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(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0176365A1 Blass (43) Pub US 200301.76365A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0176365A1 Blass (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 18, 2003 (54) NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT FOR Publication Classification CEREBRAL METABOLIC INSUFFICIENCES (51) Int. Cl." ..................... A61K 31/715; A61K 31/525; A61K 31/70; A61K 31/51; (76) Inventor: John P. Blass, Bronxville, NY (US) A61K 31/19; A61K 31/355; A61K 31/198; A61K 31/353; A61K 31/375 Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl. ............... 514/23: 514/53; 514/61; 514/557; Michael L. Goldman 514/574; 514/565; 514/456; NXON PEABODY LLP Clinton Square 514/458; 514/474; 514/251; P.O. BOX 31051 514/276; 514/355; 514/350 Rochester, NY 14603-1051 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 10/379,816 The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composi (22) Filed: Mar. 4, 2003 tion which includes a Sugar and a Krebs cycle intermediate, or Salt thereof, or a precursor of a Krebs cycle intermediate. Krebs cycle intermediates include citric acid, aconitic acid, Related U.S. Application Data isocitric acid, C.-ketoglutaric, Succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and oxaloacetic acid, and mixtures thereof. (63) Continuation of application No. 09/529,091, filed on Precursors of Krebs cycle intermediates are compounds Oct. 20, 2000, now Pat. No. 6,537,969, filed as 371 of converted by the body to form a Krebs cycle intermediate. international application No. PCT/US98/18120, filed The present invention also relates to administration of the on Sep. 1, 1998. pharmaceutical composition to treat an individual for a disorder involving impaired mitochondrial function and to (60) Provisional application No. 60/063,165, filed on Oct. improve cerebral function in an individual having impaired 24, 1997. cerebral metabolism. Patent Application Publication Sep. 18, 2003 US 2003/0176365A1 COENZY MEA CH-C-CoA ACETYL COENZYMEA GOOH COOH Ce th . GH, HO7 Ho--COOH COOH OXALOACETCCOOH is ACO CH 16ornHO H-C-OH COOH GH, 2 (H, NADH CTRIC ACO -COOH COOH NAD+ h MALIC ACO COOH cis-ACONTC ACID Ho-1 COOH GOOH H. H H--coo H GH NAD. H--OH COOH FADH FUMARCACED C- FAD NADHY Ric ACD ATP NADH NAOtPOOH W COOH GH, GH, (- GH, CO, GH, g-o COOH co, H.O doo H SSNic KETOGLUTARC ACD US 2003/0176365 A1 Sep. 18, 2003 NUTRITONAL SUPPLEMENT FOR CEREBRAL mitochondria because they have extremely high energy METABOLIC INSUFFICIENCES requirements. Because of their high energy requirements, these types of cells are particularly Vulnerable to disorders or 0001. This application is a continuation of U.S. patent conditions associated with a breakdown of the catabolic application Ser. No. 09/529,091, which is a national stage pathways or otherwise defective intracellular energy application under 35 USC S371 of PCT Application PCT/ metabolism. Exemplary disorders or conditions include US98/18120 filed Sep. 1, 1998, which claims the benefit of Alzheimer's Disease ("AD"), Parkinson's Disease ("PD"), U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/063,165, filed Huntington's Disease (“HD"), and other neurodegenerative Oct. 24, 1997. disorders (Beal et al., “Do Defects in Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Underlie the Pathology of Neurodegenerative FIELD OF THE INVENTION Diseases?,”Trends Neurosci. 16(4): 125-131 (1993); Jenkins 0002 The present invention relates to nutritional supple et al., “Evidence for Impairment of Energy Metabolism in ments for individuals suffering from cerebral metabolic vivo in Huntington's Disease Using Localized "H NMR insufficiencies and methods of treating disorders indicated Spectroscopy,”Neurol. 43:2689-2695 (1993)). by cerebral metabolic insufficiencies. 0006 AD is one of the most common causes of disabling dementia in humans. Because AD is a progressive, degen BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION erative illness, it affects not only the patient, but also their 0003. During normal operation of the catabolic process, families and caregivers. In early Stages of AD, activities of energy is harvested and Subsequently Stored in a readily daily living (“ADLs”) are only minimally affected by cog available form, namely, the phosphate bonds of adenosine nitive or functional impairment, which may often be a first triphosphate ("ATP"). When energy is required for anabolic clinical sign of the disease (Small et al., “Diagnosis and processes, a phosphate bond of ATP is broken to yield Treatment of Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders,” energy for driving anabolic reactions and adenosine diphos Consensus Statement of the American ASSociation for Geri phate (“ADP”) is regenerated. The process of catabolism atric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's ASSociation, and the involves the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, and American Geriatrics Society, JAMA 278:1363-1371 (1997)). lipids. Proteins are broken into Smaller peptides and con AS AD progresses, the patients’ ability to perform ADLS Stituent amino acids, polysaccharides and disaccharides are diminishes and they become increasingly more dependent broken down into their monosaccharide constituents, and upon caregivers and other family members (see Galasko et lipids are broken down into glycerol and the fatty acid al., “An Inventory to Assess Activities of Daily Living for constituents. These compounds are further broken down into Clinical Trials in Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer Dis. even Smaller compounds, principally, two-carbon acetyl Assoc. Disord. 