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Somalie : Le Groupe Minoritaire Des Gabooye/Midgan

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Somalie : le groupe minoritaire des Gabooye/Midgan Recherche rapide de l’analyse-pays Berne, le 5 juillet 2018 Impressum Editeur Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR) Case postale, 3001 Berne Tél. 031 370 75 75 Fax 031 370 75 00 E-mail : [email protected] Internet : www.osar.ch CP dons : 10-10000-5 Version disponible en français et en allemand COPYRIGHT © 2018 Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés (OSAR), Berne Copies et impressions autorisées sous réserve de la mention de la source 1 Introduction Les questions suivantes ont été tirées d’une demande adressée à l’analyse-pays de l’OSAR : 1. De quelles informations dispose-t-on sur la situation des droits humains pour les membres de la caste des Gabooye en Somalie ? 2. Dans quelle mesure l’État somalien peut-il protéger les membres de la caste des Gabooye ? Les informations reposent sur une recherche limitée dans le temps (recherche rapide) dans des documents accessibles au public actuellement à disposition de l’OSAR. 2 Les Gabooye en Somalie 2.1 Clans et minorités en Somalie Les Gabooye (connus aussi sous le nom de Midgan, Madhiban et Musse Deriyo) ne constituent pas un clan, mais un groupe minoritaire. Selon un rapport de l’Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB) de décembre 2012, les Gabooye (autre orthographe possible : Gaboye, aussi connu sous le nom de Midgan) forment un groupe minoritaire en Somalie et une « caste professionnelle » qui exerce des métiers traditionnels. Lors d’une présentation organisée en mai 2009 par l’Austrian Center for Country of Origin and Asylum Research (ACCORD), le Professeur Joakim Gundel, l’un des politologues spécialisés de la région Somali, a déclaré que la majorité de la population somalienne était composée de Somali, une ethnie d’éleveurs nomades appartenant aux clans dits « nobles » des Darood, des Hawiye, des Dir et, selon le point de vue, des Isaaq. À côté, il y a les premiers groupes de population d’éleveurs-agriculteurs sédentaires connus sous le nom de Digil-Mirifle ou de Rahanweyn et les groupes dits minoritaires. Les minorités ne forment pas des clans, même si les Somali nomades les appellent parfois ainsi pour les assimiler à leurs structures. Par- mi les groupes minoritaires, il y a des groupes parias ou des serfs collectivement qualifiés de Sab. En tant que serfs traditionnels des clans d’éleveurs, les Sab ne peuvent avoir d’interactions avec des Somali que par l’intermédiaire d’un patron somali (abaan). Les Ga- booye qui se caractérisent par la pratique de « bas » métiers comptent aussi parmi les Sab (ACCORD, décembre 2009). Selon la Gabooye Minority Organisation for Europe and North America (Organisation Gabooye), une ONG établie au Royaume-Uni, citée par IRB, les Ga- booye se qualifient eux-mêmes de Gabooye alors que d’autres clans se réfèrent à eux comme des Midgan, une appellation que l’Organisation Gabooye estime dévalorisante (IRB, décembre 2012). La « caste professionnelle » des Gabooye et ses sous-groupes. Selon ACCORD (dé- cembre 2009), les Gabooye se composent des Tumaal (forgerons), des Midgan (cordon- niers, chasseurs et cueilleurs, droguistes et coiffeurs) et des Yibro (singulier Yibir), préten- dus descendants des premiers juifs dans la Corne de l’Afrique avec une fonction mythique. Somalie : le groupe minoritaire des Gabooye/Midgan – le 5 juillet 2018 Page 3 de 17 ACCORD identifie aussi les Howleh, les Hawraar Same et les Habar Yaquup comme sous- groupes des Gabooye. Bien que certains Gabooye affirment que la notion de Gabooye dé- signe toutes les « castes professionnelles » du Somaliland, Minority Rights Group Interna- tional (MRG, octobre 2010) signale que les Tumaal et les Yibir rejettent cette désignation. MRG identifie quant à lui les Gabooye, les Tumaal et les Yibir comme les trois principales « castes professionnelles ». Il écrit que les Gabooye se répartissent entre deux