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Protected Areas in a Changing World Protected Areas in a Changing World Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites edited by Samantha Weber Protected Areas in a Changing World Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites edited by Samantha Weber The George Wright Society 2014 Board of Directors (2013) Brent A. Mitchell, President • Newbury, Massachusetts John Waithaka, Vice President • Nepean, Ontario David J. Parsons, Secretary • Florence, Montana Gary E. Davis, Treasurer • Thousand Oaks, California Nathalie Gagnon • Ottawa, Ontario Barrett Kennedy • Baton Rouge, Louisiana Jerry Mitchell • Littleton, Colorado Frank J. Priznar • Laytonsville, Maryland Ryan Sharp • Richmond, Kentucky Jan W. van Wagtendonk • El Portal, California Lynn Wilson • Cobble Hill, British Columbia Carena van Riper, Graduate Student Representative to the Board Executive Office David Harmon • Executive Director Emily Dekker-Fiala • Conference Coordinator GWS2013 Conference Committee David Parsons (chair), Brad Barr, Andy Ferrell, Nathalie Gagnon, Barrett Kennedy, Melia Lane-Kamahele, Brent Mitchell, Jerry Mitchell, Carena van Riper, Jan van Wagtendonk, Mike Wong This book is published in digital format only. It is available on-line at www.georgewright.org/ procceedings. Citation Weber, Samantha, ed. 2014. Protected Areas in a Changing World: Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites. Hancock, Michi- gan: George Wright Society. © 2014 George Wright Society. All rights reserved First edition published May 2014 Subsequent revised/corrected editions, if required, will be published at www.georgewright.org/proceedings2013; please check this site for the most current edition. George Wright Society • P.O. Box 65 • Hancock, Michigan 49930-0065 USA 1-906-487-9722 • www.georgewright.org The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions and policies of the US government, any of the other co-sponsoring or supporting organizations, or the George Wright Society. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by the US government, any of the other co-sponsoring or supporting organizations, or the George Wright Society. On the cover Early morning in Big Bend National Park. Photo by Samantha Weber. Contents 1 Introduction and Acknowledgments • 9 David Harmon 2 Tort Liability in National Parks and How NPS Tracks, Manages, and Responds to Tortious Incidents • 11 Scott Breen 3 Proposing New Barrens National Natural Landmarks • 17 Mary C. Brickle, Todd R. Lookingbill, and Katharina A.M. Engelhardt 4 Expanding Parks and Reducing Human Numbers: A Superior Alternative to Embracing the Anthropocene Era • 25 Philip Cafaro 5 Biosphere Reserves: A New Look at Relevance to Meet Today’s Challenges • 31 Vernon (Tom) Gilbert 6 Time for a Resurrection of Biosphere Reserves? • 35 Lawrence S. Hamilton 7 The Accokeek Foundation’s Piscataway Cultural Landscape Initiative • 41 Lisa Hayes 8 Spiritual Outcomes of Park Experience: A Synthesis of Recent Social Science Research • 45 Paul Heintzman 9 Protecting Historical Heritage: The Commemorative Integrity Evaluation Program at Parks Canada’s National Historic Sites • 53 Patricia E. Kell 10 Comanaging Parks with Aboriginal Communities: Improving Outcomes for Conservation and Cultural Heritage • 61 Greg Leaman 11 Protected Areas on Private Land— Shaping the Future of the Park System in Australia • 69 Greg Leaman and Clare Nicolson Protected Areas in a Changing World: • 5 Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites 12 South Australia’s NatureLinks Program: Successfully Integrating Protected Areas into Landscape Scale Conservation • 77 Greg Leaman and Clare Nicolson 13 Using Research into the Human Dimensions of Natural Resource Management to Enhance Science-Informed Decisions • 87 Kirsten Leong, Carena J. van Riper, Katherine McComas, Robert E. Manning, Joe McCarter, and Jim Gramann 14 Unpaid Protectors: Volunteerism and the Diminishing Role of Federal Responsibility in the National Park Service • 95 Dylan Lewis 15 Connecting People to Parks through Outdoor Play • 101 Fran Mainella and Carly Summers 16 Mendocino Woodlands: Leveraging Resources Effectively to Complete Cultural Landscape Projects for Historic Sites • 105 Laurie Matthews 17 Dissecting Credibility: Components of Credibility for Science/Resource Management Professionals • 109 Jerry M. Mitchell, Christie Denzel Anastasia, Ben Bobowski, and Giselle Mora-Bourgeois 18 Exploring Opportunities for Enhancing Relevancy and Sustainability through Cultural Landscape Conservation • 115 Nora