11(Suppl. 2):S33-S39 (1997)). groupS. 0007 PD is widely considered to be the result of degra 0004. The two-carbon acetyl group, an essential compo dation of the pre-synaptic dopaminergic neurons in the nent in the catabolic process, is introduced into the Krebs brain, with a Subsequent decrease in the amount of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (“Krebs cycle') Via acetyl coenzyme neurotransmitter dopamine that is being released. Inad A. The acetyl group Serves as a carbon Source for the final equate dopamine release, therefore, leads to the onset of Stages of catabolism. The Krebs cycle and an accompanying voluntary muscle control disturbances symptomatic of PD. electron transport System involve a Series of enzymatically The motor dysfunction symptoms of PD have been treated controlled reactions which enable complete oxidation of the in the past using dopamine receptor agonists, monoamine two-carbon acetyl group to form carbon dioxide and water. oxidase binding inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, anti As shown in FIG. 1, acetyl groups are introduced into the cholinergics, and histamine H1-antagonists. Unfortunately, Krebs cycle by bonding to oxaloacetic acid to form citric the main pathologic event, degeneration of the cells in acid. During Subsequent Steps of the Krebs cycle, citric acid Substantia nigra, is not helped by Such treatments. The is converted into aconitic acid and then isocitric acid or, disease continues to progreSS and, frequently after a certain alternatively, it is converted directly into isocitric acid. AS length of time, dopamine replacement treatment will lose its isocitric acid is converted into ketoglutaric acid, one carbon effectiveness. In addition to motor dysfunction, however, PD atom is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. AS ketoglu is also characterized by neuropsychiatric disorders or Symp taric acid is converted into Succinic acid, a Second carbon toms. These include apathy-amotivation, depression, and atom is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide. During the dementia. PD patients with dementia have been reported to remaining Steps, Succinic acid is converted into fumaric respond less well to Standard L-dopa therapy. Moreover, acid, fumaric acid is converted into malic acid, and malic these treatments have little or no benefit with respect to the acid is converted into Oxaloacetic acid. Each complete turn neuropsychiatric Symptoms. of the Krebs cycle harvests the energy of the acetyl group to 0008 HD is a familial neurodegenerative disorder that yield one molecule of ATP, three molecules of nicotinamide afflicts about /10,000 individuals (Martin et al., “Huntington's adenine dinucleotide (“NADH'), and one molecule of flavin Disease: Pathogenesis and Management, N. Engl. J. Med. adenine dinucleotide FADH2. The NADH and FADH are 315:1267-1276 (1986); Gusella, “Huntington's Disease, Subsequently used as electron donors in the electron trans Adv. Hum. Genet. 20:125-151 (1991)). It is inherited in an port system to yield additional molecules of ATP. autosomal dominant manner and is characterized by chore 0005 The Krebs cycle and the accompanying electron iform movements, dementia, and cognitive decline. The transport System occur in the mitochondria, which are disorder usually has a mid-life onset, between the ages of 30 present in different types of cells in varying numbers to 50 years, but may in Some cases begin very early or much depending upon the cellular energy requirements. For later in life. The Symptoms are progressive and death example, neuronal and muscle cells have high numbers of typically ensues 10 to 20 years after onset, most often as the US 2003/0176365 A1 Sep. 18, 2003 result of Secondary complications of the movement disorder. 0012. The present invention is directed toward overcom The major site of pathology in HD is the striatum, where up ing these above-noted deficiencies in treating conditions to 90% of the neurons may be depleted. The impaired asSociated with a breakdown of the catabolic pathways or cognitive functions and eventual dementia may be due either otherwise defective intracellular energy metabolism. to the loss of cortical neurons or to the disruption of normal activity in the cognitive portions of the basal ganglia. The SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION characteristic chorea is believed to be caused by the neu 0013 The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical ronal loSS in the striatum, although a reduction in Subtha composition which includes a Sugar and a Krebs cycle lamic nucleus activity may also contribute. intermediate or Salt thereof, or a precursor of a Krebs cycle 0009 Glutamate-induced neuronal cell death is believed intermediate. Krebs cycle intermediates include citric acid, to contribute to HD. Glutamate is the principal excitatory aconitic acid, isocitric acid, C.-ketoglutaric, Succinic acid, transmitter in the brain.
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