Somalie : Le Groupe Minoritaire Des Gabooye/Midgan
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An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg. -
Assessment Report 2011
ASSESSMENT REPORT 2011 PHASE 1 - PEACE AND RECONCILIATION JOIN- TOGETHER ACTION For Galmudug, Himan and Heb, Galgaduud and Hiiraan Regions, Somalia Yme/NorSom/GSA By OMAR SALAD BSc (HONS.) DIPSOCPOL, DIPGOV&POL Consultant, in collaboration with HØLJE HAUGSJÅ (program Manager Yme) and MOHAMED ELMI SABRIE JAMALLE (Director NorSom). 1 Table of Contents Pages Summary of Findings, Analysis and Assessment 5-11 1. Introduction 5 2. Common Geography and History Background of the Central Regions 5 3. Political, Administrative Governing Structures and Roles of Central Regions 6 4. Urban Society and Clan Dynamics 6 5. Impact of Piracy on the Economic, Social and Security Issues 6 6. Identification of Possibility of Peace Seeking Stakeholders in Central Regions 7 7. Identification of Stakeholders and Best Practices of Peace-building 9 8. How Conflicts resolved and peace Built between People Living Together According 9 to Stakeholders 9. What Causes Conflicts Both locally and regional/Central? 9 10. Best Practices of Ensuring Women participation in the process 9 11. Best Practices of organising a Peace Conference 10 12. Relations Between Central Regions and Between them TFG 10 13. Table 1: Organisation, Ownership and Legal Structure of the 10 14. Peace Conference 10 15. Conclusion 11 16. Recap 11 16.1 Main Background Points 16.2 Recommendations 16.3 Expected Outcomes of a Peace Conference Main and Detailed Report Page 1. Common geography and History Background of Central Regions 13 1.1 Overview geographical and Environmental Situation 13 1.2 Common History and interdependence 14 1.3 Chronic Neglect of Central Regions 15 1.4 Correlation Between neglect and conflict 15 2. -
Clan – Based Federalism in Somalia and Relationship Between The
T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES CLAN – BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES MASTER THESIS HAMDİ ALİ MUSSE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ANKARA 2020 T.C. ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES CLAN – BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES MASTER THESIS HAMDİ ALİ MUSSE DEPARMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Supervisor Assistant Professor Selcen ÖZKAN ANKARA 2020 ACCEPTATION AND CONFIRMATION PAGE The thesis, prepared by HAMDI ALI MUSSE and titled “CLAN–BASED FEDERALISM IN SOMALIA AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND FEDERAL MEMBER STATES”, is accepted as a master thesis at Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration by unanimous vote/majority vote. Tittle Name Surname Institution Signature Ankara Yıldırım Assist. Prof. Dr. Selcen ÖZKAN Beyazıt University Ankara Yıldırım Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Çolpan YALDIZ Beyazıt University Assist. Prof. Dr. Feriha YILDIRIM Gazi University Thesis Defense Date: 11.11.2020 I approve that the thesis fulfills the necessities to be deemed a master thesis at Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration. Director of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Title Name Surname DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Master thesis titled Clan–based federalism in Somalia and relationship between the Federal government and Federal member states has been prepared in accordance with the thesis writing of manual of the graduate school of Social science. -
Report on Minority Groups in Somalia
The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on minority groups in Somalia Joint British, Danish and Dutch fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 17 – 24 September 2000 Report on minority groups in Somalia Table of contents 1. Background ..................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction to sources and methodology....................................................................................6 3. Overall political developments and the security situation in Somalia.......................................10 3.1 Arta peace process in Djibouti...............................................................................................10 3.2 Transitional National Assembly (TNA) and new President ..................................................10 3.2.1 Position of North West Somalia (Somaliland)...............................................................12 3.2.2 Position of North East Somalia (Puntland)....................................................................13 3.2.3 Prospects for a central authority in Somalia ..................................................................13 3.3 Security Situation...................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................14 -
