Features

SOLAR ENERGY IS A HOAX Eric Lerner Solar power is just plain inefficient It costs 10 times as much as nuclear power and would send energy prices and unemployment skyrocketing

SCIENCE IS POLITICS Carol White There have always been two, factions in history the humanist city builders and the oligarchic monetarists Every real scientist is a humanist

WINSTON BOSTICK'S APPROACH TO THE FIELD PARTICLE PROBLEM: An Appreciation and Critique An editorial comment on Bostick's unique solution to the fundamental problem of how the electron can exist in a stable state A Nonscientist's Roadmap Some help from the editors to enable the nonmathematical reader to grasp Bostick's conceptions

TOWARD UNDERSTANDING EDITORIAL STAFF THE NATURE OF FUSION ENERGY Dr. Winston Bostick Editor-in-Chief The elementary particle, the electron is not a static little Dr Morris Levitt ball, but a dynamic mechanism for energy storage. This energy is self-structured and analogous to plasma and fluid Associate Editor vortices Dr Steven Bardwell

Managing Editor News Marjorie Hecht WASHINGTON Art Director House Committee Votes Full Funding for Clinch River Christopher Sloan Supreme Court Rules for Nuclear Power Kintner: 1979 Budget Cuts Threaten Fusion Research

FUSION is published monthly 10 times per year except February and April by the Fusion NATIONAL Energy Foundation. 231 West 29th Sun Dav 1978: Umbrella for Antinuclear Terror Street. 13th floor New York New York 10001. , Teller: Fusion-Fission Hybrids Can Be Mass Produced in 10 Years Subscriptions by mail are S14 for 10 issues or $25 for 20 issues in the USA. and Canada. Air­ INTERNATIONAL mail subscriptions to other countries are $28 for 10 issues. Mexico to Use Gas Revenues for Industrial Growth Address ali correspondence to Fusion Energy Foundation. P.O. Brazil-West Germany Nuclear Deal )eopardized Box 1943. New York. New York Colombia to Exploit Uranium Reserves, Nuclear Power 10001 Application to mail at Second British Parliament Endorses Windscale Reprocessing Plant Class postage rates is pending at New York. NY. The views of the FEF are stated SPECIAL REPORT in the editorials Opinions ex­ pressed in signed articles are not FEF Policy Statement: Upgrade the Clinch River Breeder! necessarily those of the FEF directors or the scientific ad­ visory board.

Printed in the USA Departments

EDITORIALS 2 NEWS BRIEFS CALENDAR 3 RESEARCH Copyright April 1978. THE LIGHTNING ROD 4 BOOKS Fusion Energy Foundation LETTERS 5 FEF NEWS growth forces who have been spreading the lie that fusion reactors will cost more than present generators. Along these lines, we applaud the April 14 Calendar Christian Science Monitor editorial backing fusion, and we reprint excerpts of it below: May For more than two decades, physicists who dreamt of taming hydrogen 2 * fusion—the power source of the stars—pursued an ever-receding goal. The Industrial Development Now they have the goal in sight and may soon have fusion running in the. of Southern Africa laboratory. It seems ironic that skepticism should threaten their efforts at Fusion Energy Foundation this point. Washington, DC. Some theoretical studies suggest that the main line of development (see advertisement for details) now being followed will only lead to industrial juggernauts that no utility could afford. Those who accept this reasoning, including some high 8-11 energy officials in the Carter Administration, suggest cutting down on Offshore Technology fusion development and sending it back to the basic research stage... Houston, Texas Throttling back funding and reorienting research could waste much time and money that have gone into the most successful — and most seriously questioned — line of attack.... Energy and Jobs Dr. Edwin E. Kintner, acting director o( the Office of Fusion Research at in an Expanding Economy the U.S. Department of Energy, has warned researchers in this field that Fusion Energy Foundation the threat of cutback is serious. He says he and other supporters of fusion Mary Grove College, Detroit are having trouble persuading responsible officials that it is wise to (see advertisement) continue to pursue the successful magnetic fusion research line vigorously. 9-11 To us, this wisdom seems obvious. We trust President Carter and Vibration Problems Energy Secretary James Schlesinger will listen more to the arguments of in the Nuclear Industry successful experiments than to the doubts of skeptics who prematurely British Nuclear Energy Society prophesy economic disaster. \ Seascale, Cumbria, UK

15-17 Conference on Plasma Science On With Development IEEE Monterey, Calif. he brutal winter of 1978, the prolonged coal strike, and the predicted T brownouts to come should have rubbed in the message that the United 22-26 States cannot continue to careen from one energy crisis to the next. What must Symposium on Nuclear Activation become equally clear to all is that the nation will never be free from the threat Techniques in Life Sciences ot energy disaster until James Schlesinger is removed from his post as secretary IAEA of energy. On every count —from his near foul-up of the coal strike settlement, Vienna, Austria his ongoing attampts to scuttle advanced nuclear technology, his outright lies about energy reserves, his outlandish proposals to turn off oil imports from 22-23 Saudi Arabia in favor of alleged new supplies from the People's Republic of Industrial Power Conference China —Schlesinger's removal is justifiable on the basis of his premeditated Atlanta, Georgia actions against the vital interests of the nation.

