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Plant Diversity and Composition Changes Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Isolated Volcano Sumaco in the Ecuadorian Amazon
diversity Article Plant Diversity and Composition Changes along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Isolated Volcano Sumaco in the Ecuadorian Amazon Pablo Lozano 1,*, Omar Cabrera 2 , Gwendolyn Peyre 3 , Antoine Cleef 4 and Theofilos Toulkeridis 5 1 1 Herbario ECUAMZ, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km 2 2 vía Puyo Tena, Paso Lateral, 160-150 Puyo, Ecuador 2 Dpto. de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, 110-104 Loja, Ecuador; [email protected] 3 Dpto. de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia; [email protected] 4 IBED, Paleoecology & Landscape ecology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 HX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; [email protected] 5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Av. General Rumiñahui s/n, P.O.Box, 171-5-231B Sangolquí, Ecuador; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +593-961-162-250 Received: 29 April 2020; Accepted: 29 May 2020; Published: 8 June 2020 Abstract: The paramo is a unique and severely threatened ecosystem scattered in the high northern Andes of South America. However, several further, extra-Andean paramos exist, of which a particular case is situated on the active volcano Sumaco, in the northwestern Amazon Basin of Ecuador. We have set an elevational gradient of 600 m (3200–3800 m a.s.l.) and sampled a total of 21 vegetation plots, using the phytosociological method. All vascular plants encountered were typified by their taxonomy, life form and phytogeographic origin. In order to determine if plots may be ensembled into vegetation units and understand what the main environmental factors shaping this pattern are, a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis was performed. -
The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering Over Happiness: an Open
The Predominance of Wild-Animal Suffering over Happiness: An Open Problem Abstract I present evidence supporting the position that wild animals, taken as a whole, experience more suffering than happiness. This seems particularly true if, as is possible if not very likely, insects1 can suffer, since insects have lifespans of only a few weeks and are orders of magnitude more preponderate than other animals. I do not know what should be done about this problem, but I propose that further work on the subject might include • Continued study of whether insects are sentient, • Investigation of the effects (negative and positive) of various types of environ- mental destruction on wild-animal welfare, and • Research on ways to alleviate the pain endured by animals in the wild, especially that of insects and other small animals. Of course, even if wild-animal lives are generally worth living, efforts to reduce their suffering may still be worthwhile. I encourage readers to contact me with any insights into these issues: webmaster [\at"] utilitarian-essays.com 1 Introduction The fact that in nature one creature may cause pain to another, and even deal with it instinctively in the most cruel way, is a harsh mystery that weighs upon us as long as we live. One who has reached the point where he does not suffer ever again because of this has ceased to be a man. |Albert Schweitzer [31, Ch. 3] Many advocates of animal welfare assume that animals in the wild are, on the whole, happy. For instance, the site utilitarian.org includes a proposal to create a wildlife reserve, the main \Utility value" of which would come from \The value of life over death for the animals who will live there" [62]. -
Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador: Structure, Eruptive History and Hazards
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 91Ž. 1999 1±21 www.elsevier.comrlocaterjvolgeores Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador: structure, eruptive history and hazards Minard L. Hall a,1, Claude Robin b,), Bernardo Beate c, Patricia Mothes a,1, Michel Monzier a,d,2 a Instituto Geofõsico,ÂÂ Escuela Politecnica Nacional, P.O. Box 1701-2759, Quito, Ecuador b Institut de Recherches Pour le DeÂÕeloppement() IRD, ex-ORSTOM , UR 6, OPGC, 5 Rue Kessler, 63038, Clermont-Ferrand, France c Departamento de Geologõa,ÂÂÂ Facultad de Geologõa, Minas y Petroleos, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, P.O. Box 1701-2759, Quito, Ecuador d Institut de Recherches pour le DeÂÕeloppement() IRD, ex-ORSTOM , UR 6, A.P. 17-11-6596, Quito, Ecuador Accepted 25 March 1999 Abstract Tungurahua, one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes, is made up of three volcanic edifices. Tungurahua I was a 14-km-wide andesitic stratocone which experienced at least one sector collapse followed by the extrusion of a dacite lava series. Tungurahua II, mainly composed of acid andesite lava flows younger than 14,000 years BP, was partly destroyed by the last collapse event, 2955"90 years ago, which left a large amphitheater and produced a ;8-km3 debris deposit. The avalanche collided with the high ridge immediately to the west of the cone and was diverted to the northwest and southwest for ;15 km. A large lahar formed during this event, which was followed in turn by dacite extrusion. Southwestward, the damming of the Chambo valley by the avalanche deposit resulted in a ;10-km-long lake, which was subsequently breached, generating another catastrophic debris flow. -
