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Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Administrative History

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Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Administrative History NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Administrative History Keith S. Hébert and Kathryn H. Braund Auburn University July 2019 Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Administrative History July 2019 Keith S. Hébert and Kathryn H. Braund Auburn University Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Daviston, Alabama Administrative History Approved by: Superintendent, Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Date Recommended by: Chief, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Division, Southeast Region Date Recommended by: Deputy Regional Director, Southeast Region Date Approved by: Regional Director, Southeast Region Date ii CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................xiii Introduction .............................................................................................................................xv Horseshoe Bend National Military Park .....................................................................................xvi Chapter One: Horseshoe Bend in the Nineteenth Century .................................................... 1 The Creek War of 1813–1814 .................................................................................................. 1 Creek Indian Land Cessions: 1814–1832 ................................................................................... 6 Horseshoe Bend Battlefield: 1832–1900 ................................................................................... 9 Historians and Public Memory, 1814–1900 ..............................................................................14 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................17 Chapter Two: The Battle to Create Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, 1898–1959....19 Battlefield Commemoration in the United States ......................................................................22 Thomas M. Owen and Samuel Sinclair Broadus ........................................................................23 Horseshoe Bend Battle Anniversary Commission .......................................................................27 Memorial of the Horseshoe Bend Battle Park Commission ........................................................29 Benjamin Russell, Alabama Power, and Hydroelectric Dams ......................................................31 Congressional Monument .......................................................................................................33 Tallapoosa County Centennial Commemoration .......................................................................34 Horseshoe Bend July Fourth Centennial Celebration .................................................................36 Horseshoe Bend Battle Park Association ...................................................................................42 House Subcommittee on Public Lands Hearing .........................................................................53 H.R. No. 11766 .......................................................................................................................59 Defining Park Boundaries and Land Acquisition ........................................................................60 Miller Covered Bridge ..............................................................................................................65 Horseshoe Bend National Cemetery Proposal ...........................................................................66 Presidential Proclamation .........................................................................................................67 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................68 Chapter Three: Development of Horseshoe Bend National Military Park, 1959–1964 ........71 Mission 66 ..............................................................................................................................73 Clarence Johnson, HOBE’s First Superintendent ........................................................................76 iii Park Development, 1959–1964 ...............................................................................................78 Mission 66 Visitor Center ........................................................................................................85 Tour Road Construction ..........................................................................................................89 Master Plan .............................................................................................................................94 Museum Exhibit Development .................................................................................................99 Sesquicentennial and Visitor Center Dedication Ceremony .....................................................108 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................113 Chapter Four: Park Administration, 1964–1970 ..................................................................115 Park Staffing and Programs ...................................................................................................117 Visitor Center Exhibits ...........................................................................................................120 Recreational Facilities and Programs .......................................................................................124 Tour Road Vistas, Shelters, Wayside Exhibits, and Trails ..........................................................128 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................136 Chapter Five: Park Administration, 1970–1980 ...................................................................139 Staffing ................................................................................................................................141 1972 Interpretive Prospectus ................................................................................................. 145 Cultural Education and Living History Programs ......................................................................147 Natural Resource Management and Education Programs ........................................................152 Facilities Management ...........................................................................................................158 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................161 Chapter Six: Park Administration, 1980–1989 .....................................................................163 Staffing ................................................................................................................................165 1980 Interpretive Prospectus ................................................................................................. 171 Poarch Band of Creek Indians ................................................................................................178 Cultural Interpretive Programs ...............................................................................................180 Law Enforcement, Natural Resource Management, and Park Maintenance ..............................184 Park Facilities ........................................................................................................................188 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................190 Chapter Seven: Park Administration, 1990–2015 ................................................................193 Judy Forte Administration ......................................................................................................195 Dwight Dixon, Acting Superintendent ....................................................................................200 iv Jim David Administration .......................................................................................................201 Tuskegee Management .........................................................................................................207 Mark Lewis Administration ....................................................................................................210 Marianne Mills Administration ...............................................................................................216 Doyle Sapp Administration ....................................................................................................218 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................222 Appendixes ............................................................................................................................225 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................251 v ABBREVIATIONS AAS Alabama Anthropological Society ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ADAH Alabama Department of Archives and History AHA Alabama Historical Association ANCS Automated National Catalogue System BMD National Park Service, Branch of Museum Development CCC Civilian Conservation Corps DAR
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