External Combustion Engines: Prospects for Vehicular Application
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
PUMP STATION MECHANIC I/II DEFINITION to Perform Semi-Skilled and Skilled Work in the Installation Maintenance and Repair Of
PUMP STATION MECHANIC I/II DEFINITION To perform semi-skilled and skilled work in the installation maintenance and repair of pumps, motors, chain drives, valves and related equipment; and to do related work as required. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS Pump Mechanic I: This is the entry level class in the Pump Mechanic series. Positions in this class normally perform beginning level mechanical repair and maintenance work on a wide variety of wastewater and storm water lift station and equipment. Under this class, individuals employed at the entry level (Pump Mechanic I) may, based on the acquisition of higher skill levels through training and experience, become eligible for promotion to the Pump Mechanic II position. This promotion would be based on satisfactory demonstration of skills through examination or certification from an accepted organization, training institution, or school and demonstrated ability to perform high level maintenance and repairs on City pump stations. Particular skill areas of interest are installation and maintenance of telemetry systems, computerized pump control systems and pump preventative maintenance programs. Pump Mechanic II: This is the journey level class in the Pump Mechanic series. Positions assigned to this class are flexibly staffed and are expected to perform the most skilled repair and maintenance work and have a thorough knowledge of the operational characteristics, maintenance and repair methods and techniques and most typical system difficulties for the full range of equipment and operational systems in a lift station. All positions assigned to this class require the ability to work independently, exercising judgment and initiative. Pump Station Mechanics II may also be expected to assist in the oversite of less experienced personnel. -
Slices of City Life Car P Arks, the Bea Ting Hear Ts of The
SLICES OF CITY LIFE INDIGO Group Sustainable Development 2020 CAR PARKS, THE BEATING HEARTS OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD SHARING THE CITY SHARING THE CITY 01 CONTENTS SHARING THE CITY OUR VISION OF CSR How can an urban mobility company play a key role in building the city of the future? INDIGO Group Serge Clémente: Since its inception, our Group has worked with cities to make them more dynamic, more sustainable and above all more Sharing the city 01 pleasant to live in for all their residents. For us and for our partners the city Where the city’s on the move 03 authorities, it is about how we can improve the way we share every aspect Meeting four challenges 04 of the city. Of course, it starts with rethinking the way public spaces are ABOUT US shared between pedestrians, cars and other modes of transport, both Approaching the future with serenity 06 private and public. But it is also about creating economically prosperous Serge Clémente, PRESIDENT OF INDIGO GROUP Our values 08 cities without compromising the environment. About cities which, on the contrary, open up avenues for virtuous development. Lastly, it is about creating cities where everyone – the young, the elderly, families, workers, etc. – instinctively feel at home. Stepping up to the plate A responsible approach 12 Every gesture counts 14 All the new ways to get around 16 “BY ALLOWING ALL CITIZENS TO GET TO WHEREVER THEY NEED TO BE, CAR PARKS ACTIVELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENVIRONMENT THE VITALITY OF CITY CENTRES. ” Harmonious lines Bringing city-centres to life 20 Expanding our horizons 22 Do cars still have a place in this ideal city? The future underground 24 S. -
Converting an Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle to an Electric Vehicle
AC 2011-1048: CONVERTING AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VEHICLE TO AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE Ali Eydgahi, Eastern Michigan University Dr. Eydgahi is an Associate Dean of the College of Technology, Coordinator of PhD in Technology program, and Professor of Engineering Technology at the Eastern Michigan University. Since 1986 and prior to joining Eastern Michigan University, he has been with the State University of New York, Oak- land University, Wayne County Community College, Wayne State University, and University of Maryland Eastern Shore. Dr. Eydgahi has received a number of awards including the Dow outstanding Young Fac- ulty Award from American Society for Engineering Education in 1990, the Silver Medal for outstanding contribution from International Conference on Automation in 1995, UNESCO Short-term Fellowship in 1996, and three faculty merit awards from the State University of New York. He is a senior member of IEEE and SME, and a member of ASEE. He is currently serving as Secretary/Treasurer of the ECE Division of ASEE and has served as a regional and chapter chairman of ASEE, SME, and IEEE, as an ASEE Campus Representative, as a Faculty Advisor for National Society of Black Engineers Chapter, as a Counselor for IEEE Student Branch, and as a session chair and a member of scientific and international committees for many international conferences. Dr. Eydgahi has been an active reviewer for a number of IEEE and ASEE and other reputedly international journals and conferences. He has published more than hundred papers in refereed international and national journals and conference proceedings such as ASEE and IEEE. Mr. Edward Lee Long IV, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore Edward Lee Long IV graduated from he University of Maryland Eastern Shore in 2010, with a Bachelors of Science in Engineering. -