Cenozoic Volcanism of Northern South America Joshua Stroup Current Volcanism
Cenozoic Volcanism of Northern South America Joshua Stroup Current Volcanism Focus Area Is the Northern Andean Volcanic Arc Terrains of the Northern Andes There are a large number of accreted terrains Terrains of oceanic affinity Terrains of continental affinity North Andean Block (NAB) Subduction in the Northern Andes Geologic Setting In Ecuador the Cordillera occidental Andean magmatic Allochthonous terrain of mafic arc is divided into composition two parallel chains 30 km thick Cordillera occidental Cordillera real (west) Metamorphosed granites and Cordillera real (east) medasedimentary rocks of A back arc also continental affinity exists further east in 60 km thick the Amazon basin Back arc Sedimentary rocks 35 – 40 km thick Ecuador Volcanism in Ecuador has developed as a broad magmatic arc This is the result of flat slab subduction of the Nazca plate Volcanoes Across the Subduction Zone Pichincha volcano Cordillera real Antisana volcano Cordillera occidental Sumaco volcano Back arc Pichincha Stratovolcano Composed of at least two successive volcanoes Highly active Historic eruptions have produced lava domes, pyroclastic flows and ash falls Pichincha con't. Guagua pichincha is built on the collapsed flank of the old rucu pichincha Magmas erupted here are adakites containing amphibole, plagioclase, pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxides Magma generated here results from the melting of oceanic crust Antisana Massive stratovolcano Also composed of at least two successive volcanoes Built up over granitic and medasedimentary rocks Only one historic eruption, a lava flow Antisana Con’t. Magmas erupted here are calc-alkaline. This is due to the interaction with mature continental crust. Minerals include clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxides. -
Galápagos Natural History Extravaganza
GALÁPAGOS NATURAL HISTORY EXTRAVAGANZA 21 NOVEMBER – 02 DECEMBER 2021 20 NOVEMBER – 01 DECEMBER 2022 19 – 30 NOVEMBER 2023 Red-footed Booby is one of three booby species likely to be found on this trip. www.birdingecotours.com [email protected] 2 | ITINERARY Galapagos: Natural History Extravaganza Just 483 years ago the first man stepped onto the Galápagos Islands and marveled at this living laboratory. Today we continue to be awestruck by this constantly changing archipelago. As the Nazca Plate moves and new islands are formed, evolution is illustrated up close and personal. Visiting the Galápagos archipelago is a dream for all naturalists. From Quito we will fly to the island of Baltra. We then will make our way to our home for the next eight days, the Samba, a spacious and luxuriously designed motor sailing yacht with wide open and shaded sun decks, a fully stocked bar, and a library. The abundant marine life that visits these waters year-round, the Marine Iguanas that rule the rocky coastlines, and of course a unique group of birds make it easy to understand why this trip is a must for birders and natural history buffs. Some of the Galápagos specials that we hope to find on this trip include Galapagos Penguin, Waved Albatross, Galapagos Shearwater, Wedge-rumped and Elliot’s Storm Petrels, Magnificent Frigatebird, Nazca, Red-footed, and Blue-footed Boobies, Lava Heron, Galapagos Hawk, Lava Gull, Galapagos Martin, Galapagos Flycatcher, Vermilion Flycatcher, Galapagos, Floreana, San Cristobal, and Espanola Mockingbirds, Vegetarian Finch, Woodpecker Finch, Common Cactus Finch, Green Warbler-Finch, Large and Small Tree Finches, Small and Medium Ground Finches, and Mangrove Finch. -
Relationship Between Static Stress Change and Volcanism. How and If Tectonic Earthquake Could Influence Volcanic Activity
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2014 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC STRESS CHANGE AND VOLCANISM. HOW AND IF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE COULD INFLUENCE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. EXAMPLE OF EL REVENTADOR VOLCANO, ECUADOR Daniele Alami Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Volcanology Commons Copyright 2014 Daniele Alami Recommended Citation Alami, Daniele, "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC STRESS CHANGE AND VOLCANISM. HOW AND IF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE COULD INFLUENCE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. EXAMPLE OF EL REVENTADOR VOLCANO, ECUADOR", Master's report, Michigan Technological University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/770 