lignées, les Madhiban et les Musse Deriyo. Les Gabooye vivent sur tout le territoire somalien, même s’ils vivent en majorité dans la région du Somaliland et du Puntland. L’IRB (décembre 2012) écrit, en se référant aux indications fournies en novembre 2012 par l’Organisation Gabooye, que les Gabooye se trouvent majoritairement dans le Nord de la Somalie (Somaliland), mais que quelques-uns vivent aussi dans la capitale Mogadiscio. L’UN Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) (cité par l’IRB, 2012) rapporte que 8 000 familles de Gabooye regroupant environ 48‘000 personnes vivent dans le quartier de Daami à Hargeisa, la capitale du Somaliland. Selon ACCORD (2009), les Gabooye et leurs sous-groupes vivent au Nord de la Somalie, mais sont aussi disséminés dans le sud du pays. MRG (octobre 2010) écrit que les Ga- booye représentent le groupe minoritaire dominant dans le Somaliland. Pas d’alliances avec des clans, bonnes relations aux autres groupes minoritaires. D’après le secrétariat de l’Organisation Gabooye (IRB, décembre 2012), les Gabooye ne sont « pas vraiment alliés » aux plus grands clans de Somalie, mais entretiennent de bonnes relations avec d’autres groupes minoritaires. 2.2 Discrimination des Gabooye Les groupes minoritaires sont beaucoup plus souvent victimes de meurtres, de tor- tures, de viols, d’enlèvements, de demandes de rançons, de pillages de terres et de propriétés. Selon l’U.S. Department of State (USDOS, avril 2018), les groupes minoritaires restent très exposés aux exactions commises par les milices de plusieurs groupes dissi- dents (« faction militias ») et les membres des clans majoritaires, car ils n’ont souvent pas de bras armé. Ils subissent des tortures, des viols, des enlèvements, des demandes de ran- çons, des pillages de terre et de propriétés et même des meurtres. Selon le rapport d’une mission d’enquête du Danish Immigration Service (DIS) et de Landinfo (janvier 2013), les Gabooye comptent parmi les groupes les plus marginalisés et menacés de Mogadiscio. Les groupes minoritaires sont fortement exclus et discriminés, leurs droits humains fondamentaux sont bafoués. En Somalie, les groupes minoritaires sont victimes de viola- tions des droits humains fondamentaux (MRG, octobre 2010). D’après l’USDOS (avril 2018), ils souffrent de nombreuses formes de discrimination et d’exclusion. Ainsi dans la plupart des régions, les clans dominants excluent les membres d’autres groupes de toute participa- tion aux institutions gouvernementales et les discriminent dans le monde professionnel, dans les procédures judiciaires et dans l’accès aux services publics . MRG rapporte en outre que les membres des groupes minoritaires sont souvent victimes de discours de haine qui servent à construire des stéréotypes des minorités en lien avec leur apparence et leurs pra- tiques traditionnelles, afin d’aggraver encore leur discrimination (MRG, octobre 2010). L’expert de la Somalie Markus Virgil Höhne (2015) écrit que les groupes minoritaires sont Somalie : le groupe minoritaire des Gabooye/Midgan – le 5 juillet 2018 Page 4 de 17 prétérités dans la vie publique et politique et relève que la distinction entre groupes majori- taires et minoritaires reste pertinente. Discrimination des groupes minoritaires, y compris les Sab, dans le monde profes- sionnel. Selon ACCORD (décembre 2009), les membres des Sab se voient traditionnelle- ment refuser le droit de posséder des terres et du bétail et de participer au commerce local, ainsi qu’à l’économie et à la politique. MRG (octobre 2010) écrit que les Sab travaillent gé- néralement dans l’artisanat ou dans les services, qu’ils sont sur le marché en tant que ven- deurs-euses, commerçant-e-s ou bouchers-ères, aides de ménage ou de cuisine et mar- chand-e-s de thé. La Somaliland National Human Rights Commission (novembre 2010) rapporte que les membres des groupes minoritaires ne peuvent occuper que les emplois peu prisés tels qu’éboueurs-euses, cordonniers-cordonnières, cireurs/cireuses de chaus- sures, forgerons, potiers-potières ou exciseuses et