Orinoco, at Isla Iguana, between kilometers 152 and 153, Delta Amacuro, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Compsaraia compsus (Mago-Leccia 1994). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Orinoco, Meta, Apuré and Negro River basins: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Compsaraia iara Bernt & Albert, 2017 - iara ghost knifefish (author) [=Compsaraia iara Bernt [M. J.] & Albert [J. S.], 2017:212, Figs. 1, 3, 4, 5B] Notes: [Copeia v. 105 (no. 2); ref. 35327] Brazil, Pará, Rio Amazonas, between Rio Mojui and Furo do Tajapuru, between towns Gurupá and Serraria, 01°12'26"S, 51°19'09"W. Current status: Valid as Compsaraia iara Bernt & Albert, 2017. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River and near the mouths of large tributaries. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Compsaraia samueli Albert & Crampton, 2009 - Samuel's ghost knifefish (author) [=Compsaraia samueli Albert [J. S.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2009:83, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 30049] Rio Amazonas near Iquitos, 3.77°S, 73.25°W, Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Compsaraia samueli Albert & Crampton, 2009. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Western Amazon River basin: Peru and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Megadontognathus Mago-Leccia, 1994 - ghost knifefishes [=Megadontognathus Mago-Leccia [F.], 1994:38] Notes: [ref. 21320]. Masc. Megadontognathus cuyuniense Mago-Leccia, 1994. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Megadontognathus Mago-Lessia, 1994 -- (Campos-da-Paz 1999:1041 [ref. 24190], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:499 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049]). Current status: Valid as Megadontognathus Mago-Leccia, 1994. Apteronotidae.

Species Megadontognathus cuyuniense Mago-Leccia, 1994 - Cuyuni ghost knifefish (author) [=Megadontognathus cuyuniense Mago-Leccia [F.], 1994:81, Figs. 58, 89a, 89b] Notes: [Electric fishes of the continental waters of America; ref. 21320] Río Cuyuni at Paruruvaca rapids, Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Megadontognathus cuyuniense Mago-Leccia, 1994. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Cuyuni and Caroní River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Megadontognathus kaitukaensis Campos-da-paz, 1999 - Kaituka ghost knifefish (author) [=Megadontognathus kaitukaensis Campos-da-Paz [R.], 1999:1043, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 1999 (no. 4); ref. 24190] Cachoeiras de Kaituká (="Caitucá"), about 5°15'S, 52°50'W, Rio Xingu, Pará State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Megadontognathus kaitukaensis Campos-da-Paz, 1999. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Xingu River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Orthosternarchus Ellis, 1913 - tamandua knifefishes [=Orthosternarchus Ellis [M. M.], 1913:144] Notes: [ref. 1271]. Masc. Sternarchus tamandua Boulenger, 1898. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Orthosternarchus Ellis, 1913 -- (see Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Mago-Leccia 1994:31 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:429 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:499 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Hilton et al. 2007:3 [ref. 29267], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049] dated 1912). Current status: Valid as Orthosternarchus Ellis, 1913. Apteronotidae.

Species Orthosternarchus tamandua (Boulenger, 1898) - tamandua knifefish [=Sternarchus tamandua Boulenger [G. A.], 1898:427, Pl. 42] Notes: [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 14 (pt 7, no. 2); ref. 543] Rio Juruá, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Orthosternarchus tamandua (Boulenger, 1898). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Parapteronotus Albert, 2001 - dragon knifefishes [=Parapteronotus Albert [J. S.], 2001] Notes: [ref. 25614]. Masc. Sternarchus hasemani Ellis, 1913. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Parapteronotus Albert, 2001 -- (Albert in Reis et al. 2003:499 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Triques 2007:84 [ref. 29060], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049]). Current status: Valid as Parapteronotus Albert, 2001. Apteronotidae.