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Volcanology Commons RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC STRESS CHANGE AND VOLCANISM. HOW AND IF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE COULD INFLUENCE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY. EXAMPLE OF EL REVENTADOR VOLCANO, ECUADOR. By Daniele Alami A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Geology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Daniele Alami This report has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology Department of Geological & Mining Engineering & Sciences Report Co-Advisor: Gregory P.Waite Report Co-Advisor: Alessandro Tibaldi Committee Member: Simon Carn Department Chair: John Gierke 1 2 L'infinito non esiste, è solo un numero grande, e l'unico vero cuore è al centro della Terra. Vai davanti a un vulcano e poi dimmi, come ti senti? (Filippo Timi) 3 Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Geologiche Relationship between static stress changes and volcanism. -
Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor How They Arise, Modify and Vanish
Fascinating Life Sciences Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthusiasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Editor Dieter Thomas Tietze Natural History Museum Basel Basel, Switzerland ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-91688-0 ISBN 978-3-319-91689-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91689-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. -
1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. About Ecuador
2nd Meeting of the ITU Centres of Excellence (CoE) Steering Committee for the Americas Region From 11 to 12 December 2019 Quito, Ecuador 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. About Ecuador: Ecuador is the second smallest country in South America. Nevertheless, it has a diversity of landscapes to explore. The Pacific Coast stretches along the western edge of Ecuador, while the Highlands or the "Sierra" is centralized in the country, stretching all the way from the North to the South. The East is mainly composed of Amazonian rainforest; and, the "Island Region" contains the Galapagos Islands, volcanic islands located in the Pacific Ocean about 960 kilometres from the Ecuadorian coast. The unique wildlife located in the archipelago inspired the British naturalist Charles Darwin in the development of the theory of evolution. Due to the proximity of the country with the Equator and its geographic diversity, Ecuador is an ideal destination for lovers of nature, orchids and exotic birds and jungle plants, strange insects, wastelands hit by the wind, tropical forests and intrepid animals. Due to the proximity of the country with the Equator and its geographic diversity, Ecuador is an ideal destination for nature lovers, with orchids and exotic birds, jungle plants and strange insects, moorlands hit by the wind, tropical forests and intrepid animals. In addition to the natural richness, Ecuador has a recognized cultural heritage deriving mainly from the traditions and history of their diverse peoples and nationalities, an integral part of this Andean country. As a result of its small size (256.370 square kilometres), all its regions can be easily visited in a short period of time. -
Ecuador's Biodiversity Hotspots
Ecuador’s Biodiversity Hotspots Destination: Andes, Amazon & Galapagos Islands, Ecuador Duration: 19 Days Dates: 29th June – 17th July 2018 Exploring various habitats throughout the wonderful & diverse country of Ecuador Spotting a huge male Andean bear & watching as it ripped into & fed on bromeliads Watching a Eastern olingo climbing the cecropia from the decking in Wildsumaco Seeing ~200 species of bird including 33 species of dazzling hummingbirds Watching a Western Galapagos racer hunting, catching & eating a Marine iguana Incredible animals in the Galapagos including nesting flightless cormorants 36 mammal species including Lowland paca, Andean bear & Galapagos fur seals Watching the incredible and tiny Pygmy marmoset in the Amazon near Sacha Lodge Having very close views of 8 different Andean condors including 3 on the ground Having Galapagos sea lions come up & interact with us on the boat and snorkelling Tour Leader / Guides Overview Martin Royle (Royle Safaris Tour Leader) Gustavo (Andean Naturalist Guide) Day 1: Quito / Puembo Francisco (Antisana Reserve Guide) Milton (Cayambe Coca National Park Guide) ‘Campion’ (Wildsumaco Guide) Day 2: Antisana Wilmar (Shanshu), Alex and Erica (Amazonia Guides) Gustavo (Galapagos Islands Guide) Days 3-4: Cayambe Coca Participants Mr. Joe Boyer Days 5-6: Wildsumaco Mrs. Rhoda Boyer-Perkins Day 7: Quito / Puembo Days 8-10: Amazon Day 11: Quito / Puembo Days 12-18: Galapagos Day 19: Quito / Puembo Royle Safaris – 6 Greenhythe Rd, Heald Green, Cheshire, SK8 3NS – 0845 226 8259 – [email protected] Day by Day Breakdown Overview Ecuador may be a small country on a map, but it is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of life and biodiversity. -