Mitchell, Brenda Barrett, and Jessica Brown, with contributions from Stephanie Toothman, Susan Dolan, Tim Badman, and Terence Hay-Edie 19 Telling Stories of Nature and Humans in Midwest National Park Units • 121 Robert Pahre 20 Teaching the Parks • 127 Robert Pahre and Carie Steele 21 Can Organizations Learn? Exploring a Shift from Conflict to Collaboration • 135 Nelly Robles García and Jack Corbett 22 Preparing the Next Generation of Protected Area Employees: Opportunities for Students, Agencies and Universities • 141 Ryan L. Sharp and Nancy Doucette 23 Establishing the Science Foundation to Sustain High-elevation Five-needle Pine Forests Threatened by Novel Interacting Stresses in Four Western National Parks • 147 A.W. Schoettle, Jeff Connor, John Mack, Phyllis Pineda Bovin, Jen Beck, Gretchen Baker, R.A. Sniezko, and K.S. Burns 6 • Protected Areas in a Changing World: Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites 24 Reconciling Competing Visions in New Deal Parks: Natural Conservation, Historic Preservation, and Recreational Development • 157 Angela Sirna 25 Connecting Urban Populations to Protected Areas • 163 Pam Veinotte 26 The International Ranger Federation: Uniting Rangers to Protect the World’s Treasures • 171 Meg Weesner 27 National Parks and Landscape Conservation • 173 Mark Wenzler Protected Areas in a Changing World: • 7 Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites 8 • Protected Areas in a Changing World: Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites 1 Introduction and Acknowledgments David Harmon, George Wright Society, P.O. Box 65, Hancock, MI 49930-0065; dharmon@ georgewright.org Denver, Colorado, was the site of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites. The event, which took place March 11–15, was the seven- teenth in a series of conferences whose origins date back to 1976. That year marked the first US National Park Service science conference, and another followed in 1979. Beginning in 1982, the GWS became the organizer and primary sponsor of the conferences, expanding them to include all fields in natural and cultural resources—not just science—and all kinds of parks, protected areas, and cultural sites—not just US national parks. The GWS biennial has become the USA’s largest interdisciplinary conference in the field. It is the only such conference to actively seek participation from across the entire spectrum of disciplines and activities that are necessary for successful protected area management. GWS2013 was significantly affected by mandatory cuts to the US federal government budget that went into place just 10 days before the start of the conference. The uncertainty surrounding these cuts presented the biggest planning, logistical, and financial challenges the GWS has ever faced in organizing these conferences. There were many repercussions, but one is particularly germane to these proceedings: virtually no US federal employees were allowed to attend. This explains the absence of agency representatives among the authors of the papers presented here, as well as the brevity of this volume in comparison with previous ones. Despite all this, the overwhelming judgment of those who did attend was that the event was a success. Some new faces were able to step into the limelight, and the week was full of new ideas and dynamic interactions. We are indebted to many people for making this possible. Once more, Samantha Weber has applied her exacting and discerning editorial skills to this proceedings vol- ume, and we thank her for all her good work. As always, the Conference Committee labored over many months to shape a large, interdisciplinary program. It was chaired by David Parsons, and the other members were Brad Barr, Andy Ferrell, Nathalie Gagnon, Barrett Kennedy, Melia Lane-Kamahele, Brent Mitchell, Jerry Mitchell, Carena van Riper, Jan van Wagtendonk, and Mike Wong. Our principal organizational sponsor was once again the US National Park Service, and we were pleased to have Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc., and Hitachi Consulting as conference supporters. Citation: Weber, Samantha, ed. 2014. Protected Areas in a Changing World: Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites. Hancock, Michigan: George Wright Society. © 2014 George Wright Society. All rights reserved. Please direct all permission requests to [email protected]. Protected Areas in a Changing World: • 9 Proceedings of the 2013 George Wright Society Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites We also thank the members
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