Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus Licheniformis in Avian Plumage

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Bacillus Licheniformis in Avian Plumage J. Field Ornithol. 76(3):264±270, 2005 Prevalence and genetic diversity of Bacillus licheniformis in avian plumage Justine M. Whitaker,1 Daniel A. Cristol and Mark H. Forsyth Institute for Integrative Bird Behavior Studies, Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795 USA Received 28 May 2004; accepted 30 November 2004 ABSTRACT. Bacillus licheniformis, a soil bacterium capable of degrading the b-keratin in feathers, is present in the plumage of some wild-caught birds, but the published carriage rate is quite low. Microbial degradation could be a selective agent leading to the evolution of molt and plumage pigmentation, but we hypothesized that for B. licheniformis to have played an important role in avian evolution, it is likely to occur more widely in bird populations than previously reported. We sampled the plumage of 461 wild-caught birds of eight species. We designed a selective and differential culture method to isolate bacteria with the potential to degrade feathers. Putative feather-degrading bacteria were isolated from 21±59% of the individuals of each of the species tested, for an average carriage rate of 39%. 16S rRNA (rrnA) sequencing of 98 of these bacterial isolates indicated that 69% were Bacillus lichenformis, suggesting that the prevalence of this feather-degrading bacterium is 4 3 higher than previously reported. We also hypothesized that interspeci®c variation in avian plumage, behavior, and habitat may have led to the evolution of host-speci®c B. licheniformis strains. Fingerprinting of B. licheniformis isolated from Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) and Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) using REP-PCR demonstrated that for nine owls, one individual carried four different strains and eight individuals carried only one strain. Of 20 catbirds, there was a single strain found on nine birds, but four carried two different strains each. SINOPSIS. Prevalencia y diversidad geneÂtica de Bacillus licheniformis en el plumaje de aves Bacillus licheniformis, es una bacteria que se encuentra en los suelos que es capaz de degradar la keratina-b en la pluma de las aves. La misma esta presente en algunas aves silvestres, pero son pocas las publicaciones sobre este tema. La degradacioÂn microbiana pudiera ser un agente de seleccioÂn natural dando origen a la muda y la pigmen- tacioÂn del plumaje en las aves. Planteamos la hipoÂtesis de que esta bacteria ha tenido un rol importante en la evolucioÂn de las aves y que debe estar presente en un gran nuÂmero de especies que lo previamente informado. Examinamos a 461 aves silvestres, perteneciente a ocho especies. DisenÄamos un cultivo selectivo y diferencial para aislar la bacteria que tenõÂa el potencial de degradar las plumas. La bacteria fue aislada de 21±59% (xÅ 5 39%) de las especies de aves muestreadas. El estudio secuencial de 16srRNA (rrnA) de 98 de los cultivos aislados dio positivo para B. licheniformis, lo que sugiere que la presencia de esta bacteria en las plumas de las aves es cuatro veces mayor que lo previamente informado. Proponemos otra hipoÂtesis en referencia a que dado que hay variaciones en el plumaje de las aves, conducta y seleccioÂn de haÂbitat, esto puede haber dado origen a sepas especi®cas de estas bacterias en aves. La huella genetica de sepas aisladas del bacilo antes mencionado, de aves como Aegolius acadicus y Dumetella carolinensis, utilizando REP-PCR ha demostrado que para nueve individuos del Aegolus, uno de estos cargaba cuatro sepas de la bacteria y los otros ocho tan solo una. De los 20 individuos de Dumetella, en nueve individuos tan solo se encontro una sepa y en otros cuatro dos sepas diferentes. Key words: Bacillus licheniformis, b-keratin, feather-degrading microbes, keratinolytic, REP-PCR By digesting the b-keratin in avian plumage, sortium of keratin-digesting microbes that have feather-degrading microbial symbionts poten- contributed to the evolution of feather shed- tially decrease host ®tness. In response, birds ding through molt, plumage strengthening may have evolved mechanisms to reduce dam- through increase in melanin content, and be- age to their plumage, such as preening, anting, havior that might increase ®tness in the face of dusting or molt (Hart 1997). Burtt (1999; microbial assault on the plumage. Yet Burtt and Burtt and Ichida 1999) proposed that B. lichen- Ichida (1999) reported that keratinolytic bacilli iformis may be an important member of a con- were detected within the plumage of only 7.4% (range across species; 0±23%) of individuals among 870 wild birds of seven species with ad- 1 Corresponding author. Current address: P.O.Box 38, One Solomons Way, Chesapeake Biological Lab- equate sample sizes. Such a carriage rate may oratory, Solomons, Maryland 20688 USA. Email: be too low to be a powerful force of natural [email