Species Parapteronotus hasemani (Ellis, 1913) - dragon knifefish, dolphin knifefish [=Sternarchus hasemani Ellis [M. M.], 1913:147, Pl. 23 (fig. 1), Apteronotus anas Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.], 1942:321, Pl. 15 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 1271] Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Parapteronotus hasemani (Ellis, 1913). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (anas) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Iquitos, Amazon system, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Parapteronotus hasemani (Ellis, 1913). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pariosternarchus Albert & Crampton, 2006 - Amazon knifefishes [=Pariosternarchus Albert [J. S.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2006:269] Notes: [ref. 28841]. Masc. Pariosternarchus amazonensis Albert & Crampton, 2006. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Pariosternarchus Albert & Crampton, 2006 -- (Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049]). Current status: Valid as Pariosternarchus Albert & Crampton, 2006. Apteronotidae.

Species Pariosternarchus amazonensis Albert & Crampton, 2006 - Amazon knifefish [=Pariosternarchus amazonensis Albert [J. S.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2006:270, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 3); ref. 28841] Paraná Maiana, Mamirauá Lake System, municipality of Alvarães, 3°06.74'S, 64°47.53' W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pariosternarchus amazonensis Albert & Crampton, 2006. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River, Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Platyurosternarchus Mago-Leccia, 1994 - ghost knifefishes [=Platyurosternarchus Mago-Leccia [F.], 1994:37] Notes: [ref. 21320]. Masc. Sternarchus macrostoma Günther, 1870. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Platyurosternarchus Mago-Leccia, 1994 -- (Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:429 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], de Santana & Vari 2009:233, 235 [ref. 30206], Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2011:505 [ref. 31518]). Current status: Valid as Platyurosternarchus Mago-Leccia, 1994. Apteronotidae.

Species Platyurosternarchus crypticus de Santana & Vari, 2009 - Moco-Moco ghost knifefish (author) [=Platyurosternarchus crypticus de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2009:236, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Copeia 2009 (no. 2); ref. 30206] Moco-Moco Creek, upper Takutu River, Rio Branco basin, north slope of Kanuku Mountains, approximately 30deg18'52.95”N, 59 39'38.69”W, approximately 16 k east of Lethem, Rupununi (Region 9), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Platyurosternarchus crypticus de Santana & Vari, 2009. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Branco system, Amazon basin, Brazil and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Platyurosternarchus macrostoma (Günther, 1870) - whitewater ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus macrostoma Günther [A.], 1870:4] Notes: [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Xeberos [Jeberos], Río Marañon drainage, Amazon River system, Peru. Current status: Valid as Platyurosternarchus macrostoma (Günther, 1870). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Amazonas and Rio Orinoco basins: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Porotergus Ellis, in Eigenmann, 1912 - ghost knifefishes [=Porotergus Ellis [C. H.], in Eigenmann, 1912:423, 440] Notes: [ref. 1227]. Masc. Porotergus gymnotus Ellis, 1912. Type by original designation. •Valid as Porotergus Ellis, 1912 -- (see Mago-Lecci 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:32 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:433 [ref. 23853] but generic status uncertain, Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614] as "Porotergus", Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], de Santana & Crampton 2010:165 [ref. 30762]). Current status: Valid as Porotergus Ellis, 1912. Apteronotidae.

