Prevention and Control of Influenza: Part II, Antiviral Agents
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
December 30, 1994 / Vol. 43 / No. RR-15 Recommendations and Reports Prevention and Control of Influenza: Part II, Antiviral Agents Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia 30333 The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. SUGGESTED CITATION Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of influenza: part II, antiviral agents—recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immu- nization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1994;43(No. RR-15):[inclusive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .......................... David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D. Director The material in this report was prepared for publication by: National Center for Infectious Diseases.................................. James M. Hughes, M.D. Director Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases .................. Brian W.J. Mahy, Ph.D., Sc.D. Director The production of this report as an MMWR serial publication was coordinated in: Epidemiology Program Office.................................... Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Director Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Editor, MMWR Series Scientific Information and Communications Program Recommendations and Reports................................... Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A. Managing Editor Rachel J. Wilson Project Editor Morie M. Higgins Visual Information Specialist Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Copies can be purchased from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325. Telephone: (202) 783-3238. Vol. 43 / No. RR-15 MMWR i Contents Introduction...........................................................................................................1 Recommendations for the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine....................2 Use as Prophylaxis..........................................................................................2 Persons at High Risk Vaccinated After Influenza A Activity Has Begun.....................................................................................................2 Persons Providing Care to Those at High Risk............................................2 Persons Who Have Immune Deficiency .......................................................3 Persons for Whom Influenza Vaccine Is Contraindicated..........................3 Other Persons ..................................................................................................3 Use of Antivirals as Therapy .........................................................................3 Outbreak Control in Institutions....................................................................4 Considerations for Selecting Amantadine or Rimantadine for Chemoprophylaxis or Treatment.....................................................................4 Side Effects/Toxicity........................................................................................4 Persons Who Have Impaired Renal Function..............................................5 Persons ≥65 Years of Age...............................................................................7 Persons Who Have Liver Disease .................................................................7 Persons Who Have Seizure Disorders..........................................................8 Children ............................................................................................................8 Drug Interactions.............................................................................................8 Sources of Information on Influenza-Control Programs ...................................9 Bibliography..........................................................................................................9 ii MMWR December 30, 1994 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Membership List, October 1994 CHAIRMAN ACTING EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Jeffrey P. Davis, M.D. Dixie E. Snider, M.D., M.P.H. Chief Medical Officer (Acting) Associate Director Department of Health and for Science Social Services Centers for Disease Control State of Wisconsin and Prevention (CDC) Madison, WI Atlanta, GA MEMBERS Barbara Ann DeBuono, M.D. Rudolph E. Jackson, M.D. Rhode Island Department of Health Morehouse School of Medicine Providence, RI Atlanta, GA Kathryn M. Edwards, M.D. Stephen C. Schoenbaum, M.D. Vanderbilt University School of Harvard Community Health Plan of Medicine New England Nashville, TN Providence, RI Marie R. Griffin, M.D., M.P.H. Fred E. Thompson, Jr., M.D. Vanderbilt University Medical Center Mississippi State Department of Health Nashville, TN Jackson, MS Fernando A. Guerra, M.D. Joel Ira Ward, M.D. San Antonio Metro Health District Harbor-UCLA Medical Center San Antonio, TX Torrance, CA Neal A. Halsey, M.D. Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health Baltimore, MD EX OFFICIO MEMBERS John La Montagne, Ph.D. Jerry Zelinger, M.D. National Institutes of Health Health Care Financing Administration Bethesda, MD Baltimore, MD Carolyn Hardegree, M.D. Food and Drug Administration Bethesda, MD Vol. 43 / No. RR-15 MMWR iii Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Membership List, October 1994 — Continued LIAISON REPRESENTATIVES American Academy of Family Canadian National Advisory Committee Physicians on Immunization (NACI) Richard Zimmerman, M.D. David Scheifele, M.D. Pittsburgh, PA Vancouver, BC American Academy of Pediatrics Department of Defense Georges Peter, M.D. William M. Butler, Mc.Usn Providence, RI Washington, DC Caroline B. Hall, M.D. Department of Veterans Affairs Rochester, NY Kristin Lee Nichol, M.D., M.P.H. American College of Obstetricians Minneapolis, MN and Gynecologists Hospital Infections Control Stanley A. Gall, M.D. Practices Advisory Committee Louisville, KY David W. Fleming, M.D. American College of Physicians Portland, OR Pierce Gardner, M.D. Infectious Diseases Society Stonybrook, NY of America American Hospital Association William P. Glezen, M.D. William Schaffner, M.D. Houston, TX Nashville, TN National Vaccine Program American Medical Association (Acting) Chester Robinson Edward A. Mortimer, Jr., M.D. Washington, DC Cleveland, OH Pharmaceutical Research and Association of Teachers of Manufacturers of America Preventive Medicine Thomas L. Copmann, Ph.D. Richard D. Clover, M.D. Washington, DC Galveston, TX Vol. 43 / No. RR-15 MMWR v The following CDC staff members prepared this report: Nancy H. Arden, M.N. Nancy J. Cox, Ph.D. Lawrence B. Schonberger, M.D., M.P.H. Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases Vol. 43 / No. RR-15 MMWR 1 Prevention and Control of Influenza: Part II, Antiviral Agents Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Summary These recommendations provide information about two antiviral agents: amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride. These recommenda- tions supersede MMWR 1992;41(No. RR-9). The primary changes include information about the recently licensed drug rimantadine, expanded informa- tion on the potential for adverse reactions to amantadine and rimantadine, and guidelines for the use of these drugs among certain persons. INTRODUCTION The two antiviral agents with specific activity against influenza A viruses are aman- tadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride. These chemically related drugs interfere with the replication cycle of type A (but not type B) influenza viruses. When administered prophylactically to healthy adults or children before and throughout the epidemic period, both drugs are approximately 70%–90% effective in preventing illness caused by naturally occurring strains of type A influenza viruses. Because an- tiviral agents taken prophylactically may prevent illness but not subclinical infection, some persons who take these drugs may still develop immune responses that will protect them when they are exposed to antigenically related viruses in later years. In otherwise healthy adults, amantadine and rimantadine can reduce the severity and duration of signs and symptoms of influenza A illness when administered within 48 hours of illness onset. Studies evaluating the efficacy of treatment for children with either amantadine or rimantadine are limited. Amantadine was approved for treat- ment and prophylaxis of all influenza type A virus infections in 1976. Although few placebo-controlled studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of amantadine treatment among children prior to approval, amantadine is indicated for treatment and prophylaxis of adults and children ≥1 year of age. Rimantadine was approved in 1993 for treatment and prophylaxis in adults but was approved only for prophylaxis in children. Further studies may provide the data needed to support future approval of rimantadine treatment in this age group. As with all drugs, amantadine and rimantadine may cause adverse reactions in some persons. Such adverse reactions are rarely severe; however, for some catego- ries of patients, severe adverse reactions are more likely to occur. Amantadine has been associated with a higher incidence of adverse central nervous system (CNS) reactions than rimantadine (see Considerations