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ASCC 2011 Conference Brought Together Scholars from 19 of the 21 APEC Member Economies As Well As Scholars from Colombia and Brazil

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ASCC 2011 Conference Brought Together Scholars from 19 of the 21 APEC Member Economies As Well As Scholars from Colombia and Brazil APEC Study Center Consortium Conference 2011 Key Findings and Policy Recommendations: Green Growth, Trade Integration and Regulatory Convergence Co-Editors: Vinod K. Aggarwal, UC Berkeley and Richard Feinberg, UC San Diego, APEC Study Centers Consortium (ASCC) 2011 Co-Chairs. November 2011 APEC Study Center Consortium Conference 2011 Key Findings and Policy Recommendations: Green Growth, Trade Integration and Regulatory Convergence Disclaimer: This report was prepared by the APEC Study Center Consortium (ASCC). Its contents are the responsibility of the authors listed and do not necessarily reflect the views of APEC economies. Contents Introduction 1 Vinod K. Aggarwal, UC Berkeley and Richard Feinberg, UC San Diego 1. APEC’s Green Growth Strategy and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 7 I-Chun Hsiao, United Nations Foundation and Jerry I-H Hsiao, Taylor's University 2. A New Geography of Innovation? Opportunities and Challenges Facing the Asia-Pacific Region 23 Yumiko Okamoto, Doshisha University 3. Racing to the Top: Chinese Taipei’s Achievements on the Ease of Doing Business 39 Yi-hung Chiou, Chinese Taipei APEC Study Center 4. Design of Chinese Taipei Governance Indicators and Implications for Effective Regulatory Policy 61 Ko-Hsin Yang, Yu-Chieh Lin, Ri Sharng Chiang, Yu Tai Hung, Chun Ming Chen, Taiwan Public Governance Research Center 5. Contributing to Financial Market Stability in APEC Economies 83 Sri Adiningsih et. al., Universitas Gadjah Mada 6. Russia and the Emerging Institutional Order in the Asia-Pacific 101 Artyom Lukin, Far Eastern Federal University 7. New IAP Peer Review Process toward FTAAP 119 Ippei Yamazawa, Hitotsubashi University 8. The Future of APEC and the Strategic Scenarios 131 Cai Penghong, Shanghai Institutes for International Studies 9. Evolution of the Asia-Pacific Trade Architecture: Stocktake and Future Outlook 145 Robert Scollay, University of Auckland II Illustrations Figures Figure 2-1. Global Distribution of R&D Expenditure, 1973–2007 25 Figure 2-2. Coefficient of Variation in the Asia-Pacific Region: Science and Engineering Articles per Capita, 1997-2007 29 Figure 2-3. Annual Average Growth Rate of Number of Science and Engineering Articles Per Capita in the Asia-Pacific Region, 1997-2007 29 Figure 2-4. Annual Average Growth Rate of Number of Scientific and Engineering Articles, Total Annual and Coauthored Internationally, 1998-2008 32 Figure 3-1. East Asian Economies’ Performances in Ease of Doing Business, 2005-2010 51 Figure 3-2. Pattern of EoDB Ranking and GDP Per Capita among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 52 Figure 3-3.Pattern between EoDB and Economic Growth among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 52 Figure 3-4. Pattern of EoDB Ranking and Trade Ratio of GDP among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 53 Figure 3-5. Pattern of EoDB Ranking and Export Ratio of GDP among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 53 Figure 3-6. Pattern of EoDB Ranking and Investment Ratio of GDP among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 54 Figure 3-7. Pattern of SB Ranking GDP Growth among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 54 Figure 3-8. Pattern of SB Ranking and Trade Ratio of GDP among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 55 Figure 3-9. Pattern of SB Ranking and Export Ratio of GDP among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 55 Figure 3-10. Pattern of SB Ranking and Investment Ratio of GDP among Asian Tigers, 2005-2010 56 Figure 4-1. Research Methodology 68 Figure 4-2. Hierarchies and Networks of CTGI 71 Figure 4-3. CTGI Data Transformation 73 Figure 4-4. CTGI Trend–Subjective Data with Civil Society 77 Figure 4-5. CTGI Trend–Subjective Data without Civil Society 78 Figure 4-6. CTGI Trend–Objective Data 78 Figure 4-7. CTGI Trend–Total Score 79 Figure 6-1. Emerging Balance of Institutions in the Asia-Pacific 107 Figure 7-1. REI Groups in Asia Pacific 122 Figure 9-1. Coverage of Existing FTAs of Bilateral Trade Between TPP Participants 151 Tables Table 2-1. Global Distribution of R&D Expenditure (GERD), 1973–2007 25 Table 2-2. Ranks in Science and Engineering Article Output and Patents Granted by US Patent and Trademark Office, by Selected Countries 26 Table 2-3. R&D Intensity and Personnel 28 Table 2-4. Changes in Indexes of International Collaboration for Selected Pairs of Countries in the EU between 1998 and 2008 35 III Table 2-5. Changes in Indexes of International Collaboration for Selected Pairs of Asia-Pacific Countries between 1998 and 2008 36 Table 3-1. Asian Tigers’ Performance on the Ease of Doing Business Indicator 42 Table 3-2. Chinese Taipei’s 2009/10 Reforms on Doing Business’ Five Indicators 45 Table 3-3. Chinese Taipei’s Ranking Changes in the DB2010 and DB2011 46 Table 3-4. Comparison of Rankings of East Asian Economies