Species Porotergus duende de Santana & Crampton, 2010 - Solimoes ghost knifefish (author) [=Porotergus duende de Santana [C. D.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2010:166, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2010 (no. 1); ref. 30762] Rio Solimões, beach on north bank of Ilha Cuera, near Tefé, Municipality of Alvarães, 3°21.21'S, 64°39.59'W, Amazonas Brazil. Current status: Valid as Porotergus duende de Santana & Crampton, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Main channel of Amazon River in rios Negro, Solimõs and Ucayali: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Porotergus gimbeli Ellis, 1912 - Para ghost knifefish (author) [=Porotergus gimbeli Ellis [M. D.], in Eigenmann, 1912:441] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Porotergus gimbeli Ellis, 1912. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Porotergus gymnotus Ellis, 1912 - gymnotus ghost knifefish (author) [=Porotergus gymnotus Ellis [M. D.], in Eigenmann, 1912:441] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Amatuk, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Porotergus gymnotus Ellis, 1912. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Essequibi River drainage, Amazon River basin: Brazil, French Guiana and Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Sternarchella Eigenmann, in Eigenmann & Ward, 1905 - ghost knifefishes [=Sternarchella Eigenmann [C. H.], in Eigenmann & Ward, 1905:163, Magosternarchus Lundberg [J. G.], Cox Fernandes [C.] & Albert [J. S.], in Lundberg et al., 1996:658] Notes: [ref. 1267]. Fem. Sternarchus schotti Steindachner 1868. Type by original designation. Misspelled Sternachella in Zoological Record for 1905. •Valid as Sternarchella Eigenmann, 1905 -- (see Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:33 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:432 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049]). Current status: Valid as Sternarchella Eigenmann, 1905. Apteronotidae. (Magosternarchus) [ref. 22227]. Magosternarchus raptor Lundberg, Cox Fernandes & Albert, 1996. Type by original designation. •Valid as Magosternarchus Lundberg, Cox Fernandes & Albert, 1996 -- (Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:432 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:499 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], Tagliacollo et al. 2016:31 [ref. 34087] in Sternarchellini). •Synonym of Sternarchella Eigenmann, 1905 -- (Ivanyisky & Albert 2014:565 [ref. 35449], Ferraris et al. 2017:[10] [ref. 35236], Evans et al. 2017:5 [ref. 35357]). Current status: Synonym of Sternarchella Eigenmann, 1905. Apteronotidae.

Species Sternarchella calhamazon Lundberg et al., 2013 - Maderia ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchella calhamazon Lundberg [J. G.], Cox Fernandes (C.), Campos-da-Paz [R.] & Sullivan [J. P.], 2013:159, Figs. 1-2, 6A-B, 7A] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 162; ref. 32552] Rio Maderia, 35 km above confluence with rio Amazonas, 3°35'44.2"S, 58°57'45.8" W, depth 14-16 metes. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella calhamazon Lundberg, Coz Fernandes, Campos da Paz & Sullivan, 2013. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Expected throughout lowland rivers of the Amazon basin. Habitat: freshwater. Species Sternarchella duccis (Lundberg et al., in Lundberg et al., 1996) - Branco ghost knifefish (author) [=Magosternarchus duccis Lundberg [J. G.], Cox Fernandes [C.] & Albert [J. S.], in Lundberg et al., 1996:664, Fig. 2] Notes: [Copeia 1996 (no. 3); ref. 22227] Rio Branco, 3-11 kilometers upriver from confluence with Rio Negro, 1°17'S, 61°51'W, Roraima State, Brazil, depth 6-7 meters. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella duccis (Lundberg, Cox Fernandes & Albert, 1996). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Deep river channels of the Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchella orinoco Mago-Leccia, 1994 - Orinoco ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchella orinoco Mago-Leccia [F.], 1994:97, Figs. 94a-b, 95] Notes: [Electric fishes of the continental waters of America; ref. 21320] Río Orinoco, at Isla Iguana, between kilometer 152 and 153, Estado Delta Amacuro, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella orinoco Mago-Leccia, 1995. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchella orthos Mago-Leccia, 1994 - orthos ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchella orthos Mago-Leccia [F.], 1994:84, Fig. 93] Notes: [Electric fishes of the continental waters of America; ref. 21320] Río Apure near Río Boquerones mouth, east of San Fernando de Apure, Apure, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella orthos Mago-Leccia, 1994. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchella patriciae Evans et al., 2017 - Maldonado ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchella patriciae Evans [K. M.], Crampton [W. G. R.] & Albert [J. S.], 2017:7, Figs. 2a, 3a, 6f, 7] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 2) e160168; ref. 35357] Río Madre de Dios 2 km upstream bridge at Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios state, Peru, 12°32'44"S, 69°10'34"W, elevation 178 meters. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella patriciae Evans, Crampton & Albert, 2017. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Deep river channels of the Madre de Dios river basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchella raptor (Lundberg et al., in Lundberg et al., 1996) - Solimoes ghost knifefish (author) [=Magosternarchus raptor Lundberg [J. G.], Cox Fernandes [C.] & Albert [J. S.], in Lundberg et al., 1996:661, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 1996 (no. 3); ref. 22227] Rio Solimões, 17 kilometers downriver from confluence or Rio Purus, 3°36'S, 61°21'W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella raptor (Lundberg, Cox Fernandes & Albert, 1996). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Deep river channels of the Amazon River basin, Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchella rex Evans et al., 2017 - Mamiraua ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchella rex Evans [K. M.], Crampton [W. G. R.] & Albert [J. S.], 2017:10, Figs. 11, 12a] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 15 (no. 2) e160168; ref. 35357] Mamirauá Lake system, Paraná Maiana station A, Tefé, Brazil, 03°06'44"S, 64°47'32"W. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella rex Evans, Crampton & Albert, 2017. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchella schotti (Steindachner, 1868) - Schott's ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus schotti Steindachner [F.], 1868:252, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-2), Sternarchus capanemae Steindachner [F.], 1868:176, Porotergus terminalis Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.], 1942:324] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 58 (nos 3-4); ref. 14082] Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella schotti (Steindachner, 1868). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil, Columbia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. (capanemae) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 5 (no. 20); ref. 20464] Current status: Synonym of Sternarchella schotti (Steindachner, 1868). Apteronotidae. (terminalis) [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Upper Amazon, Iquitos, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Sternarchella schotti (Steindachner, 1868). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchella sima Starks, 1913 - sima ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchella sima Starks [E. C.], 1913:22, Pl. 4] Notes: [Leland Stanford Jr. University Publications, University Series; ref. 4197] Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchella sima Starks, 1913. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco River basins: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Sternarchogiton Eigenmann, in Eigenmann & Ward, 1905 - ghost knifefishes [=Sternarchogiton Eigenmann [C. H.], in Eigenmann & Ward, 1905:164, Oedemognathus Myers [G. S.], 1936:115] Notes: [ref. 1267]. Masc. Sternarchus nattereri Steindachner, 1868. Type by original designation. •Valid as Sternarchogiton Eigenmann, 1905 -- (see Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Mago-Leccia 1994:34 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:433 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], de Santana & Crampton 2007:388 [ref. 29144] with authorship as Eigenmann & Ward, de Santana & Vari 2010:160 [ref. 30740], de Santana & Crampton 2010:165 [ref. 30762]). Current status: Valid as Sternarchogiton Eigenmann, 1905. Apteronotidae. (Oedemognathus) [ref. 3114]. Masc. Oedemognathus exodon Myers, 1936. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Oedemognathus Myers, 1936 -- (see Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Mago-Leccia 1994:31 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:432 [ref. 23853], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939]). •Synonym of Sternarchogiton Eigenmann, 1905 -- (Cox Fernandes et al. 2009:204 [ref. 30178]). Current status: Synonym of Sternarchogiton Eigenmann, 1905. Apteronotidae. Species Sternarchogiton labiatus de Santana & Crampton, 2007 - tri-lobe lipped ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchogiton labiatus de Santana [C. D.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2007:397, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Copeia 2007 (no. 2); ref. 29144] Toco Preto, Município de Tefé, 3°47.31'S, 64°59.91'W, Rio Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchogiton labiatus de Santana & Crampton, 2007. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Tefé River area and lower Rio Negro, Amazon River basin, Brazil and Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchogiton nattereri (Steindachner, 1868) - sponge-eating ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus nattereri Steindachner [F.], 1868:176, Oedemognathus exodon Myers [G. S.], 1936:115] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 5 (no. 20); ref. 20464] Barra do Rio Negro, Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchogiton nattereri (Steindachner, 1868). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (exodon) [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 49; ref. 3114] Río Ampiyacu, Amazon system, eastern Peru. Current status: Synonym of Sternarchogiton nattereri (Steindachner, 1868). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchogiton porcinum Eigenmann & Allen, 1942 - porcinum ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchogiton porcinum Eigenmann [C. H.] & Allen [W. R.], 1942:325, Pl. 16 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Fishes of western South America; ref. 1246] Río Huallaga at Yurimaguas, Amazon system, Peru. Current status: Valid as Sternarchogiton porcinum Eigenmann & Allen, 1942. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchogiton preto de Santana & Crampton, 2007 - Tefe ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchogiton preto de Santana [C. D.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2007:393, Fig. 5] Notes: [Copeia 2007 (no. 2); ref. 29144] Toco Preto, Município de Tefé, 3°47.31'S, 64°59.91'W, Rio Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchogiton preto de Santana & Crampton, 2007. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco basins: Brazil, Peru and Bolivia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchogiton zuanoni de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Zuanon ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchogiton zuanoni de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:160, Figs.1-2] Notes: [Copeia 2010 (no. 1); ref. 30740] Rio Xingu, Município de Altamira, Cachoeira de Kaituká, 3°12'S, 52°12'W, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchogiton zuanoni de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Cachoeira de Kaituká, lower Rio Zingu. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Sternarchorhamphus Eigenmann, in Eigenmann & Ward, 1905 - ghost knifefishes [=Sternarchorhamphus Eigenmann [C. H.], in Eigenmann & Ward, 1905:165] Notes: [ref. 1267]. Masc. Sternarchus (Rhamphosternarchus) muelleri Steindachner, 1881. Type by original designation. Misspelled Sternarchochynchus by Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489]. •Valid as Sternarchorhamphus Eigenmann, 1905 -- (see Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:35 [ref. 21320], Campos-da-Paz 1995:31 [ref. 22512], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:429 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049]). Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhamphus Eigenmann, 1905. Apteronotidae.

Species Sternarchorhamphus muelleri (Steindachner, 1881) - Mueller's ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus (Rhamphosternarchus) muelleri Steindachner [F.], 1881:99] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademy der Wissenschften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschftliche Classe v. 18 (no. 11); ref. 20484] Amazon River near Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhamphus muelleri (Steindachner, 1881). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Peru and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau, 1855 - ghost knifefishes, tube-snouted ghost knifefishes [=Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:91, 95, Rhamphosternarchus (subgenus of Sternarchus) Günther [A.], 1870:4] Notes: [ref. 766]. Masc. Sternarchus (Rhamphosternarchus) mulleri Castelnau, 1855 (= Sternarchus oxyrhynchus Müller & Troschel, 1849). Type by monotypy. Stenarchus oxyrhynchus Müller & Troschel was renamed Stenarchorhynchus mulleri by Castelnau. •Valid as Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau, 1855 -- (Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], but misspelled, Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:36 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:429 [ref. 23853], Britski et al. 1999:90 [ref. 24147], Campos-da-Paz 2000:525 [ref. 24452], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], de Santana & Crampton 2006:57 [ref. 28619], de Santana & Taphorn 2006:1 [ref. 28632], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], de Santana & Vari 2010:223, 272 [ref. 30785]). Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau, 1855. Apteronotidae. (Rhamphosternarchus) [ref. 1995]. Masc. Sternarchus oxyrhynchus Müller & Troschel, 1849. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1919:357 [ref. 4904]. •Objective synonym of Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau, 1855 -- (Mago-Leccia 1994:36 [ref. 21320], Campos-da-Paz 2000:525 [ref. 24452], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], de Santana & Vari 2010:272 [ref. 30785]). Current status: Synonym of Sternarchorhynchus Castelnau, 1855. Apteronotidae.