protected] selection since plumage is not the moist, warm 264 Vol. 76, No. 3 Feather-degrading Bacteria 265 environment in which B. licheniformis thrives, avian hosts. Understanding the diversity of B. and there is no evidence of their ability to dam- licheniformis strains on wild birds is an initial age feathers on living birds (Cristol et al. 2005). step to understanding if B. licheniformis has B. licheniformis does not require a host for sur- evolved to degrade feathers while on a living vival, as it thrives in the soil. Feather-degrading bird. We carried out a preliminary investigation bacilli may only degrade feathers when they are of the diversity of bacterial strains within in- in contact with the soil (after molt or death of dividuals of a host species and across host spe- the bird) and may have no impact on avian cies. evolution. Before the importance of feather-de- grading microbes can be evaluated, we need to METHODS determine if they occur on a high enough pro- portion of individuals to be ecologically impor- Study species. Until 1990, B. lichenifor- tant. Our main objective in this study was to mis was considered a typical soil bacterium, but estimate the frequency of occurrence of B. li- Williams et al. (1990) isolated this bacterium cheniformis on a large sample of free-living birds from a poultry waste digester and characterized to determine if carriage rates were as low as its feather-degrading capabilities. B. lichenifor- previously reported. mis is a gram positive, facultatively aerobic bac- If our hypothesis is correct and B. lichenifor- terium most closely related to the well-studied mis is found commonly on birds, it is worth- bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. At least three species while to ask whether B. licheniformis might of Bacillus are known to degrade b-keratin in- have played an important role in avian evolu- cluding B. licheniformis, B. subtilis (Evans et al. tion. A secondary objective was to learn more 2000), and B. pumilis (Burtt and Ichida 1999). about possible routes of transmission for feath- Optimal growth of B. licheniformis in nutrient er-degrading microbes. To achieve this we ex- broth occurs at 508C and pH 7.5 (Williams et amined whether the B. licheniformis present on al. 1990; Cheng et al. 1995). an individual bird were of one or many genetic To determine the carriage rate of Bacillus spe- strains. If one strain or a consistent consortium cies within the plumage of wild-caught birds, of strains is present on a host species, that 40 or more individuals of eight bird species would suggest clonal spread after infection. Un- were mist netted during routine banding op- derstanding if birds randomly acquire feather- erations of the Coastal Virginia Wildlife Ob- degrading bacterial strains from the environ- servatory in Kiptopeke State Park, Virginia (all ment (i.e., contamination) or if the bacteria are species), and on the campus of the College of passed on by infection from conspeci®cs, is crit- William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia ical to determining the potential for coevolu- (sparrows only), between 5 September 2001 tion between these microbes and their hosts. In and 18 March 2002 (Table 1). the case of transmission by contamination, a Sampling. Bacteria were sampled by rub- variety of strains are acquired by a variety of bing a sterile cotton-tipped applicator through avian species. Those B. licheniformis strains each bird's feathers starting with the right side would likely remain generalized to degrade any of the head and continuing over the top and feather under appropriate conditions (moist, left side. The applicator was then rubbed down warm environment) and may therefore remain the ventral side of the body, through the tail genetically indistinct. However, if a particular and across the rump. Applicators had been sat- strain or group of strains become associated urated with isotonic saline and sterilized by au- with one species of bird because it is passed toclaving. Two replicate samples were taken from parent to offspring each generation, those from the same individual bird with separate ap- strains may become specialized to degrade plicators. The applicator was continually rotat- feathers of a particular type, such as high mel- ed during sampling to ensure optimal contact anin content. The behavior of the bird (e.g., with feathers. After sampling applicators were higher af®nity for sunning), may also select for frozen at 2808C until culturing. Ethanol one strain or a group of strains. As B. licheni- (70%) was used to decrease the risk of contam- formis strains become more adapted to living on ination during sampling. The senior author car- a speci®c host, they may become genetically ried out all of the plumage sampling and care- distinct from other strains living on different fully washed her hands between samples; how- J. Field Ornithol. 266 J. M. Whitaker et al. Summer 2005 Table 1. Birds sampled and found positive for putative feather-degrading bacteria.
