FAMILY Apteronotidae Jordan, 1923 - ghost knifefishes [=?Ophichthytes, Sternarchidae, Adontosternarchinae, Sternarchorhynchinae, Oedemognathinae, Sternarchorhamphini, Sternarchellini, Porotergini] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice ?Ophichthytes Jarocki, 1822:367 [ref. 4984] (family) ? Sternarchus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Sternarchidae Swainson, 1838:216, 222 [ref. 4302] (family) Sternarchus [also Swainson 1839:196, 337 [ref. 4303]] Apteronotidae Jordan, 1923a:138 [ref. 2421] (family) Apteronotus [probably intended as a replacement name, Article 40.2; Apteronotidae used as valid by: Lindberg 1971 [ref. 27211], Nelson 1976 [ref. 32838], Shiino 1976, Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Sterba 1990, Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], Malabarba et al. 1998 [ref. 23777], Albert 2001 [ref. 25614], de Santana 2003 [ref. 26978], Reis et al. 2003 [ref. 27061], Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Buckup, Menezes & Ghazzi 2007, Albert & Crampton 2009 [ref. 30049], Triques 2011 [ref. 31671]] Adontosternarchinae Mago-Leccia, 1978:14 [ref. 5489] (subfamily) Adontosternarchus Sternarchorhynchinae Mago-Leccia, 1978:14 [ref. 5489] (subfamily) Sternarchorhychus Oedemognathinae Mago-Leccia, 1978:14 [ref. 5489] (subfamily) Oedemognathus Sternarchorhamphini Albert, 2001:73 [ref. 25614] (tribe) Sternarchorhamphus Sternarchellini Albert, 2001:77 [ref. 25614] (tribe) Sternarchella Porotergini Albert, 2001:78 [ref. 25614] (tribe) Porotergus GENUS Adontosternarchus Ellis, in Eigenmann, 1912 - ghost knifefishes [=Adontosternarchus Ellis [C. H.], in Eigenmann, 1912:424 (in key)] Notes: [ref. 1227]. Masc. Sternarchus sachsi Peters, 1877. Type by subsequent monotypy. Type by subsequent monotypy (Ellis 1913:155 [ref. 1271]). Appeared first in Eigenmann 1912:424 (in key) [ref. 1227] without species; more fully described in Ellis 1913:155, with one species. •Valid as Adontosternarchus Ellis, 1912 -- (Mago-Leccia et al. 1985 [ref. 5732], Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:30 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:433 [ref. 23853], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], Lundberg & Cox Fernandes 2007:27 [ref. 29255], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], de Santana & Crampton 2010:165 [ref. 30762], de Santna & Vari 2012:535 [ref. 32200]). Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus Ellis, 1912. Apteronotidae. Species Adontosternarchus balaenops (Cope, 1878) - Pebas ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus balaenops Cope [E. D.], 1878:682] Notes: [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 17 (no. 101); ref. 945] Pebas, Amazon system, Peru. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus balaenops (Cope, 1878). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Adontosternarchus clarkae Mago-Leccia et al., 1985 - Raudal ghost knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus clarkae Mago-Leccia [F.], Lundberg [J. G.] & Baskin [J. N.], 1985:14, Figs. 1c, 16] Notes: [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 358; ref. 5732] Raudal (Rapids) de Mavahate, Río Negro near San Carlos de Río Negro, Amazonas Territory, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus clarkae Mago-Leccia, Lundberg & Baskin, 1985. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Negro River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Adontosternarchus devenanzii Mago-Leccia et al., 1985 - Cano Cuajarito dwarf knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus devenanzii Mago-Leccia [F.], Lundberg [J. G.] & Baskin [J. N.], 1985:11, Figs. 1b, 2-6, 14] Notes: [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 358; ref. 5732] Caño Cuajarito, tributary of Río Portuguesa, 3 kilometers above La Unión, Estado Guárico, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus devenanzii Mago-Leccia, Lundberg & Baskin, 1985. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Portuguesa and Orinoco rivers, and Amazon River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Adontosternarchus duartei de Santana & Vari, 2012 - Beruri ghost knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus duartei de Santana [C. D.] & Vari [R. P.], 2012:536, Fig. 1] Notes: [Copeia 2012 (no. 3); ref. 32200] Beruri, beach in front of channel connecting with Lago Ayapuá, 4°28'57"S, 62°03'52"W, Rio Purus basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus duartei de Santana & Vari, 2012. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Rio Purus system, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Adontosternarchus nebulosus Lundberg & Cox Fernandes, 2007 - nebulosus ghost knifefish (author) [=Adontosternarchus nebulosus Lundberg [J. G.] & Cox Fernandes [C.], 2007:28, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 156; ref. 29255] Rio Madeira, 2 kilometers below Vila Urucurituba, about 3°33'05.6"S, 58°54'56.4"W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus nebulosus Lundberg & Cox Fernandes, 2007. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Adontosternarchus sachsi (Peters, 1877) - Sachs' ghost knifefish (author) [=Sternarchus sachsi Peters [W. (C. H.)], 1877:473, Unnumbered plate following p. 556] Notes: [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preuss[ischen] Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1877; ref. 18538] San Fernando de Apure, Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Adontosternarchus sachsi (Peters, 1877). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Brazil and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Apteronotus Lacépède, 1800 - ghost knifefishes, black ghost knifefishes [=Apteronotus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:208, Memarchus Kaup [J. J.], in Duméril, 1856:201, Sternarchus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:497, Ubidia Miles [C.], 1945:461] Notes: [ref. 2709]. Masc. Apteronotus passan Lacepède, 1800. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Triques 1993:123 [ref. 22107], Mago-Leccia 1994:27 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:430 [ref. 23853], Britski et al. 1999:90 [ref. 24147], Campos-da-Paz 1999:1041 [ref. 24190], Albert 2001:56 [ref. 25614], de Santana 2003:1 [ref. 26978], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061], de Santana et al. 2004:2 [ref. 27412], de Santana & Maldonado-Ocampo 2004:1 [ref. 27837], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939], de Santana & Crampton 2006:115 [ref. 28765], de Santana & Lehmann A. 2006:261 [ref. 28847], de Santana et al. 2006:275 [ref. 28848], de Santana et al. 2007:117 [ref. 29198], Albert & Crampton 2009:90 [ref. 30049], Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2011:505 [ref. 31518], Triques 2011:299 [ref. 31671], de Santana & Cox Fernandes 2012:283 [ref. 32053]). Current status: Valid as Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae. (Memarchus) [ref. 1154]. Masc. Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus, 1766. Not available, name only without description or indication; authorship of type inferred. •Objective synonym of Sternarchus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. •In the synonymy of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Mago-Leccia 1994:27 [ref. 21320], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae. (Sternarchus) [ref. 471]. Masc. Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus, 1766. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Eigenmann 1910:448 [ref. 1224]. •Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Mago-Leccia 1994:27 [ref. 21320], Albert & Campos-da-Paz 1998:430 [ref. 23853], Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae. (Ubidia) [ref. 2998]. Fem. Ubidia magdalenensis Miles, 1945. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Albert in Reis et al. 2003:498 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Ubidia Miles, 1945 -- (see Mago-Leccia 1978:14 [ref. 5489], Mago-Leccia 1994:37 [ref. 21320], Triques 2005:144 [ref. 28939]). •Synonym of Apteronodus Lacepède, 1800 based on placement of Ubidia magsalenensis in Maldonado-Ocampo et al. 2011:505 [ref. 31518]. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus Lacepède, 1800. Apteronotidae. Species Apteronotus acidops Triques, 2011 - long-snouted electric fish [=Apteronotus acidops Triques [M. L.], 2011:300, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 3); ref. 31671] Rio Paraná at Ilha Solteira, 20°30'S, 51°00'W, between states of São Paula and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus acidops Triques, 2011. Apteronotidae. Distribution: Upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1758) - apteronotid eel [=Gymnotus albifrons Linnaeus [C.], 1766:428, Sternarchus lacepedii Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:93, Pl. 45 (fig. 3), Sternarchus maximilliani Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:93, Pl. 45 (fig. 4), Apteronotus passan Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:209, Pl. 6 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766). Apteronotidae. Distribution: Northern and central South America, Amazon and Orinoco basins: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela [this range now reduced]. Habitat: freshwater. (lacepedii) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater. (maximilliani) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Río Urubamba, Peru. Current status: Synonym of Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766). Apteronotidae. Habitat: freshwater. (passan) [Histoire