Species Sternarchorhynchus axelrodi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Axelrod's tube-snouted knifefish [=Sterarchorhynchus axelrodi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:275, Figs. 26-27] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Tocantins, at future site of Usina Hidroeléctrica Serra da Mesa (ca, 13°44'S, 48°08'W), Município de Minaçu/Cavalcante, Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus axelrodi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus britskii Campos-da-Paz, 2000 - Parama ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus britskii Campos-da-Paz [R.], 2000:528, Fig. 9] Notes: [Copeia 2000 (no. 2); ref. 24452] Rio Paramá at Ilha Solteira dam (right margin), about 20°30'S, 51°00'W, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus britskii Campos-da-Paz, 2000. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper Río Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus caboclo de Santana & Nogueira, 2006 - Mucajai ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus caboclo de Santana [C. D.] & Nogueira [A.], 2006:89, Figs. 1b, 2b-c] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 28638] Rio Mucajaí, below Cachoeira Paredão 2, Roraima, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus caboclo de Santana & Nogueira, 2006. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Mucajaí basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus chaoi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Chao ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus chaoi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:286, Fig. 31] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Jamari, Porto Velho, diversion canal of Usina Hidroeléctica, Samuel (ca. 8°27'S, 63°30'W), Rondônia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus chaoi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Jamari basin, Rondônia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus cramptoni de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Crampton's ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus cramptoni de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:288, Figs. 32-33] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Solimões, downstream from mouth of Río Purus, 3°27'27"S, 60°45'26"W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus cramptoni de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Mainstream of Amazon River: Peru and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus curumim de Santana & Crampton, 2006 - Toco Preto ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus curumim de Santana [C. D.] & Crampton [W. G. R.], 2006:59, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1166; ref. 28619] Rio Tefé, Toco Preto, Municipality of Tefé, 3°47.31'S, 64°59.91'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus curumim de Santana & Crampton, 2006. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Tefé, Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris (Boulenger, 1887) - Bobanaza tube-snouted ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus (Rhamphosternarchus) curvirostris Boulenger [G. A.], 1887:282, Pl. 24] Notes: [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887 (pt 2); ref. 532] Río Bobanaza basin, eastern Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris (Boulenger, 1887). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Bobanaza, Upper Amazon River basin, Ecuador; perhaps northeastern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus freemani de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Essequibo ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus freemani de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:296, Fig. 38] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Essequibo River basin, Lower Potaro River at Amatuk (ca. 5°18'N, 59°18'W), Guyana. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus freemani de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Lower portions of Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus galibi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Lawa ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus galibi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:298, Fig. 39] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Lawa River at Stroomafwaarts Rapids near Anapaikekondre (= Anapaike country, Anapaika at 3°34'N, 109°39'W), Marowijne District, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus galibi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Lawa River, Marowijne River basin, along border of Suriname and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus gnomus de Santana & Taphorn, 2006 - gnomus ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus gnomus de Santana [C. D.] & Taphorn [D. C.], 2006:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 28632] Río Caroní, at the confluence with the Río Claro, 7°54'30"N, 63°02'50 [or 05]"W, Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus gnomus de Santana & Taphorn, 2006. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Caroní River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus goeldii de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Goeldi's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus goeldii de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:301, Fig. 41] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Purus, 3°50'06"S, 61°23'59"W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus goeldii de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Main stream of Amazon River: Peru and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus hagedornae de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Hagedorn's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus hagedornae de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:305, Figs. 43-44] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Manu Marine Biosphere Reserve, Quebrada Pachija, tributary emptying into Río Manu, 3 kilometers upstream of Pakitza (= 11°55'48"S,71°15'18"W), Madre de Dios, Peru. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus hagedornae de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Madeira basin, southeastern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus higuchii de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Higuchi's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus higuchii de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:307, Figs. 45-46] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Uatumã, Cachoeira do Miriti, Presidente Figueredo, ca. 2°01'S, 59°28W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus higuchii de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus inpai de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Inpa tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus inpai de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:310, Figs. 47-48] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Mapuera, Cachoeira Porteira, last fall before Rio Trombetas, ca. 1°05'S, 57°02'W, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus inpai de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Mapuera, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus jaimei de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Jaime's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus jaimei de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:312, Fig. 49] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Uatumã, Cachoeira do Miriti, Presidente Figueredo, ca. 2°01'S, 59°28'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus jaimei de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Uatumã, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus kokraimoro de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Kokraimoro tube-snouted knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus kokraimoro de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:314, Figs. 51-52] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Cachoeira de Kaituká, at Altamira, 3°12'S, 52°12'W, Rio Xingu, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus kokraimoro de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Cachoeira de Kaituká, Rio Xingu, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus mareikeae de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Mareike's tube-snouted knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus mareikeae de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:317, Figs. 53-54] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Trombetas, Cachoeira Porteira, last fall before Rio Trombetas, ca. 1°05'S, 57°02'W, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus mareikeae de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Trombetas, Cachoeira Porteira, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus marreroi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Marrero's tube-snouted knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus marreroi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:318, Fig. 55] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Río Apure, in front of Isla Apurito, left bank (8°00'N, 67°31'W), Apure, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus marreroi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Central and delta regions of the Rio Orinoco, Apure, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus mendesi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Mendes' tube-snouted knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus mendesi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:320, Fig. 56] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Morichal Largo, Río Guanipa, 5 kilometers south of Aguasay (Aguasay is 9°25'N, 63°44'W), Golfo de Paria drainage, Department of Marurín, Monagas,, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus mendesi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río San Juan and Río Guanipa basins, Golfo de Paria drainage, northeastern Vemezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus mesensis Campos-da-Paz, 2000 - Mesa tube-snouted knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus mesensis Campos-da-Paz [R.], 2000:531, Figs. 6, 10] Notes: [Copeia 2000 (no. 2); ref. 24452] Rio Tocantins (upper River Tocantins region), at Serra da Mesa dam, municípios Minaçu/Uruaçu, about 13°50'S, 48°19'W, Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus mesensis Campos-da-Paz, 2000. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus montanus de Santana & Vari, 2010 - montanus tube-snouted knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus montanus de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:324, Fig. 59] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Río Marañon, pongo above Borja, 35.5 kilometers northeast of Juan Velasco, Santa Maria de Nieva (4°27'36"S, 77°34'53"W), Amazonas, Peru. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus montanus de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Marañon, Peru; possibly Iquitos region, Peru. Habitat: freshwater

Species Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus (Steindachner, 1868) - mormyrus tube-snouted knifefish [=Sternarchus mormyrus Steindachner [F.], 1868:176] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 5 (no. 20); ref. 20464] Maribitanos, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus (Steindachner, 1868). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (Müller & Troschel, 1849) - elephant-nose knifefish [=Sternarchus oxyrhynchus Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.], 1849:16, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-2), Sternarchorhynchus mulleri Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:95] Notes: [Horae Ichthyologicae No. 3; ref. 3073] Essequibo River, Guyana [probably in error]. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Orinico basin, Venezuela [doubtfully Guyana]. Habitat: freshwater. (mulleri) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Essequibo River, Guyana [probbaly in error]. Current status: Synonym of Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (Müller & Troschel, 1849). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus retzeri de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Retzer's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus retzeri de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:334, Figs. 64-65] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Téfe, Toco Preto, Tefé (3°47'19"S, 64°59'54"W), Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus retzeri de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Broadly distributed in Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus roseni Mago-Leccia, 1994 - Rosen's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus roseni Mago-Leccia [F.], 1994:99, Fig. 92] Notes: [Electric fishes of the continental waters of America; ref. 21320] Río Apure at Jarina, near San Fernando de Apure, Río Orinoco basin, Apure, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus roseni Mago-Leccia, 1994. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Orinoco basin, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus schwassmanni de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Schwassmann's tube-snouted ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchorhynchus schwassmanni de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:341, Fig. 69] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Araguaia, small stream between Rio João do Araguaia (5°23'S, 48°46'W) and São Bento (5°28'S, 48°20'W), Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus schwassmanni de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Araguaia, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus severii de Santana & Nogueira, 2006 - Severi's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus severii de Santana [C. D.] & Nogueira [A.], 2006:86, Figs. 1a, 2a] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 28638] Rio Mucajaí, below Cachoeira Paredão 2, Roraima, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus severii de Santana & Nogueira, 2006. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Mucajaí, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus starksi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Starks' tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus starksi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:344, Fig. 71] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Rio Pará between Rio Boa Vista and Rio Tocantins, between towns of Boa Vista and Abaetetuba (1°45'30"S., 49°29'17"W), Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus starksi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Lowermost portions of the Amazon River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus stewarti de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Stewart's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus stewarti de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:346, Fig. 72] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Río Marañon, log riffle, 1.57 kilometers east-north-east of Juan Velasco Santa Maria de Nieva (4°50'S, 77°51'W), Amazonas, Peru. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus stewarti de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rivers of eastern Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus taphorni de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Taphorn's tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhychus taphorni de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:349, Fig. 74] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Río Huallaga, Uchiza (ca. 8°29'59"S, 76°22'59"W), Departamento de San Martin, Peru. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus taphorni de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Río Huallaga and left bank tributaries of Río Ucayali basin, eastern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus villasboasi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Villasboas' tube-snouted knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus villasboasi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:354, Fig. 77] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Cochoeira de Kaituká, at Altamira (3°12'S, 52°12'W), Rio Xingu, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus villasboasi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Cochoeira de Kaituká, Rio Xingu, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Sternarchorhynchus yepezi de Santana & Vari, 2010 - Yepez' tube-snouted ghost knifefish [=Sternarchorhynchus yepezi de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2010:351, Figs. 75-76] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 159 (no. 1); ref. 30785] Río Portuguesa, fort at Nueva Florida, Santa Rosalía (ca. 8°57'N, 69°01'W), Portuguesa, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Sternarchorhynchus yepezi de Santana & Vari, 2010. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Central portions of Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; possibly Peruvian Amazon. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Tembeassu Triques, 1998 - weakly electric knifefishes (author) [=Tembeassu Triques [M. L.], 1998:5] Notes: [ref. 23407]. Masc. Tembeassu marauna Triques, 1998. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Tembeassu Triques, 1998 -- (Campos-da-Paz 2005:395 [ref. 28359], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049]). Current status: Valid as Tembeassu Triques, 1998. Apteronotidae.

Species Tembeassu marauna Triques, 1998 - Parana weakly electric knifefish (author) [=Tembeassu marauna Triques [M. L.], 1998:6, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 25 (nos 102); ref. 23407] Ilha Solteira, Rio Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, about 20°30'S, 51°00'W. Current status: Valid as Tembeassu marauna Triques, 1998. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater ****************************************************************** Unavailable names, uncertain taxa curvioperculata, Sternarchella Godoy [M. P. de] 1968:352, Figs. 3-5 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 7886] Affluent of the Rio Mogi Guassu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype (unique): EEBP 336. Type catalog: Ferraris et al. 2017:[10] [ref. 35236]. •Valid as Sternarchella curvioperculata Godoy 1968 -- (Mago-Leccia 1994:34 [ref. 21320], Albert 2001:111 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:500 [ref. 27061], Triques 2011:304 [ref. 31671], Lundberg et al. 2013:158 [ref. 32552], Ferraris et al. 2017:[10] [ref. 35236]). •Possibly a species of Apteronotus -- (Evans et al. 2017:2 [ref. 35357]). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.