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Journal homepage: www.fia.usv.ro/fiajournal Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania Volume XVIII, Issue 2 - 2019, pag. 130 - 135 STUDY OF VOLOVATIC (CARDUUS GLAUCINUS) ACTIVE PRINCIPLES FOR POTENTIAL USE AS A MEDICINAL PLANT Ofelia ARVINTE1, *Liliana NOROCEL1, Sonia AMARIEI1 1Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel MareUniversity, Suceava, Romania, [email protected], *Corresponding author Received 15 May 2019, accepted 28 June 2019 Abstract: The aim of this study is to establish the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of one of the most popular medicinal plants in Bucovina area of Romania, named Volovatic or mountain Volovatic (Carduus glaucinus), a plant of the Asteraceae family, Carduus genus, defloratus Carduus species, Carduus glaucinus (glaucus) subspecies, less studied but widely used in the area of origin. It was determined Volovatic antioxidant potential, respectively polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, contents of metals and metalloids from the plant in order to assess a possible toxic effect. Keywords: volovatic, polyphenol content, DPPH, heavy metals 1. Introduction basal rosette [4]. Belongs to the genus thistle, although no spikes. Taxonomic Medicinal plants constitute one of the main classification and botanical sources of dietary supplements, characterization of the Volovatic is the phytochemicals and pro-vitamins very following: Kingdom – plantae, Phylum – important in maintaining good health. spermatophyta, Class - dicotoledonatae, Most medicinal plants are used in the form Order -asteridae/ compositae, Family- of teas. The role of herbal tea in disease asteraceae, Gender-carduus, Species - prevention and cure is due mostly to carduus glucinus/carduus defloratus. The antioxidant properties of their constituents stem is simple, high 30-50 cm, up to 80 [1]. Although knowledge and literature cm, without leaves and covered with about herbs are very vast, resources are not bristles. The leaves are lanceolate to top exhausted. In the mountainous area of undivided. They form a basal rosette, and Suceava County there are still plants used if they are arranged on the stem, they for therapeutic purposes by the native alternate. The upper part of the leaves is population, plants that are not at all or milky; the bottom is covered with hairs [5]. sporadically occurring references related to The tubular flowers, purple, hermaphrodite their therapeutic properties, respectively form a chapel surrounded by sculptors. It the content in active principles. In the blooms from June (July in the mountain Dorna area, Volovatic (Carduus glaucinus) area) until September. Flowers are flowers are used from ancestral herds to pollinated by insects. The fruit is an achene the preparation of liver tea [2, 3]. Tea is clear ovoid with a white doll made of hairs bitter, which confirms the existence of [5]. bitter substances that might be bitter or not. Finally, in place of the flowers, the crook Carduus glaucinus is a perennial is made up of a tusk of white hairs like herbaceous plant in which renewal buds silver. Under each puff there is a nacelle, appear under the layer of dead leaves of and inside a chicken of the plant. The wind 130 Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019 is blowing, the puffs are loosening, the sun antioxidant activity, as well as the mineral lounges are stretched, and the baby is content, was determined. Particularly the wrapped in the diapers [6]. presence of heavy metals and their content These are an alpine species, which appear was compared with the maximum from the boreal to the subalpine. These admissible limits. love light, are not pretentious with regard to temperature, hears well the dryness and 2. Materials and methods acidity of the mountain coast [7]. Although the sub-mountain hills and the Materials coasts of the Dornelor Depression are full Harvested plants were used from the of blooming shrimps in the summer, commune of Coşna, Suceava County, from Volovatic is a rare plant. It is mentioned in two neighboring areas, located at "The Flora and Vegetation of Moldova" as 47,378558 latitude and 25,171808 long, appearing in Suceava County and rarely in stereo GPS coordinates 70 x = Neamt County [2]. It is not mentioned in 513111,239m, y = 653287,138 m the flora of other mountain areas (Retezat, respectively 47,375816 and 25,175646 Ciucaş, Bucegi) [8-10]. Other species of long, stereo coordinates 70: x = carduus (thistles) appear, such as: c. 513349,851 m, y = 6256978,629m and at candicans, c. kerneri, c. viridis, c. about 860m altitude. achantoides, c. personata, în Bucegi For the determinations, aerial parts of Mountains [9]. Perhaps because Volovatic plants were harvested during the flowering is a little widespread plant on the territory and naturally dried, shade, and fresh roots, of Romania, and also quite rarely autumn harvested at the end of the encountered in the world, there are few