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Hlodavci Zambie MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Ústav botaniky a zoologie HLODAVCI ZAMBIE BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Petra Kašparová Brno 2011 Vedoucí BP: Doc. Mgr. et Mgr. Josef Bryja, Ph.D. Konzultant: Doc. Mgr. Radim Šumbera, Ph.D. (PřF JU, České Budějovice) Souhlasím s uloţením této bakalářské práce v knihovně Ústavu botaniky a zoologie PřF MU v Brně, případně v jiné knihovně MU, s jejím veřejným půjčováním a vyuţitím pro vědecké, vzdělávací nebo jiné veřejně prospěšné účely, a to za předpokladu, ţe převzaté informace budou řádně citovány a nebudou vyuţívány komerčně. V Brně dne 30. 4. 2011 Podpis: ....................................... Poděkování: Ráda bych poděkovala především vedoucímu mé bakalářské práce Doc. Mgr. et Mgr. Josefu Bryjovi, Ph.D. za výborné vedení, odborné připomínky a hlavně za jeho čas a vstřícnost. Tato bakalářská práce byla vypracována na Ústavu biologie obratlovců AV ČR, v.v.i. a byla podpořena projektem GAČR č. P506/10/0983: Comparative phylogeography of Zambezian region in Southeastern Africa using small mammals as a model (2010-2014). Na sběru recentního materiálu hlodavců v Zambii se podíleli zejména R. Šumbera, J. Šklíba, V. Mazoch, J. Zima a H. Patzenhauerová. ABSTRAKT Hlodavci patří stále v některých oblastech světa (např. v tropické Africe) k velmi málo prozkoumaným savcům. Navíc během posledních cca 20 let došlo k velkému rozvoji molekulární taxonomie a bylo popsáno mnoho nových kryptických druhů, coţ vnáší do základního výzkumu další nejasnosti. Tato práce přináší recentní anotovaný check-list hlodavců v Zambii. Literární rešerše je zaměřena především na nové nálezy a taxonomické změny od poslední souhrnné práce The Mammals of Zambia, která byla vydána v roce 1978. V současnosti se v Zambii vyskytuje 82 druhů hlodavců. Od roku 1978 bylo pro Zambii nově popsáno 25 druhů, naopak devět druhů bylo z tehdejšího seznamu odstraněno. Hlavní příčinou těchto změn jsou zejména taxonomické revize některých skupin. Je pravděpodobně, ţe se počet druhů bude i nadále zvyšovat, protoţe taxonomická situace některých druhových komplexů nebyla dosud uspokojivě vyřešena. ABSTRACT In some parts of the world (e.g. in tropical Africa), rodents still belong among poorly studies mammals. Furthermore, the intensive development of molecular taxonomy in last 20 years led to the description of many new cryptic species, which import many additional ambiguities even into the basic research. This work presents the recent annotated check-list of rodents of Zambia. Biblioghraphical research is focuses primarily on new records and taxonomical changes since the last comprehensive work The mammals of Zambia, which was released in 1978. There are 82 species of rodents in Zambia today. Since 1978, there are 25 new species on the list and nine species were excluded. The main reason of these changes are mainly taxonomical revisions of some rodent groups. The number of species will probably steadily increase, because taxonomical situation in some groups is still not sufficiently resolved. OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1. Aktuálnost faunistických dat o afrických hlodavcích ......................................................... 7 1.2. Biogeografie Zambie...................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1. Ekoregiony a biomy na území Zambie ...................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Řeky a pohoří ........................................................................................................... 11 1.3. Cíle práce ..................................................................................................................... 12 2. ANOTOVANÝ CHECK-LIST HLODAVCŮ ZAMBIE ................................................ 13 3. DISKUZE......................................................................................................................... 46 3.1. Srovnání informací o výskytu hlodavců Zambie v roce 1978 a v současnosti ............ 46 3.2. Základní biogeografická analýza Zambie .................................................................... 48 3.3. Vymezení skupin pro další taxonomický a fylogeografický výzkum .......................... 48 3.4. Shrnutí .......................................................................................................................... 49 4. LITERATURA..................................................................................................................... 