SOMALIA - May 2011
Minority Rights Group International (MRG) - individual UPR submission - SOMALIA - May 2011 1. Introductory executive summary 1.1 The situation and struggle for minority rights in Somalia must be considered in the context of Somalia in the last 20 years of state collapse, civil war and resulting humanitarian disaster. Immense violations of basic human rights have affected all Somalis, majorities (Darod, Hawiye, Dir and Rahanweyn) and minorities alike (Bantu, Gaboye, Madhiban, Musse Deriyo, Tumal, Yibro, Benadiri, Barawani, Bajuni, Boni, Ashraf and Shekhal). However, majority groups benefit from a traditional clan structure that has afforded them protection and privilege not available to minorities, who, regardless of the conflict, continue to suffer marginalization and exclusion from mainstream economic, social and political life, thanks to a legacy of slavery, customary segregation, dispossession and displacement. Somalia’s minorities are diverse and not framed simply by elements of ethnic, religious or linguistic differentiation. Their diversity also rests on social and historical distinctions between minorities and the pastoralist majorities. 1.2 Civil war, and later an Islamist insurgency against a weak transitional government in south-central Somalia, have forced thousands of minorities from their homes and lands, both to other parts of Somalia and abroad. Minorities have been targeted due to lack of protection as well as, in some cases, for their religious or other traditional beliefs and practices. Through field research results, MRG has found that minority women, in particular, suffer egregious abuse in the context of displacement. In 2009, MRG’s researchers, visiting internally displaced person (IDP) camps in semi-autonomous Puntland in northeastern Somalia, were told of a disturbing and persistent pattern of rape of minority women, perpetrated by majority men and sometimes by members of the Puntland police, army or security service. -
Somalia OGN V11.0 Issued 27 October 2006
Somalia OGN v11.0 Issued 27 October 2006 OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE NOTE SOMALIA Immigration and Nationality Directorate CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 – 1.4 2. Country assessment 2.1 – 2.15 3. Main categories of claims 3.1 Members of major clan families or related sub-clans 3.6 Bajunis 3.7 Benadiri (Rer Hamar) or Bravanese 3.8 Midgan, Tumal, Yibir or Galgala 3.9 Prison conditions 3.10 4. Discretionary Leave 4.1 Minors claiming in their own right 4.3 Medical treatment 4.4 5. Returns 5.1 – 5.5 6. List of source documents 1. Introduction 1.1 This document summarises the general, political and human rights situation in Somalia and provides information on the nature and handling of claims frequently received from nationals/residents of that country. It must be read in conjunction with any COI Service Somalia Country of Origin Information at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/country_reports.html 1.2 This guidance is intended to provide clear guidance on whether the main types of claim are or are not likely to justify the grant of asylum, Humanitarian Protection or Discretionary Leave. Caseworkers should refer to the following Asylum Policy Instructions for further details of the policy on these areas: API on Assessing the Claim API on Humanitarian Protection API on Discretionary Leave API on the European Convention on Human Rights API on Article 8 ECHR 1.3 Claims should be considered on an individual basis, but taking full account of the information set out below, in particular Part 3 on main categories of claims. -
Issue Paper VICTIMS and VULNERABLE GROUPS in SOUTHERN SOMALIA May 1995
Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/VICTIMS A... Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Home Issue Paper VICTIMS AND VULNERABLE GROUPS IN SOUTHERN SOMALIA May 1995 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. Table of Contents PREFACE ABOUT THE AUTHOR GLOSSARY 1. INTRODUCTION: SCOPE, SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 2. PHASES OF THE SOMALI CONFLICT: TARGETS AND VICTIMS 3. CATEGORIES OF VULNERABLE GROUPS 3.1 Major Clans 3.2 Minority Clans 3.3 The Situation for Women and Children APPENDIX I: NOTES ON SELECTED MINORITY COMMUNITIES A. Bajuni B. Bravanese C. Somali "Bantu" 1 of 21 9/17/2013 9:22 AM Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/VICTIMS A... D. Rahanweyn (Reewin) E. Caste Groups APPENDIX II: MAPS Map I: Operation Restore Hope Map II: Population Density Map III: Distribution of Dialectal Groups REFERENCES PREFACE Due to the nature of and the difficulty in obtaining written documentation on the current situation in Somalia, Professor Lee Cassanelli of the University of Pennsylvania was commissioned to research and write this paper to address the information needs of those involved in the Canadian refugee determination process. -