Recommended publications
  • Bacillus Cereus Group Species
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:2997–3010 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0728-x ARTICLE Unique inducible filamentous motility identified in pathogenic Bacillus cereus group species 1 1 1 1 1 2 Martha M. Liu ● Shannon Coleman ● Lauren Wilkinson ● Maren L. Smith ● Thomas Hoang ● Naomi Niyah ● 2 3 3 2 1 Manjari Mukherjee ● Steven Huynh ● Craig T. Parker ● Jasna Kovac ● Robert E. W. Hancock ● Erin C. Gaynor 1 Received: 6 January 2020 / Revised: 11 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 / Published online: 7 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Active migration across semi-solid surfaces is important for bacterial success by facilitating colonization of unoccupied niches and is often associated with altered virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles. We isolated an atmospheric contaminant, subsequently identified as a new strain of Bacillus mobilis, which showed a unique, robust, rapid, and inducible filamentous surface motility. This flagella-independent migration was characterized by formation of elongated cells at the expanding edge and was induced when cells were inoculated onto lawns of metabolically inactive Campylobacter jejuni 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: cells, autoclaved bacterial biomass, adsorbed milk, and adsorbed blood atop hard agar plates. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), bacterial membrane components, and sterile human fecal extracts were also sufficient to induce filamentous expansion. Screening of eight other Bacillus spp. showed that filamentous motility was conserved amongst B. cereus group species to varying degrees. RNA-Seq of elongated expanding cells collected from adsorbed milk and PC lawns versus control rod- shaped cells revealed dysregulation of genes involved in metabolism and membrane transport, sporulation, quorum sensing, antibiotic synthesis, and virulence (e.g., hblA/B/C/D and plcR).
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice 975, Maltogenic Alpha-Amylase Enzyme Preparation
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 975 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory novozyme~ Rethink Tomorrow A Maltogenic Alpha-Amylase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus Produced by Bacillus licheniformis Janet Oesterling, Regulatory Affairs, Novozymes North America, Inc., USA October 2020 novozyme~ Reth in k Tomorrow PART 2 - IDENTITY, METHOD OF MANUFACTURE, SPECIFICATIONS AND PHYSICAL OR TECHNICAL EFFECT OF THE NOTIFIED SUBSTANCE ..................................................................... 4 2.1 IDENTITY OF THE NOTIFIED SUBSTANCE ................................................................................ 4 2.2 IDENTITY OF THE SOURCE ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2(a) Production Strain .................................................................................................. 4 2.2(b) Recipient Strain ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2(c) Maltogenic Alpha-Amylase Expression Plasmid ................................................... 5 2.2(d) Construction of the Recombinant Microorganism ................................................. 5 2.2(e) Stability of the Introduced Genetic Sequences .................................................... 5 2.2(f) Antibiotic Resistance Gene .................................................................................. 5 2.2(g) Absence of Production Organism in Product ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Bacillus Licheniformis-Fermented Products