Combustion Turbines
Section 3. Technology Characterization – Combustion Turbines U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Combined Heat and Power Partnership March 2015 Disclaimer The information contained in this document is for information purposes only and is gathered from published industry sources. Information about costs, maintenance, operations, or any other performance criteria is by no means representative of EPA, ORNL, or ICF policies, definitions, or determinations for regulatory or compliance purposes. The September 2017 revision incorporated a new section on packaged CHP systems (Section 7). This Guide was prepared by Ken Darrow, Rick Tidball, James Wang and Anne Hampson at ICF International, with funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. Catalog of CHP Technologies ii Disclaimer Section 3. Technology Characterization – Combustion Turbines 3.1 Introduction Gas turbines have been in use for stationary electric power generation since the late 1930s. Turbines went on to revolutionize airplane propulsion in the 1940s, and since the 1990s through today, they have been a popular choice for new power generation plants in the United States. Gas turbines are available in sizes ranging from 500 kilowatts (kW) to more than 300 megawatts (MW) for both power-only generation and combined heat and power (CHP) systems. The most efficient commercial technology for utility-scale power plants is the gas turbine-steam turbine combined-cycle plant that has efficiencies of more than 60 percent (measured at lower heating value [LHV]35). Simple- cycle gas turbines used in power plants are available with efficiencies of over 40 percent (LHV). Gas turbines have long been used by utilities for peaking capacity. -
Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods
materials Review Overview of Materials Used for the Basic Elements of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing Systems and Their Surfaces Modification Methods Justyna Skowro ´nska* , Andrzej Kosucki and Łukasz Stawi ´nski Institute of Machine Tools and Production Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (Ł.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The article is an overview of various materials used in power hydraulics for basic hydraulic actuators components such as cylinders, cylinder caps, pistons, piston rods, glands, and sealing systems. The aim of this review is to systematize the state of the art in the field of materials and surface modification methods used in the production of actuators. The paper discusses the requirements for the elements of actuators and analyzes the existing literature in terms of appearing failures and damages. The most frequently applied materials used in power hydraulics are described, and various surface modifications of the discussed elements, which are aimed at improving the operating parameters of actuators, are presented. The most frequently used materials for actuators elements are iron alloys. However, due to rising ecological requirements, there is a tendency to looking for modern replacements to obtain the same or even better mechanical or tribological parameters. Sealing systems are manufactured mainly from thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers, which are characterized by Citation: Skowro´nska,J.; Kosucki, low friction and ensure the best possible interaction of seals with the cooperating element. In the A.; Stawi´nski,Ł. Overview of field of surface modification, among others, the issue of chromium plating of piston rods has been Materials Used for the Basic Elements discussed, which, due, to the toxicity of hexavalent chromium, should be replaced by other methods of Hydraulic Actuators and Sealing of improving surface properties. -
High Pressure Pumps