vegetation period. studies that remind it. Besides the fact that Reagents. All reagents were of analytical the inflorescences of this plant are used by grade and were purchased from Sigma the local population to prepare the tea for Aldrich (Germany). the regeneration and proper functioning of the liver, in the Carduus genus of which it Methods is part, we find a number of representatives The moisture (W) was determined by recognized for their sanogenic effects but weighing at the analytical balance of which do not grow in the mountainous area samples from all parts of the plant, dried in of Suceava County: Carduus marianus, the oven until the mass remained constant Carduus benedicta, Carduus nutans, using ZRD-A5055 oven (Zhicheng, Silybum marianum, Armurariu [11]. In China). view of the likely local ancestral use of W% = (msample – mdried sample)*100/msample volovace in combating indigestion/liver problems and the fact that many of its where: msample - sample mass before drying close relatives have demonstrated various mdried sample- sample mass after beneficial actions on the liver, it is very drying necessary and challenging to research and find the active principles it contains as well The ash was obtained by calcining at their applicability to phytotherapy. Taking 8000C the samples from all parts of the into account these premises, the plant using a Nabertherm LE 2/11/R6 antioxidant potential of the volovate, Muffle Furnace. namely the content of polyphenols and the Ofelia ARVINTE, Liliana NOROCEL, Sonia AMARIEI, Study of volovatic (Carduus Glaucinus) active principles for potential use as a medicinal plant, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019, pag. 130 – 135 131 Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019 Determination of antioxidant capacity For analysis 2 mL of extract, 1 mL of Folin was achieved by the DPPH (2.2-diphenyl- Ciocalteu reagent and 8 mL of 7.5% 1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The methanolic Na2CO3 were mixed for 5 min and stored solution of DPPH has a maximum in the dark for 30 min then it was absorption at the wavelength of 517 nm measured the absorbance at 750 nm [17]. due to the unpaired electron. In the Determination of the mineral content in presence of an antioxidant, the electron is different samples was performed using a mated to form the discoloured DPPH-H mass spectrometer with inductively form, the discoloration being directly coupled plasma (ICP-MS Agilent proportional to the number of electrons Technologies 7500 Series) Digestion of the captured. The determinations were carried samples was performed with concentrated out for the aqueous extract: 5 g sample to nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, using 200 ml water, 30 min boiled extract and double deionized water obtained with a alcohol extract: 1 g sample to 50 ml Water purification system Thermofisher. ethanol obtained in an ultrasonic bath at Concentration (C) of heavy metals in 40°C and 25 KHz frequency from the samples obtained is expressed in µg/g aerial parts of the plant: leaves, flowers, sample and is calculated from the formula stem. The samples of 0.5 ml were mixed [2]: with 2.5 ml of DPPH solution, 6 x 10-5 M. V C a (2) The absorbance was measured with 3600 m Schimadzu UV-VIS-NIR Spectro- photometer. The percent inhibition of free where: a - concentration value measured, radicals, calculated by comparison with [ppb]; DPPH, was calculated using the formula: V - volume of acid that dissolved I% = A0 – Ap/A0 x100 (1) sample [ml] m - mass of mineralized sample [g]. where: A0 = the absorbance of the reference substance, AP = absorbance of the analysed sample. 3. Results and discussion Determination of the polyphenol content was achieved by the Folin-Ciocalteu The ash content shows (Table 1) the method. mineral richness of the plant, and its As aromatic chemical compounds as determination was used for their elemental several hydroxyl groups inserted on the analysis. aromatic ring, the polyphenols can be Table 1. Water and ash content the various anatomical oxidized by the Folin Ciocalteu (Fc) parts of the medicinal plant Carduus glaucinus reagent, with a blue colour formation, with a maximum absorption of 750 nm. The Samples Moisture % Ash % Folin - Ciocalteu Index is specific only for Dried leaves 6.25 8.54 phenolic compounds with reducing Dried flowers 6.05 3.85 properties. Total phenolic content was Dried strain 6.38 2.24 Fresh root 30.58 5.24 determined with Folin Ciocalteu method, It is noticeable that the highest mineral using gallic acid as a standard. The results content was found in the leaves, followed were expressed as g of gallic acid by root, flowers and plant stem. equivalents (GAE)/L on a dry weight basis [16]. Ofelia ARVINTE, Liliana NOROCEL, Sonia AMARIEI, Study of volovatic (Carduus Glaucinus) active principles for potential use as a medicinal plant, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019, pag.

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