Clanship, Conflict and Refugees: an Introduction to Somalis in the Horn of Africa
CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: THE CLAN SYSTEM p. 2 The People, Language and Religion p. 2 The Economic and Socials Systems p. 3 The Dir p. 5 The Darod p. 8 The Hawiye p. 10 Non-Pastoral Clans p. 11 PART II: A HISTORICAL SUMMARY FROM COLONIALISM TO DISINTEGRATION p. 14 The Colonial Scramble for the Horn of Africa and the Darwish Reaction (1880-1935) p. 14 The Boundaries Question p. 16 From the Italian East Africa Empire to Independence (1936-60) p. 18 Democracy and Dictatorship (1960-77) p. 20 The Ogaden War and the Decline of Siyad Barre’s Regime (1977-87) p. 22 Civil War and the Disintegration of Somalia (1988-91) p. 24 From Hope to Despair (1992-99) p. 27 Conflict and Progress in Somaliland (1991-99) p. 31 Eastern Ethiopia from Menelik’s Conquest to Ethnic Federalism (1887-1995) p. 35 The Impact of the Arta Conference and of September the 11th p. 37 PART III: REFUGEES AND RETURNEES IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA AND SOMALILAND p. 42 Refugee Influxes and Camps p. 41 Patterns of Repatriation (1991-99) p. 46 Patterns of Reintegration in the Waqoyi Galbeed and Awdal Regions of Somaliland p. 52 Bibliography p. 62 ANNEXES: CLAN GENEALOGICAL CHARTS Samaal (General/Overview) A. 1 Dir A. 2 Issa A. 2.1 Gadabursi A. 2.2 Isaq A. 2.3 Habar Awal / Isaq A.2.3.1 Garhajis / Isaq A. 2.3.2 Darod (General/ Simplified) A. 3 Ogaden and Marrahan Darod A. -
Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3
Aram Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3 SOMALIA'S JUDEAO-CHRISTIAN HERITAGE: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY Ben I. Aram* INTRODUCTION The history of Christianity in Somalia is considered to be very brief and as such receives only cursory mention in many of the books surveying this subject for Africa. Furthermore, the story is often assumed to have begun just over a century ago, with the advent of modem Western mission activity. However, evidence from three directions sheds light on the pre Islamic Judeao-Christian influence: written records, archaeological data and vestiges of Judeao-Christian symbolism still extant within both traditional 1 Somali culture and closely related ethnic groups • Together such data indicates that both Judaism and Christianity preceded Islam to the lowland Horn of Africa In the introduction to his article on Nubian Christianity, Bowers (1985:3-4) bemoans the frequently held misconception that Christianity only came recently to Africa, exported from the West. He notes that this mistake is even made by some Christian scholars. He concludes: "The subtle impact of such an assumption within African Christianity must not be underestimated. Indeed it is vital to African Christian self-understanding to recognize that the Christian presence in Africa is almost as old as Christianity itself, that Christianity has been an integral feature of the continent's life for nearly two thousand years." *Ben I. Aram is the author's pen name. The author has been in ministry among Somalis since 1982, in somalia itself, and in Kenya and Ethiopia. 1 These are part of both the Lowland and Highland Eastern Cushitic language clusters such as Oromo, Afar, Hadiya, Sidamo, Kambata, Konso and Rendille. -
The Situation of Minority Groups and Their Members (January 2002 - August 2004) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Ottawa
Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIRs | Help 9 August 2004 SOM42808.E Somalia: The situation of minority groups and their members (January 2002 - August 2004) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Ottawa Minority groups and low-caste clans as identified by various sources include the following: the Bantu, the Benadiri, Rer Hamar, Brawanese, Swahili, Tumal, Yibir, Yaxar, Madhiban, Hawrarsame, Muse Dheryo and Faqayaqub, Bajuni, Benadir, Bandhabow, (Country Reports 2003 25 Feb. 2004, Sec. 5; Smithsonian 1 Jan. 2004; Danish Immigration Service Mar. 2004, 37, 39; Agencia de Informacao de Mocabique 1 July 2003; UNHCR/ACCORD 11-12 June 2001, 144). However, depending on geography, a member of a majority clan in one area of the country can be a minority in another area of the country (AI 27 May 2004). There is a consensus among sources