Lincoln Memorial Washington DC USA

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21022_BI_IN.indd 1 28/08/2014 6:27 PM Lincoln Memorial

Abraham Lincoln holds a unique place in the history of the United States: not only did he save the Union, he [ In this temple reinvigorated the nation’s founding principle — that all as in the hearts of the people men are created equal. The campaign to erect a fitting memorial in his name began even as he lay on his for whom he saved the Union deathbed in 1865. It would eventually be completed 57 years later, after decades of disagreements over what the memory of Abraham Lincoln type of monument to build and where it should be placed. is enshrined forever. ]

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21022_BI_IN.indd 2 21/08/2014 6:03 PM © Shutterstock 21/08/2014 6:03 PM 21022_BI_IN.indd 3 as in the heartsas of the people the Union he saved whom for the memory Lincoln of Abraham History and Construction

Demands for a fitting national memorial for the 16th The project got under way with a ceremony on Above the colonnade, inscribed on a frieze, are the president of the United States began shortly after his February 12, 1914, and construction began a month later. assassination in April 1865. Although Congress passed Although work slowed as a result of the United States its first bill on the matter in 1867, it would be 1913 before entering the First World War in 1917, the monument the design, location, and funding of the memorial were was completed on schedule in 1922. On Memorial Day, finally approved. May 30, 1922, 50,000 people attended a dedication ceremony. Among those present were hundreds of Civil The memorial is anchored on a concrete foundation, 44 Even then many still questioned whether architect Henry War veterans; Robert Todd Lincoln, the president’s only Bacon’s Greek temple design was too extravagant for surviving son; and President Warren G. Harding, who 187 by 257 ft. (57 by 78 m) rectangular granite retaining such a humble man as Lincoln, and whether the swampy accepted the memorial on behalf of the American people. wall measuring 14 ft. (4.3 m) in height. and inaccessible Potomac Park was the best place for it to stand. The memorial itself echoes a classic Greek temple and The interior of the monument is divided into three the structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 ft. (58 by 36 m) and chambers. The north and south chambers contain carved The Lincoln Memorial Commission stood firm in its is 99 ft. (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a colonnade of 36 recommendation: the memorial would stand alone at fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the one end of the National Mall. The massive sculpture of Union at the time of Lincoln’s death. The columns stand Lincoln, the savior of the nation, would face east toward 44 ft. (13 m) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 ft. (2.3 m). governing principles in Lincoln’s life. the monument celebrating the founder of the nation, George Washington, and in between would be a long reflecting pool.

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21022_BI_IN.indd 4 21/08/2014 6:03 PM The project got under way with a ceremony on Above the colonnade, inscribed on a frieze, are the chamber containing the solitary figure of Lincoln sitting and construction began a month later. names of the 36 states in the Union when Lincoln died in contemplation. The statue rests upon an oblong Although work slowed as a result of the United States and the dates in which they entered. Above this are marble pedestal 10 ft. (3 m) high, 16 ft. (5 m) wide, and entering the First World War in 1917, the monument inscribed the names of the 48 states present in the Union 17 ft. (5.2 m) deep. was completed on schedule in 1922. On Memorial Day, at the time of the memorial’s dedication. © Library of Congress, Harris & Ewing© Library Collection May 30, 1922, 50,000 people attended a dedication ceremony. Among those present were hundreds of Civil The memorial is anchored on a concrete foundation, 44 War veterans; Robert Todd Lincoln, the president’s only to 66 ft. (13 to 20 m) in depth, and is encompassed by a surviving son; and President Warren G. Harding, who 187 by 257 ft. (57 by 78 m) rectangular granite retaining accepted the memorial on behalf of the American people. wall measuring 14 ft. (4.3 m) in height.

The memorial itself echoes a classic Greek temple and The interior of the monument is divided into three the structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 ft. (58 by 36 m) and chambers. The north and south chambers contain carved is 99 ft. (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a colonnade of 36 inscriptions of Lincoln’s second inaugural address and fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the his Gettysburg Address. Above each of the inscriptions Union at the time of Lincoln’s death. The columns stand is a 60 by 12 ft. (18.3 by 3.7 m) mural portraying the governing principles in Lincoln’s life.