HIGH PRESSURE PUMPS 120 INDUSTRIAL DR. SLIDELL, LOUISIANA 70460 USA P: 985.649.3000 | F: 985.649.4300 THOMASPUMP.COM HIGH PRESSURE PUMPS T-GTO / T-GTO XD / T-GEAR T-GTO / T-GTO XD / T-GEAR are high pressure pumps designed for critical applications, making them the most reliable high-pressure pumps in the marketplace. FIELDS OF APPLICATION T-GTO / T-GTO XD / T-GEAR • Sanitation Cleaning • Paper Mill Showering • Truck Cleaning Facilities • Brine Injection • Environmental Waste Disposal • Boiler Feed • Mill De-scaling • Oil and Gas DESIGN T-GTO series is a heavy duty oil lubricated Pitot tube T-GTO XD series has been developed for low flow, high pump designed for critical applications making it the most pressure applications. The Pitot tube design produces a reliable high-pressure pump in the marketplace. stable, pulsation free flow. The ability to operate with low minimum flow makes the pump suitable for a wide variety With a full range of capacities from 30-400 GPM (6-100 of applications, within its performance envelope. m3hr) and pressures reaching 1600-psi (110 bar) the T-GTO offers a variety of pump choices. A robust power frame, features that include only two basic working parts: T-GEAR series is a single-stage, parallel shaft speed 1) a rotating case and 2) a stationary pick-up tube, and a increaser. Heat dissipation is from a dynamically balanced mechanical seal that only seals against suction pressure, fan blowing across the finned gearbox casing. The design ensure pump reliability in the most demanding applications. is for horizontal installation only. -
Physics 170 - Thermodynamic Lecture 40
Physics 170 - Thermodynamic Lecture 40 ! The second law of thermodynamic 1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy There are several diferent forms of the second law of thermodynamics: ! 1. In a thermal cycle, heat energy cannot be completely transformed into mechanical work. ! 2. It is impossible to construct an operational perpetual-motion machine. ! 3. It’s impossible for any process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body ! 4. Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object; heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object. ! ! Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps A heat engine converts heat energy into work. According to the second law of thermodynamics, however, it cannot convert *all* of the heat energy supplied to it into work. Basic heat engine: hot reservoir, cold reservoir, and a machine to convert heat energy into work. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps 4 Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps This is a simplified diagram of a heat engine, along with its thermal cycle. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps An important quantity characterizing a heat engine is the net work it does when going through an entire cycle. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps Thermal efciency of a heat engine: ! ! ! ! ! ! From the first law, it follows: Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps Yet another restatement of the second law of thermodynamics: No cyclic heat engine can convert its heat input completely to work. Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps A thermal pump is the opposite of a heat engine: it transfers heat energy from a cold reservoir to a hot one. -
Internal and External Combustion Engine Classifications: Gasoline
Internal and External Combustion Engine Classifications: Gasoline and diesel engine classifications: A gasoline (Petrol) engine or spark ignition (SI) burns gasoline, and the fuel is metered into the intake manifold. Spark plug ignites the fuel. A diesel engine or (compression ignition Cl) bums diesel oil, and the fuel is injected right into the engine combustion chamber. When fuel is injected into the cylinder, it self ignites and bums. Preparation of fuel air mixture (gasoline engine): * High calorific value: (Benzene (Gasoline) 40000 kJ/kg, Diesel 45000 kJ/kg). * Air-fuel ratio: A chemically correct air-fuel ratio is called stoichiometric mixture. It is an ideal ratio of around 14.7:1 (14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel by weight). Under steady-state engine condition, this ratio of air to fuel would assure that all of the fuel will blend with all of the air and be burned completely. A lean fuel mixture containing a lot of air compared to fuel, will give better fuel economy and fewer exhaust emissions (i.e. 17:1). A rich fuel mixture: with a larger percentage of fuel, improves engine power and cold engine starting (i.e. 8:1). However, it will increase emissions and fuel consumption. * Gasoline density = 737.22 kg/m3, air density (at 20o) = 1.2 kg/m3 The ratio 14.7 : 1 by weight equal to 14.7/1.2 : 1/737.22 = 12.25 : 0.0013564 The ratio is 9,030 : 1 by volume (one liter of gasoline needs 9.03 m3 of air to have complete burning). -
Cyclic Hydraulic Actuation for Soft Robotic Devices
2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Daejeon Convention Center October 9-14, 2016, Daejeon, Korea Cyclic Hydraulic Actuation for Soft Robotic Devices Robert K Katzschmann, Austin de Maille, David L Dorhout, Daniela Rus Abstract— Undulating structures are one of the most diverse Soft Body and successful forms of locomotion in nature, both on ground Pressurized Liquid and in water. This paper presents a comparative study for actuation by undulation in water. We focus on actuating a 1DOF systems with several mechanisms. A hydraulic pump attached to a soft body allows for water movement between two inner Deflection cavities, ultimately leading to a flexing actuation in a side-to- side manner. The effectiveness of six different, self-contained designs based on centrifugal pump, flexible impeller pump, Cyclic Actuator external gear pump and rotating valves are compared. These hydraulic actuation systems combined with soft test bodies were De-Pressurized Liquid then measured at a lower and higher oscillation frequency. The deflection characteristics of the soft body, the acoustic noise of the pump and the overall efficiency of the system Fig. 1: Cyclic hydraulic actuation of a soft body through an are recorded. A brushless, centrifugal pump combined with a actuator producing undulating motions. novel rotating valve performed at both test frequencies as the most efficient pump, producing sufficiently large cyclic body deflections along with the least acoustic noise among all pumps tested. An external gear pump design produced the largest body and compact actuation with long endurance for soft fluidic deflection, but consumes an order of magnitude more power actuators [1]. -