in Doing Business 2011 47 Table 3-5. Chinese Taipei’s 2009/10 Reforms on Doing Business 47 Table 3-6. EoDB Action Plan’s Policy Priorities, Champion Economies and Related Seminars 49 Table 3-7. Chinese Taipei’s Trading Position and Relevant International Rankings 51 Table 4-1 Governance Indicators by Organization 65 Table 4-2. Sources of Subjective Data 69 Table 4-3. Composition of the Expert Panel 70 Table 4-4. Sources of Objective Data 70 Table 4-5. CTGI Weights for Expert Panel 72 Table 4-6. CTGI Weights for the Seven Dimensions 72 Table 4-7. Data Analysis Result with Civil Society 75 Table 4-8. Data Analysis Result without Civil Society 75 Vinod K. Aggarwal, UC Berkeley and Richard Feinberg, UC San Diego, US APEC Study Centers Consortium Co-Chairs Introduction The annual pan-APEC Study Centers Consortium (ASCC) conference convened on September 22-23, 2011, in San Francisco, California, in the context of the Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) III. The ASCC 2011 conference brought together scholars from 19 of the 21 APEC member economies as well as scholars from Colombia and Brazil. Of the approximately 75 scholars who attended the conference, 29 presented papers on three core themes of APEC’s agenda for 2011: green growth, regulatory convergence, and trade and regional economic integration (the conference agenda is presented at the end of this introduction). Eight panels discussed the papers, after which an open discussion followed. At a final session, as co-chairs we offered a “sense of the meeting” (not claiming a full consensus with every point) with regard to the three themes, which was accepted by the participants. We then presented our conclusions and policy recommendations to the SOM III as a formal agenda item. This exchange between ASCC and APEC senior officials fulfills a goal of the study centers: to provide a bridge between the academic community and government officials and to have some of the region’s best policy research enrich the APEC agenda. At ASCC 2011, scholars had an opportunity to hear from Ambassador Muhamad Noor, Executive Director of the APEC Secretariat, Senior Official Kurt Tong of the United States, and Senior Official Roberto Zapata of Mexico. We want to again thank them for addressing the ASCC meeting and engaging in lively discussions with participants. We would also like to thank USAID and the US State Department for its generous financial support, without which the ASCC2011 would not have been possible. In the rest of this section, we summarize the major findings and recommendations of the ASCC2011 conference and introduce nine of the essays presented at the conference. SUMMARY OF ASCC 2011 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS APEC Institutional Strengthening ASCC members were pleased at the recent institutional strengthening of APEC, including the multi-year appointment of an Executive Director and creation of the Policy Support Unit (PSU), which is already doing admirable work. The members recommended that the PSU be made permanent and given a firm financial underpinning. The ASCC also called for close collaboration between APEC Study Centers and the PSU. PSU director Denis Hew addressed the ASCC and welcomed the ASCC’s expression of interest in collaboration. 2 ASCC 2011 F INDINGS AND R ECOMMENDATIONS The ASCC 2011 agenda concentrated on three key pillars of APEC 2011, with a focus on practical measures and “getting stuff done.” Pillar 1: Trade and Regional Economic Integration The ASCC expressed support for the fact that many free trade agreements (FTAs) are now deeper and trans-regional (e.g., ASEAN+, and Asia – Latin America). Under some circumstances they can be building blocks of region-wide and global freer trade and liberalization, if they continue to be negotiated to high standards. Some participants expressed concern that the transparency of FTA drafts and of completed agreements was sometimes insufficient, and might create distrust and suspicion. Thus, it would be helpful if APEC made Individual Action Plans (IAPs) and peer reviews more effective regarding FTAs and sought convergence among FTAs toward high standards. To do this, participants suggested that APEC assess FTAs (drafts and completed agreements) for consistency with APEC model measure standards and that the ASCC could play a role in assessing IAPs and FTAs together with other groups. Pillar 2: Green Growth The ASCC supports green growth as an APEC pillar. Participants suggested that ECOTECH should put more resources into green growth initiatives and that nondiscriminatory and transparent government procurement should be employed to advance green growth goals. ASCC also suggested that APEC provide support for research and development in science and technology, especially among small and medium-sized enterprises in developing economies. It called for collaboration between APEC and other forums in pursuing green growth, and recommended that members share “best practice” case studies. The APEC Study Centers can assist by preparing independent, credible case studies. With respect to green growth, participants argued that green protectionism that has no scientific basis must be avoided.
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