Between the north and south chambers is the central

Lincoln Memorial under construction, 1919

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21022_BI_IN.indd 5 21/08/2014 6:03 PM The People behind the Memorial © Library of Congress © Library While many people were involved in the design and limestone is used on the interior walls and columns of construction of the Lincoln Memorial, it is the architect the chamber, and the ceiling tiles are made of Alabama Henry Bacon, sculptor Daniel Chester French, and artist marble. The statue of Lincoln itself is carved from Jules Guerin who were most prominent. Georgia marble. Bacon was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects, his profession’s Henry Bacon (1866–1924) highest honor, for his work on the memorial.

Henry Bacon was a New York–based architect who had Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) traveled widely in Europe and was especially fond of ancient Greek architecture. His inspiration for the Lincoln Daniel Chester French was the leading American Memorial is the Athenian temple known as the Parthenon. sculptor of his day and his most famous work is the statue of Lincoln, which dominates the interior of the Bacon instinctively understood the symbolic role of the memorial. The plans originally specified a 12 ft. (3.6 m) memorial in reunifying a country torn apart by civil war bronze statue, but it proved out of scale for the huge and deliberately chose building materials from as many building. The finished statue is 19 ft. (5.8 m) tall, which states as possible. The granite at the terrace level came means if Lincoln were standing, he would be 28 ft. (8.5 m) from Massachusetts, the marble of the upper steps and tall. The sculpture took four years to complete, weighs outside façade came from Colorado, and the pink marble 175 tons (159 metric tons), and is carved from 28 separate floor of the chamber came from Tennessee. Indiana blocks of white Georgia marble.

Drawing on tracing paper of Lincoln’s statue by Henry Bacon, 1917

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21022_BI_IN.indd 6 21/08/2014 6:03 PM © Library of Congress © Library limestone is used on the interior walls and columns of Jules Guerin (1866–1946) the chamber, and the ceiling tiles are made of Alabama marble. The statue of Lincoln itself is carved from Jules Guerin was originally hired by Henry Bacon to Georgia marble. Bacon was awarded the Gold Medal create watercolor illustrations of his proposed plans of the American Institute of Architects, his profession’s for the memorial. Guerin was born in St Louis, Missouri, a year after the end of the American Civil War. Later, he went on to study art in Chicago and Europe. He was thereafter selected to decorate the interior of the memorial with two canvas murals 60 ft. (18.3 m) long by Daniel Chester French was the leading American 12 ft. (3.7 m) high. Together, the murals visually symbolize sculptor of his day and his most famous work is the the principles of Abraham Lincoln and emphasize his statue of Lincoln, which dominates the interior of the two great accomplishments — emancipation and unity. memorial. The plans originally specified a 12 ft. (3.6 m) bronze statue, but it proved out of scale for the huge building. The finished statue is 19 ft. (5.8 m) tall, which means if Lincoln were standing, he would be 28 ft. (8.5 m) tall. The sculpture took four years to complete, weighs 175 tons (159 metric tons), and is carved from 28 separate

Drawing on tracing paper of Lincoln’s statue by Henry Bacon, 1917

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21022_BI_IN.indd 7 21/08/2014 6:03 PM The Memorial as a National Symbol Facts about the Lincoln Memorial

The Lincoln Memorial is not only an iconic piece of Institute of Architects ranked it seventh in the List of Location: architecture, it is a symbol of everything Abraham Lincoln America’s Favorite Architecture. Area:

stood for. For this reason, it has also been the venue for © Shutterstock Architect: many of the most memorable demonstrations within the Architectural style: American Civil Rights movement. Construction start: Construction end: On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 people journeyed Size: to Washington from all over the United States and stood Exterior materials: in front of the memorial as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Interior materials: delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. The spot Construction costs: on which King stood was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.

The memorial has played a central role in a number of blockbuster movies and also appears on the back of the U.S. five dollar bill, the front of which bears Lincoln’s portrait. Approximately six million people visit the memorial annually; it is open 24 hours a day, every day of the year except Christmas Day. In 2007 the American

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21022_BI_IN.indd 8 21/08/2014 6:03 PM Facts about the Lincoln Memorial

Institute of Architects ranked it seventh in the List of Location: ...... West end of National Mall, Washington, D.C. Area: ...... 27,336 square feet (2,539.6 m2)