Ibron E-Spik Ex
A numerical study of mixing phenomena and reaction front propagation in partially premixed combustion engines Ibron, Christian 2019 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ibron, C. (2019). A numerical study of mixing phenomena and reaction front propagation in partially premixed combustion engines. Department of Energy Sciences, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 Creative Commons License: Unspecified General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 CHRISTIAN IBRON CHRISTIAN A numerical study mixing -
Robosuite: a Modular Simulation Framework and Benchmark for Robot Learning
robosuite: A Modular Simulation Framework and Benchmark for Robot Learning Yuke Zhu Josiah Wong Ajay Mandlekar Roberto Mart´ın-Mart´ın robosuite.ai Abstract robosuite is a simulation framework for robot learning powered by the MuJoCo physics engine. It offers a modular design for creating robotic tasks as well as a suite of benchmark environments for reproducible re- search. This paper discusses the key system modules and the benchmark environments of our new release robosuite v1.0. 1 Introduction We introduce robosuite, a modular simulation framework and benchmark for robot learning. This framework is powered by the MuJoCo physics engine [15], which performs fast physical simulation of contact dynamics. The overarching goal of this framework is to facilitate research and development of data-driven robotic algorithms and techniques. The development of this framework was initiated from the SURREAL project [3] on distributed reinforcement learning for robot manipulation, and is now part of the broader Advancing Robot In- telligence through Simulated Environments (ARISE) Initiative, with the aim of lowering the barriers of entry for cutting-edge research at the intersection of AI and Robotics. Data-driven algorithms [9], such as reinforcement learning [13,7] and imita- tion learning [12], provide a powerful and generic tool in robotics. These learning arXiv:2009.12293v1 [cs.RO] 25 Sep 2020 paradigms, fueled by new advances in deep learning, have achieved some excit- ing successes in a variety of robot control problems. Nonetheless, the challenges of reproducibility and the limited accessibility of robot hardware have impaired research progress [5]. In recent years, advances in physics-based simulations and graphics have led to a series of simulated platforms and toolkits [1, 14,8,2, 16] that have accelerated scientific progress on robotics and embodied AI. -
Isobaric Expansion Engines: New Opportunities in Energy Conversion for Heat Engines, Pumps and Compressors
energies Concept Paper Isobaric Expansion Engines: New Opportunities in Energy Conversion for Heat Engines, Pumps and Compressors Maxim Glushenkov 1, Alexander Kronberg 1,*, Torben Knoke 2 and Eugeny Y. Kenig 2,3 1 Encontech B.V. ET/TE, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; [email protected] 2 Chair of Fluid Process Engineering, Paderborn University, Pohlweg 55, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (E.Y.K.) 3 Chair of Thermodynamics and Heat Engines, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Leninsky Prospekt 65, Moscow 119991, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +31-53-489-1088 Received: 12 December 2017; Accepted: 4 January 2018; Published: 8 January 2018 Abstract: Isobaric expansion (IE) engines are a very uncommon type of heat-to-mechanical-power converters, radically different from all well-known heat engines. Useful work is extracted during an isobaric expansion process, i.e., without a polytropic gas/vapour expansion accompanied by a pressure decrease typical of state-of-the-art piston engines, turbines, etc. This distinctive feature permits isobaric expansion machines to serve as very simple and inexpensive heat-driven pumps and compressors as well as heat-to-shaft-power converters with desired speed/torque. Commercial application of such machines, however, is scarce, mainly due to a low efficiency. This article aims to revive the long-known concept by proposing important modifications to make IE machines competitive and cost-effective alternatives to state-of-the-art heat conversion technologies. Experimental and theoretical results supporting the isobaric expansion technology are presented and promising potential applications, including emerging power generation methods, are discussed.