circonciseurs. Ce sont des emplois mal rétribués qui ne permettent pas de mener une vie autonome. Une femme membre des Ga- booye a ainsi déclaré à MRG que les Isaaq (le clan majoritaire dominant dans le Somali- land) se contenteraient d’insulter une personne membre des Gabooye et ne lui donneraient jamais de travail (MRG, octobre 2010). Beaucoup de Gabooye perdent leur occupation traditionnelle et se voient contraints de s’installer ailleurs. L’Africa Research Group of the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Of- fice (2008, cité par l’UK Home Office, janvier 2012) et MRG (octobre 2010) signalent qu’une partie des « castes professionnelles » ne peuvent plus exercer leurs métiers traditionnels et ne trouvent pas d’autre emploi. Comme seuls quelques membres des groupes minoritaires peuvent se targuer d’une bonne formation, la plupart sont mal préparés au monde du travail moderne selon MRG (octobre 2010). À cause de la situation de conflit et du déclin des moyens de subsistance traditionnels, beaucoup de membres des groupes minoritaires ont migré dans les agglomérations urbaines ou vivent dans des camps de personnes déplacées (Internally Displaced Persons – IDPs) ou de réfugiés dans les pays voisins (MRG, octobre 2010). Discrimination dans le secteur de la formation. D’après l’organisation Gabooye (IRB, décembre 2012), la plupart des enfants des Gabooye sont exclus de l’école. Selon la Soma- liland National Human Rights Commission (novembre 2010), les enfants des groupes mino- ritaires ne peuvent pas aller à l’école, parce que leurs parents n’ont pas les moyens de payer les frais de scolarité. Ils seraient de toute façon victimes de harcèlement de la part des autres enfants. Pas de mariage possible entre les clans majoritaires et les groupes minoritaires. Se- lon MRG (octobre 2010), la structure clanique qui existe en Somalie interdit et punit les ma- riages entre des membres des clans majoritaires et ceux des groupes minoritaires. MRG illustre la situation par un exemple qui s’est produit au Somaliland : il s’agit d’un mariage contracté en secret entre une femme d’un groupe minoritaire et un homme d’un clan majori- taire.
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  • Bajuni Clan.Pdf

    Bajuni Clan.Pdf

    Somalia - Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 13 November 2009 Information regarding the treatment of the Bajuni clan in Somalia The United Kingdom Home Office Operational Guidance Note for Somalia states: “Somalis with no clan affiliation are the most vulnerable to serious human rights violations, including predatory acts by criminal and militias, as well economic, political, cultural and social discrimination. These groups comprise an estimated 22% of the Somali population and include the Bajuni. The Bajuni are a small independent ethnic community of perhaps 3,000 or 4,000 who are predominantly sailors and fishermen. They live in small communities along the Indian Ocean coastline (including Somalia and Kenya) and on some of the larger offshore islands between Kismayo and Mombasa, Kenya. The small Bajuni population in Somalia suffered considerably at the hands of Somali militia, principally Marehan militia who tried to force them off the islands. Though Marehan settlers still have effective control of the islands, Bajuni can work for the Marehan as paid labourers. This is an improvement on the period during the 1990s when General Morgan’s forces controlled Kismayo and the islands, when the Bajuni were treated by the occupying Somali clans as little more than slave labour. Essentially the plight of the Bajuni is based on the denial of economic access by Somali clans, rather than outright abuse. Information provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in May 2008 about the fluid country situation following the ousting of the UIC indicates that the risk to personal safety for the vast majority of Somalis, whether affiliated to majority or minority clans, is the same and that there is little detectable difference between some individual circumstances.