© Shutterstock Architect: ...... Henry Bacon Architectural style: ...... Beaux-Arts Construction start: ...... 1914 Construction end: ...... 1922 Size: ...... Memorial (external) 189.7 ft. (58 m) width, 118.5 ft. (36 m) breadth, 99 ft. (30 m) height Exterior materials: ...... Colorado Yule marble, Tennessee pink marble, Massachusetts granite Interior materials: ...... Indiana limestone, Georgia white marble, Tennessee pink marble, Alabama marble, bronze, brass Construction costs: ...... $2,957,000 © Shutterstock

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Although $2 million was set aside to cover the memorial’s construction costs, the final cost was closer to $3 million. © Library of Congress 13

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The columns and exterior walls are inclined slightly toward the building’s interior. This compensates for visual perspective distortions that would make the memorial

appear to bulge out at the top. © Library of Congress 25

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The statue’s left hand is clenched to symbolize strength and determination. The right hand is open to symbolize charity and compassion. © Shutterstock 31

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21022_BI_IN.indd 36 21/08/2014 6:03 PM There is a myth that the face of Confederate General Robert E. Lee is carved in the back of Lincoln’s head. © Shutterstock 37

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Many believe that Lincoln is shown using sign language symbols to represent his initials, with his left hand forming an “A” and his right hand an “L.” © Shutterstock 41

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The Alabama marble used in the ceiling panels was saturated with melted beeswax for better translucency. © Shutterstock 57

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21022_BI_IN.indd 61 21/08/2014 6:03 PM LEGO® Architecture – Then and Now

There has always been a natural connection between the launched the LEGO Architecture line that we know today. LEGO® brick and the world of architecture. Fans who build His first models, and the original sets in the current with LEGO elements instinctively develop an interest in LEGO Architecture series, were interpretations of famous the form and function of the structures they create. At skyscrapers from his hometown of Chicago. Since then the same time, many architects have discovered that LEGO Architecture has developed and evolved, first LEGO bricks are the perfect way to physically express with well-known buildings from other cities in the United their creative ideas. States, and now with iconic structures from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. This connection was confirmed in the early 1960s with the launch of the LEGO “Scale Model” line. It matched The introduction of our LEGO Architecture Studio set the spirit of the age where modern architects were echoes the ambitions of the earlier LEGO “Scale Model” redefining how houses look and people were taking an line and widens the potential of the LEGO Architecture active interest in the design of their new homes. These series. Now you can enjoy building and learning sets were designed to be different from the normal, about specific landmark buildings, or create exciting brightly colored LEGO boxes and also inspired its users architectural models from your own fantasy. An inspiring with a book on architecture. 270-page book, featuring a number of renowned architects from around the world, guides you through the Decades later, architect and LEGO fan Adam Reed principles of architecture and encourages you in your Tucker revived the idea of expressing architecture using own creative building. 21050 LEGO bricks and in partnership with the LEGO Group, LEGO Architecture Studio 62

21022_BI_IN.indd 62 21/08/2014 6:03 PM launched the LEGO Architecture line that we know today. His first models, and the original sets in the current LEGO Architecture series, were interpretations of famous skyscrapers from his hometown of Chicago. Since then LEGO Architecture has developed and evolved, first with well-known buildings from other cities in the United States, and now with iconic structures from Europe, the

The introduction of our LEGO Architecture Studio set echoes the ambitions of the earlier LEGO “Scale Model” line and widens the potential of the LEGO Architecture series. Now you can enjoy building and learning about specific landmark buildings, or create exciting architectural models from your own fantasy. An inspiring 270-page book, featuring a number of renowned architects from around the world, guides you through the principles of architecture and encourages you in your

21050 LEGO Architecture Studio 63

21022_BI_IN.indd 63 21/08/2014 6:03 PM Celebrate the world of architecture and collect all the models

21011 Brandenburg Gate

21006 The White House 21017 Imperial Hotel

21014 21013 21003 Villa Savoye Big Ben Seattle 21015 Space Needle The Leaning Tower 64 of Pisa

21022_BI_IN.indd 64 21/08/2014 6:03 PM 21011 21020 Brandenburg Gate Trevi Fountain

21015 21019 21018 The Leaning Tower Eiffel Tower United Nations Headquarters of Pisa 65

21022_BI_IN.indd 65 21/08/2014 6:03 PM 6x References 301001

Text credits:

Nps.gov

2x 611101 Photo credits:

Shutterstock.com Library of Congress – loc.gov

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