    animals Article The Effect of Bacillus licheniformis-Fermented Products and Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome on Litter Performance Traits, Milk Composition, and Fecal Microbiota in Sows Yu-Hsiang Yu , Ting-Yu Hsu, Wei-Jung Chen, Yi-Bing Horng and Yeong-Hsiang Cheng * Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 260, Taiwan; [email protected] (Y.-H.Y.); [email protected] (T.-Y.H.); [email protected] (W.-J.C.); [email protected] (Y.-B.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-3-931-7712 Received: 6 October 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 5 November 2020 Simple Summary: Supplementation of probiotics can shape the gut microbiota of sows and further influence their offspring’s gut microbiota. Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) is a common disease in sows worldwide. Sows with PDS have depressed milk production and increased piglet mortality. The bacterial pathogen is an important factor in the etiology of PDS. Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) containing probiotics and antimicrobial substances can prevent disease and improve growth performance in broilers and weaning piglets. However, little is known about the effect of BLFP, PDS, and interaction on litter performance traits, milk composition, and fecal microbiota in sows. In this study, the effects of BLFP and PDS on sows were evaluated. Results show that BLFP supplementation in the diet of sows improves the piglet body weight at weaning. Dietary supplementation of BLFP or PDS differentially regulates the fecal microbiota of sows. Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) and postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) on litter performance traits, milk composition, and fecal microbiota in sows in a commercial farrow to finish pig farm.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Fermented Products Produced by Bacillus Licheniformis on the Growth Performance and Cecal Microbial Community of Broilers Under Coccidial Challenge
    animals Article Effect of Fermented Products Produced by Bacillus licheniformis on the Growth Performance and Cecal Microbial Community of Broilers under Coccidial Challenge Yeong-Hsiang Cheng 1 , Yi-Bing Horng 1, Wei-Jung Chen 1 , Kuo-Feng Hua 1, Andrzej Dybus 2 and Yu-Hsiang Yu 1,* 1 Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; [email protected] (Y.-H.C.); [email protected] (Y.-B.H.); [email protected] (W.-J.C.); [email protected] (K.-F.H.) 2 Department of Genetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-3-931-7716 Simple Summary: Coccidiosis is a severe parasitic disease of poultry caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria. Eimeria species infection disrupts the intestinal microbiota of broilers, thereby reducing gut health and growth performance. Continuous use of anti-coccidial drugs leads to the selection of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria. Therefore, developing substitutes for anti-coccidial drugs is an urgent, unmet need. Fermented products produced by Bacillus licheniformis containing probiotics and antimicrobial peptides can modulate the gut microbiota of broilers. However, little is known about the effect of fermented products produced by B. licheniformis on the health, growth, and gut Citation: Cheng, Y.-H.; Horng, Y.-B.; microbial community of broilers exposed to coccidial challenge. In this study, the anti-coccidial and Chen, W.-J.; Hua, K.-F.; Dybus, A.; Yu, gut microbiota modulatory effect of fermented products produced by B. licheniformis on broilers was Y.-H.