consulted by the Research Directorate that minority groups and their members face discrimination (Country Reports 2003 25 Feb. 2004, Sec. 5; AI 2004; Smithsonian 1 Jan. 2004; AFP 25 Apr. 2003), human rights violations and "vulnerab[ility] to abuses" (AI 2004; ibid. 27 May 2004; ibid. 2004; CONCERN 27 May 2004; Danish Immigration Service Mar. 2004, 17; Country Reports 2003 25 Feb. 2004, Sec. 5; BBC 4 Oct. 2002; The Indian Ocean Newsletter 15 Feb. 2003; Africa News Service 25 Jan. 2002). According to a March 2004 report by the Danish Immigration Service, "low-status and minority groups...are frequently subject to abuse and exploitation" (17). Freedom House reported in 2003 that "[m]inority clans [were] harassed, intimidated, and abused by armed gunmen." Generally speaking, minority groups are unarmed in Somalia (AI 27 May 2004; AFP 7 Apr. -
State of Theworld's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009
Education special minority rights group international State of theWorld’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009 Events of 2008 State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009 Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International Minority Rights Group International (MRG) 54 Commercial Street, London, E1 6LT, United gratefully acknowledges the support of all organizations Kingdom. Tel +44 (0)20 7422 4200, Fax +44 (0)20 and individuals who gave financial and other assistance 7422 4201, Email [email protected] to this publication, including UNICEF and the Website www.minorityrights.org European Commission. Getting involved Minority Rights Group International MRG relies on the generous support of institutions Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a and individuals to further our work. All donations non-governmental organization (NGO) working to received contribute directly to our projects with secure the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples. minorities and indigenous peoples worldwide, One valuable way to support us is to subscribe and to promote cooperation and understanding to our report series. Subscribers receive regular between communities. Our activities are focused MRG reports and our annual review. We also on international advocacy, training, publishing and have over 100 titles which can be purchased outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by from our publications catalogue. In addition, our worldwide partner network of organizations MRG publications are available to minority and which represent minority and indigenous peoples. indigenous peoples’ organizations through our MRG works with over 150 organizations in library scheme. nearly 50 countries. Our governing Council, which MRG’s unique publications provide well- meets twice a year, has members from 10 different researched, accurate and impartial information on State of countries. -
Bajuni Clan.Pdf
Somalia - Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 13 November 2009 Information regarding the treatment of the Bajuni clan in Somalia The United Kingdom Home Office Operational Guidance Note for Somalia states: “Somalis with no clan affiliation are the most vulnerable to serious human rights violations, including predatory acts by criminal and militias, as well economic, political, cultural and social discrimination. These groups comprise an estimated 22% of the Somali population and include the Bajuni. The Bajuni are a small independent ethnic community of perhaps 3,000 or 4,000 who are predominantly sailors and fishermen. They live in small communities along the Indian Ocean coastline (including Somalia and Kenya) and on some of the larger offshore islands between Kismayo and Mombasa, Kenya. The small Bajuni population in Somalia suffered considerably at the hands of Somali militia, principally Marehan militia who tried to force them off the islands. Though Marehan settlers still have effective control of the islands, Bajuni can work for the Marehan as paid labourers. This is an improvement on the period during the 1990s when General Morgan’s forces controlled Kismayo and the islands, when the Bajuni were treated by the occupying Somali clans as little more than slave labour. Essentially the plight of the Bajuni is based on the denial of economic access by Somali clans, rather than outright abuse. Information provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in May 2008 about the fluid country situation following the ousting of the UIC indicates that the risk to personal safety for the vast majority of Somalis, whether affiliated to majority or minority clans, is the same and that there is little detectable difference between some individual circumstances.