50 7 1. ÚVOD 1.1. Aktuálnost faunistických dat o afrických hlodavcích V současné době je na světě popsáno 5 416 druhů savců v 1 229 rodech (Wilson & Reeder, 2005). Od roku 1758, kdy byla zavedena moderní taxonomická nomenklatura, je popisováno průměrně 223 nových druhů za kaţdé desetiletí a toto číslo neustále narůstá (Hoffman et al., 2009). Znalost rozšíření jednotlivých druhů (a třeba i prozkoumanost jejich ekologie atd.) je geograficky velmi variabilní, přičemţ mezi nejméně prozkoumané oblasti patří tropická Afrika, přestoţe v posledních dvaceti letech se africký kontinent těší zvýšenému zájmu výzkumníků. Příchod nových molekulárních technik pomohl objasnit fylogenetické vztahy mezi taxony (např. Stanhope et al., 1998) a určit komplexy kryptických druhů. Ukázalo se, ţe rozmanitost savčích druhů byla v některých afrických oblastech velmi podhodnocena. Během 20 let od posledního souhrnného seznamu (Ansell, 1989) bylo v Africe nově popsáno 175 taxonů savců, z toho pět rodů, jeden podrod, 138 druhů a 31 poddruhů (Hoffman et al., 2009). Téměř k polovině nově popsaných druhů podle IUCN Red List nejsou k dispozici dostatečné informace (49 druhů ze 101 druhů uvedených v seznamu IUCN). Druhově nejbohatší skupinou savců jsou hlodavci. Tato skupina patří mezi nejméně probádané vůbec, přestoţe se mezi nimi vyskytuje velké mnoţství prakticky významných druhů, např. přenašečů chorob či zemědělských škůdců. V některých oblastech Afriky neexistují téměř ţádná data o výskytu hlodavců nebo jsou velmi zastaralá. Mezi jednu z takových oblastí patří oblast toku řeky Zambezi, kde se nachází i dnešní stát Zambie. Poslední (a vlastně jediná) souhrnná studie o savcích Zambie pochází z roku 1978 (Ansell, 1978). V této publikaci bylo popsáno 222 druhů savců, které náleţí do 122 rodů a 41 čeledí. Z toho na hlodavce připadlo 65 druhů, 34 rodů a 10 čeledí. Tato více neţ třicet let stará publikace však zasluhuje výraznou revizi, ke které by měla částečně přispět i tato práce. 8 1.2. Biogeografie Zambie Zambie se nachází ve vnitrozemí jiţní Afriky. Obklopují ji státy DR Kongo, Tanzanie, Malawi, Mosambik, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibie a Angola. Je rozdělena na 9 provincií (viz obr. 1) a 72 distriktů (http://www.afrikaonline.cz/, 29. 4. 2011). Obr. 1: Rozdělení území Zambie na jednotlivé samosprávné celky ("provincie"), jejichţ názvy jsou dále pouţívány v charakteristice rozšíření jednotlivých druhů (http://beaumont.tamu.edu, 12. 4. 2011). 1.2.1. Ekoregiony a biomy na území Zambie Území Zambie bylo pro potřeby WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) rozděleno na několik biomů a ekoregionů (viz obr. 2). Hlavními aspekty určujícími jednotlivé oblasti jsou klima, a to především sráţky, délka období sucha, teplota, která závisí na nadmořské výšce, a také půda a poţáry v období sucha. Sráţky se pohybují od 500 do 1400 mm za rok, ale na většině území nepřesáhnou 700 mm. Období sucha trvá 6 aţ 8 měsíců. Dělí se na studené zimní období od dubna (či května) aţ do srpna a na horké období od září do listopadu. Většina území (asi 80%) leţí na africké náhorní plošině, která se rozkládá obvykle mezi 1000 – 1300 m. n. m. Plošina je zvlněná a aţ na občasné pohoří, hory či říční údolí spíše jednotvárná. Na východě území je prolomena riftovým údolím řeky Luangwa (v textu Luangwa Valley) a jiţní 9 část je narušena pohyby Východoafrické příkopové propadliny. Minimální teploty v červnu se pohybují v rozmezí 6-12°C a maximální v říjnu mezi 28-35°C. Půdy, které se vyskytují na území Zambie, se dělí na čtyři typy. Červené málo úrodné půdy afrických stepí, které mají horní vrstvu písčitou. Šedé „dambo“ půdy bývají v období dešťů velmi podmáčené a omezují tak růst rostlin. Černé úrodné půdy se nacházejí v záplavových oblastech a kaţdoročně poskytují potravu pro velké mnoţství býloţravců. Pískové půdy „Kalahari“ na jihozápadě jsou neúrodné s malou schopností udrţet vlhkost. Zde rostou především stromy s hlubokým kořenovým systémem. Jednotlivé biomy a ekoregiony je moţno charakterizovat takto (http://uk.ask.com, 30. 4. 2011); viz Obr. 2: Tropický a subtropický širokolistý lesní biom (Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome) – v Zambii zastoupen pouze jedním ekoregionem v několika oblastech (asi 5% plochy): 1. Zambijský suchý les Cryptosepalum (Zambezian Cryptosepalum dry forests) – hustý stálezelený les střední výšky na písčitých půdách a s nedostatkem povrchové vody (na mapě oblasti 1 a 2). Biom tropických a subtropických savan, pastvin a křovin (Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome) – pokrývá většinu území Zambie (kolem 80%) v šesti ekoregionech: 1. Centrální zambijský miombo les (Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands) – nejrozsáhlejší ekoregion pokrývající asi 50% území. Vyznačuje se stromy miombo (Brachystegia sp.). Převládá v nejdeštivějších oblastech a je promíchán s dambos. Dambos jsou travnaté mokřiny, které mohou tvořit aţ 30% ekoregionu a zvyšují tak jeho biodiverzitu (na mapě oblasti 3 aţ 9). 2. Jiţní miombo les
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