    [Show full text]
  • 41653410006.Pdf
    Acta Universitaria ISSN: 0188-6266 [email protected] Universidad de Guanajuato México Morales-Barrón, Bruce Manuel; Vázquez-González, Francisco J.; González-Fernández, Raquel; De La Mora-Covarrubias, Antonio; Quiñonez-Martínez, Miroslava; Díaz-Sánchez, Ángel Gabriel; Martínez-Martínez, Alejandro; Nevárez-Moorillón, Virginia; Valero-Galván, José Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de cepas del orden bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre hongos fitopatógenos Acta Universitaria, vol. 27, núm. 5, septiembre-octubre, 2017, pp. 44-54 Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=41653410006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ISSN 0188-6266 doi: 10.15174/au.2017.1313 Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de cepas del orden bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre hongos fitopatógenos Evaluation of antagonist capacity of bacillales strains isolated from vermicompost leachate on phytopatogenic fungi Bruce Manuel Morales-Barrón*, Francisco J. Vázquez-González*, Raquel González-Fernández*, Antonio De La Mora-Covarrubias*, Miroslava Quiñonez-Martínez*, Ángel Gabriel Díaz-Sánchez*, Alejandro Martínez-Martínez*, Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón**, José Valero-Galván*◊ RESUMEN El orden Bacillales se ha descrito como antagónico de fitopatógenos, además se ha mencionado en varios estudios algunas especies de este orden se encuentra en lixiviados de lombricomposta. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto antagónico de cinco cepas del orden Bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre el crecimiento micelial de Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, y Rhizopus sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacillus Licheniformis Normalize the Ileum Microbiota of Chickens
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Bacillus licheniformis normalize the ileum microbiota of chickens infected with necrotic enteritis Received: 31 October 2016 Shuai Xu1,2, Yicen Lin1,2, Dong Zeng1,2, Mengjia Zhou1,2, Yan Zeng1,2, Hesong Wang1,2, Accepted: 12 January 2018 Yi Zhou1,2, Hui Zhu1,2, Kangcheng Pan1, Bo Jing1 & Xueqin Ni1,2 Published: xx xx xxxx Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a severe intestinal disease, which can change gut microbiota and result in a high cost for the poultry industry worldwide. However, little is known regarding how the gut microbiota of NE chicken ileum are changed by Bacillus licheniformis. This study was conducted to investigate how ileum microbiota structure was changed by B. licheniformis in broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens-induced NE through Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The broilers were randomly separated into four groups: the negative control group (NC), the positive control group (PC), the fshmeal and coccidia group (FC), and the PC group supplied with feed containing B. licheniformis (BL). Compared to the PC and FC, alpha diversity, beta diversity, and the bacterial taxa of the ileum microbiota were more similar in BL and NC. Some genera, which were related to the NE control, became insignifcant in BL with NC, such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus and Helicobacter. The PICRUSt analysis revealed that a tumour suppressor gene, p53, which was negatively correlated with Helicobacter, was enriched in the BL group. Our fndings showed that the ileum microbiota disorder caused by NE in chickens was normalized by dietary B. licheniformis supplementation. Necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens, which was frst reported by Parish in 19611, is a common illness caused by Clostridium perfringens2.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Classification of Known and Putative Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by a Wide Variety of Bacillales Species Xin Zhao1,2 and Oscar P
    Zhao and Kuipers BMC Genomics (2016) 17:882 DOI 10.1186/s12864-016-3224-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Identification and classification of known and putative antimicrobial compounds produced by a wide variety of Bacillales species Xin Zhao1,2 and Oscar P. Kuipers1* Abstract Background: Gram-positive bacteria of the Bacillales are important producers of antimicrobial compounds that might be utilized for medical, food or agricultural applications. Thanks to the wide availability of whole genome sequence data and the development of specific genome mining tools, novel antimicrobial compounds, either ribosomally- or non-ribosomally produced, of various Bacillales species can be predicted and classified. Here, we provide a classification scheme of known and putative antimicrobial compounds in the specific context of Bacillales species. Results: We identify and describe known and putative bacteriocins, non-ribosomally synthesized peptides (NRPs), polyketides (PKs) and other antimicrobials from 328 whole-genome sequenced strains of 57 species of Bacillales by using web based genome-mining prediction tools. We provide a classification scheme for these bacteriocins, update the findings of NRPs and PKs and investigate their characteristics and suitability for biocontrol by describing per class their genetic organization and structure. Moreover, we highlight the potential of several known and novel antimicrobials from various species of Bacillales. Conclusions: Our extended classification of antimicrobial compounds demonstrates that Bacillales provide a rich source of novel antimicrobials that can now readily be tapped experimentally, since many new gene clusters are identified. Keywords: Antimicrobials, Bacillales, Bacillus, Genome-mining, Lanthipeptides, Sactipeptides, Thiopeptides, NRPs, PKs Background (bacteriocins) [4], as well as non-ribosomally synthesized Most of the species of the genus Bacillus and related peptides (NRPs) and polyketides (PKs) [5].