The Galápagos Islands, 600 Miles O the Coast of Ecuador, Are Often
AWE-INSPIRING EXPERIENCE LA PINTA A full-week discovery trip to the Galápagos Islands aboard La he Galápagos Islands, 600 miles o the coast of Ecuador, are often described as Pinta allows encounters with unique fauna in the wild, like the most exotic adventure destination. The Islands are universally admired for the famous giant Galápagos tortoises, land and marine iguanas, amingos, penguins, blue-footed boobies and the famous their unusual, human-tolerant wildlife, surreal volcanic landscapes and dramatic Darwin’s nches. T After intense days of wildlife exploration, La Pinta equatorial skies. The unique island environment provides an ideal setting for those provides a haven of relaxation and tranquility with tastefully interewsted in photography, hiking, bird watching, snorkeling and kayaking. appointed accommodations and all the facilities for a stylish yet informal ambiance. This 10-day special expedition, unlike any Galápagos cruise, has been designed by La Pinta guests will cover all aspects of the Galápagos: discovery, adventure, environmental interpretation, aquatic the most knowledgeable experts on the Galápagos. Learn about Darwin’s voyage to the activities, relaxation, superb service and great dining. Galápagos Islands over 150 years ago by our onboard guest speakers and tour leaders. Naturalist guides enhance their interpretative skills with the use of state-of-the-art expedition equipment. The Understand Darwin’s discoveries upon his return to England and the eect this new sta embraces a spirit of adventure, while at the same -
Lista Oficial PN
Nombre científico Inglés Español Crypturellus souiC Little Tinamou Tinamú Chico Crypturellus cinnamomeusR Thicket Tinamou Tinamú Canelo Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Pijije Común Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck Pato Real Ortalis vetula Plain Chachalaca Chachalaca Olivácea Penelope purpurascens Crested Guan Pava Crestada Crax rubra Great Curassow Pavón Grande Colinus cristatus Crested Bobwhite Codorniz Crestada Tachybaptus dominicus Least Grebe Zambullidor Enano Ardenna creatopus Pink-footed Shearwater Pardela Blanca Común Ardenna pacificus Wedge-tailed Shearwater Pardela Colicuña Ardenna grisea Sooty Shearwater Pardela Sombría Puffinus nativitatis Christmas Shearwater Pardela de Navidad, Pardela de Christmas Puffinus subalaris Galapagos Shearwater Pardela de las Galápagos Puffinus opisthomelas Black-vented Shearwater Pardela Culinegra Oceanodroma leucorhoa Leach's Storm-Petrel Paiño de Leach Oceanodroma tethys Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Paiño Danzarin Oceanodroma melania Black Storm-Petrel Paiño Negro Oceanodroma microsoma Least Storm-Petrel Paiño Menudo Phaethon aethereus Red-billed Tropicbird Rabijunco Piquirrojo Mycteria americana Wood Stork Cigüeñón Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird Rabihorcado Magno Sula dactylatra Masked Booby Piquero Blanco Sula granti Nazca Booby Piquero de Nazca AOCR Sula nebouxiiC Blue-footed Booby Piquero Patiazul Sula variegta Peruvian Booby Piquero Peruano Sula leucogasterR Brown Booby Piquero Moreno Sula sula Red-footed Booby Piquero Patirrojo Phalacrocorax brasilianus Neotropic -
Observations on the Breeding and Distribution of Lava Gull Leucophaeus Fuliginosus K
Cotinga 37 Observations on the breeding and distribution of Lava Gull Leucophaeus fuliginosus K. Thalia Grant, Olivia H. Estes and Gregory B. Estes Received 7 January 2014; final revision accepted 3 December 2014 Cotinga 37 (2015): OL 22–37 published online 10 March 2015 La Gaviota de Lava Leucophaeus fuliginosus, endémica del archipiélago de Galápagos, es la gaviota más rara del mundo, cuyos hábitos de reproducción son poco conocidos. En los años 2011 y 2012 se observó anidación en la isla Genovesa en densidades mayores a las reportadas previamente en Galápagos. Las parejas reproductoras fueron muy territoriales, defendiendo áreas de hasta 70 m de diámetro contra coespecíficos. Las hembras fueron más agresivas que los machos frente a los intrusos de otras especias percibidos como una amenaza. La nidada de 1–2 huevos fue incubada por ambos miembros de la pareja en turnos de dos horas. Los polluelos salieron del nido 4–5 días después de la eclosión, seleccionando lugares en el territorio más protegidos a los cuales retornaron regularmente para descansar. Los adultos reproductores fueron depredadores oportunistas, alimentando a sus crías principalmente con huevos y polluelos de aves marinas y peces robados de las mismas aves. Reconocemos una relación parasítica entre la cleptoparásita Fragata Real Fregata magnificens y la Gaviota de Lava, y sospechamos que este es el medio principal por el cual en esta isla las gaviotas adquieren los peces que comen. Presentamos datos sobre las comunicaciones entre los padres y la cría, proporcionamos la primera serie de fotografías del desarrollo del polluelo de Gaviota de Lava y describimos una característica en el plumaje de los adultos que no ha sido descrita previamente.