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Heavy Ion Particle Irradiation on Spore Germination of Bacillus
    life Article Effects of Heavy Ion Particle Irradiation on Spore Germination of Bacillus spp. from Extremely Hot and Cold Environments Vincenzo Zammuto 1 , Maria G. Rizzo 1,*, Laura M. De Plano 1, Domenico Franco 1 , Salvatore Guglielmino 1, Maria T. Caccamo 2 , Salvatore Magazù 2, Akira Fujimori 3, Angelina Lo Giudice 4 , Mauro Guglielmin 5, Kevin Roderick McAlpin 6,7, Ralf Moeller 6,7 and Concetta Gugliandolo 1 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (V.Z.); [email protected] (L.M.D.P.); [email protected] (D.F.); [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (C.G.) 2 Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences, Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (M.T.C.); [email protected] (S.M.) 3 Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology Group, NIRS/QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; [email protected] 4 Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Spianata San Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 21100 Varese, Italy; [email protected] 6 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center, Aerospace Microbiology, DLR, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Cologne/Köln, Germany; [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (K.R.M.) 7 Natural Sciences Department, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg (BRSU), D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 13 October 2020; Accepted: 28 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020 Abstract: Extremophiles are optimal models in experimentally addressing questions about the effects of cosmic radiation on biological systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Deciphering the Diversity of Culturable Thermotolerant Bacteria from Manikaran Hot Springs
    Ann Microbiol (2014) 64:741–751 DOI 10.1007/s13213-013-0709-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Deciphering the diversity of culturable thermotolerant bacteria from Manikaran hot springs Murugan Kumar & Ajar Nath Yadav & Rameshwar Tiwari & Radha Prasanna & Anil Kumar Saxena Received: 25 February 2013 /Accepted: 1 August 2013 /Published online: 24 August 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and the University of Milan 2013 Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze and charac- Introduction terize the diversity of culturable thermotolerant bacteria in Manikaran hot springs. A total of 235 isolates were obtained Exotic niches, such as thermal springs, harbor populations of employing different media, and screened for temperature tol- microorganisms that can be a source of commercially impor- erance (40 °C–70 °C). A set of 85 isolates tolerant to 45 °C or tant products like enzymes, sugars, compatible solutes and above were placed in 42 phylogenetic clusters after amplified antibiotics (Satyanarayana et al. 2005). Thermal springs are a ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (16S rRNA-ARDRA). manifestation of geological activity and represent aquatic Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of 42 representative iso- microcosms that are produced by the emergence of geother- lates followed by BLAST search revealed that the majority of mally heated groundwater from the Earth’s crust. Prokaryotes isolates belonged to Firmicutes, followed by equal represen- are the major component of most ecosystems, being ubiqui- tation of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Screening of rep- tous in nature because of their small size, easy dispersal, resentative isolates (42 ARDRA phylotypes) for amylase metabolic versatility, ability to utilize a broad range of nutri- activity revealed that 26 % of the isolates were positive, while ents, and tolerance to unfavorable and extreme conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Combination of Bacillus Licheniformis and Salinomycin: Effect on the Growth Performance and GIT Microbial Populations of Broiler Chickens
    animals Article Combination of Bacillus licheniformis and Salinomycin: Effect on the Growth Performance and GIT Microbial Populations of Broiler Chickens Jacek Trela 1, Bartosz Kiero ´nczyk 2,* , Veerle Hautekiet 3 and Damian Józefiak 2 1 Huvepharma Poland Sp. z.o.o., ul. Aleje Jerozolimskie 146D, 02-305 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Animal Nutrition, Pozna´nUniversity of Life Sciences, Woły´nska33, 60-637 Pozna´n,Poland; damian.jozefi[email protected] 3 Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, 2600 Antwerp, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-618-487-222 Received: 15 April 2020; Accepted: 17 May 2020; Published: 20 May 2020 Simple Summary: The beneficial effects of Bacillus spp. probiotic preparations used for poultry are well-documented and characterized by growth performance improvement and positive modulation of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota. Moreover, the favorable influence of salinomycin has been frequently studied as an ionophore coccidiostat, as well as an antimicrobial agent. However, limited data are available in terms of the parallel usage of both Bacillus licheniformis DSM 28710 and salinomycin in poultry diets. From a practical point of view, evaluating the potential interactions between this species and agent is crucial to assess their parallel usage, and the current study confirmed the positive effect of their mixture on the modulation of pH value in the crop and ceca, as well as the GIT microbiota, especially in the jejunum and ceca. Additionally, the results obtained in this study show positive effects of B. licheniformis on the growth performance, as well as the influence of both experimental factors used separately in the case of GIT microbiota modulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofilm Formation by B. Licheniformis Isolated from Whey Protein Concentrate 80 Powder on Two Different Media and Surfaces
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Biofilm formation by B. licheniformis isolated from whey protein concentrate 80 powder as a potential source of product contamination A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Technology at Massey University, Palmerston North New Zealand Siti Norbaizura binti Md Zain 2018 ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine biofilm formation of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from whey protein concentrate 80 (WPC80) as a potential source of contamination in the manufacture of WPC. Six WPC80 powder samples from one whey processing plant in New Zealand were used in this study. Six Bacillus species including (percentage of isolates in brackets) B. licheniformis (66%), Bacillus cereus/Bacillus thuringiensis (18%), Bacillus subtilis (4%), Bacillus pumilus (4%), Paenibacillus glucanolyticus (2%) and Lactobacillus plantarum (6%) were identified using colony morphologies, biochemical tests, species specific PCR and 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing and subsequent analysis using the BLAST and Seqmatch databases. Preliminary screening for biofilm formation by the predominant contaminant, B. licheniformis using a microtitre plate assay with the bacteria grown in laboratory medium tryptic soy broth (TSB) at three different temperatures (30°C, 37°C and 55°C) showed most biofilm formation at 37°C with 9/33 isolates forming strong biofilm. In total 13/33 isolates formed strong biofilm at three different temperatures on the polystyrene microtitre plate surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluación De La Capacidad Antagónica De Cepas Del Orden
    ISSN 0188-6266 doi: 10.15174/au.2017.1313 Evaluación de la capacidad antagónica de cepas del orden bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre hongos fitopatógenos Evaluation of antagonist capacity of bacillales strains isolated from vermicompost leachate on phytopatogenic fungi Bruce Manuel Morales-Barrón*, Francisco J. Vázquez-González*, Raquel González-Fernández*, Antonio De La Mora-Covarrubias*, Miroslava Quiñonez-Martínez*, Ángel Gabriel Díaz-Sánchez*, Alejandro Martínez-Martínez*, Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón**, José Valero-Galván*◊ RESUMEN El orden Bacillales se ha descrito como antagónico de fitopatógenos, además se ha mencionado en varios estudios algunas especies de este orden se encuentra en lixiviados de lombricomposta. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto antagónico de cinco cepas del orden Bacillales aisladas de lixiviados de lombricomposta sobre el crecimiento micelial de Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, y Rhizopus sp. Se aislaron e identificaron cinco cepas bacterianas por características morfológicas y bioquímicas de los lixiviados de lombricomposta, las cuales junto con Bacillus subtilis “tipo” se determinó el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial, siendoBacillus licheniformis y B. badius las que mostraron los mejores resultados sobre los cinco hongos fitopatógenos evaluados. Estos resultados demuestran la presencia de cepas el orden Bacillales en los lixiviados de lombricomposta, así como su efecto antagónico de diversos hongos fitopatógenos. ABSTRACT The Bacillales order has been reported to exhibit an antagonistic activity toward some phytopathogens. In addition, several studies have mentioned the presence of some spe- cies of this order in the vermicompost leachate. In the present study , the antagonistic effect of five Bacillales strains on the mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani and Rhizopus sp.
    [Show full text]