The removal of this White House saboteur is all the more urgent now that an June export and development-oriented faction has emerged in the administration 11-14 The grouping includes Secretary of State Vance, Special Trade Representative Canadian Nuclear Association Robert Strauss, Assistant Secretary of Commerce Frank Weil, and Director of Annual Conference the Export-Import Bank John Moore. Although it by no means has acted in Ottawa, Canada concert or coordinated its activities, the grouping has put forward the basis of a t sound alternative policy to Schlesinger's madness: a strong nuclear-based 12-16 domestic energy program combined with incentives for nuclear exports and Symposism on Molecular Spectroscopy financial backing from the Exim Bank and commercial banks. Ohio State University There are those who would rather wait until 1980 to attempt a change in Columbus, Ohio energy policy. By then, however, the nation could have been destroyed either by the collapse of the dollar or by nuclear confrontation with the Soviets. We 18-23 can't wait. Leaders of business, science, and labor must speak out now for a Annual Meeting nuclear development and export policy to guarantee world peace and American Nuclear Society economic prosperity. San Diego, Calif

FUSION 3 My Dear Triends, I was pleased you enjoyed my last letter, which no doubt you have forgotten, having read it so long ago. To those of you who remember, it came as no surprise that the ensuing weeks brought a rapid end to the rain of nuclear satellites, although no end to the British efforts to wreck the SALT negotiations and our friendly relations with the Soviet government. Hut let us leave that for another time, and consider instead an equally amazing stupidity being promoted by our American government with the assistance of the Eastern press, the universities, and even some labor unions throughout the Nation: the environmentalist Sun Day near them fear their electric and of banshees rises up to brand these Lord knows, I am a strong supporter magnetic fields. One farmer has phenomena occult and demonic — of Sundays — agreeing with the suggested they might fry birds in "fear their electric and magnetic Creator that six days' work require a midair. fields" or "intensity of illumination." minimum of one day's reflection I Doesn't the New York Times know, as have strong regard for the Sun, also, As it happens, I know this farmer in every schoolchild knows, that these as the primary source of the radiant upstate New York, and a sorry fellow electromagnetic fields are the sum energy upon which life on our planet he is. To this day he refuses to eat total of radio and TV transmissions depends. But I am not about to enter tomatoes, claiming they are and, in fact, power everything some heathen ritual of sun worship, if poisonous. Why, it was only several electrical, including the Times's type­ only one day a year, having seen years ago that he permitted electric writers? enough of the superstitions of the lights to be installed in his farmhouse This banshee cry, a kind of religious Indian tribes to know that someone (still not in the barn — he doesn't observance with the environmentalist will shortly propose we extend our want to frighten the animals), because movement, arises with such regularity genuflections to some other animal or he read a similar warning in the New that it should be given its own name, vegetable species. York Times way back in 1878 that: and I would propose the "First Law of A recent editorial last month in the "the retina of the human eye is Them Paranoics." In deference to the New York Times bears directly on this habituated to a certain given intensity dictionary-writers of the Royal problem. According to The Times: of illumination which is many degrees Society, I define the law thus: below that of electricity. (This) raises the point whether the properties of New extra-high voltage power FIRST LAW OF THEM electric light are such as to render it lines will soon traverse more PARANOICS: The magical safe..." than 2(X) miles of upstate New power of an object of human York ...In bad weather, they It is astonishing that whenever the understanding increases ex­ may glow, and crackle like forces of Nature are brought more ponentially as it approaches bacon frying...People who live fully under man's control, some fear comprehension*

4 FUSION Our British foes, who have held measurable quantities of neutrons by seances and dabbled in the black arts Letters focusing the explosion on a target of since the days of Newton and Locke's deuterium gas. alchemy, were the first moderns to However, the leader of the Polish recognize the usefulness of this research group, Dr. Sylvester Kaliski Principle and apply it throughout their indicated in private conversation that Empire. It lies fully within the lawful he thought the most important dif­ domain of the First Law of Them ference between his experiment and Paranoics that Energy Secretary previous research along the same lines Schlesinger, along with paranoics Using was the machining of the high ex­ Barry Commoner and Amory Lovins, plosive. The most difficult problem has organized the pathetic Sun Day Explosives his group faced, Kaliski said, was cult. machining the conical charge to tolerances of 1 micron" Without this The First Law Explicated To Get Fusion careful shaping of the explosive, the Here the beauty of the First Law shock waves from the detonation did becomes evident: Worship the sun as To the Editor: not converge and no neutrons were an object of incomprehensible The apparatus shown on p. 71 of detected. The fact that the success of mystery and power! Propitiate the Sun the December-January issue is very Kaliski's experiment depends on such God upon whose largesse man's future similar to that described by Zygmunt a high degree of symmetry (necessary depends! But do everything possible Fonberg in a note "Evidence of for sufficient energy focusing) points to sabotage and destroy fusion energy Nuclear Transmitation in the Course toward the source of the poor development here on earth — to of Explosion of Shaped Charges with reproducibility of the results for this prevent man's mastery of the laws of Lined Cavity," lournal of Chemical type of experiment. Perhaps this is the fusion process that is the power of Physics. Vol 19 (1951), p. 383 the problem that Plain et at. en­ countered. our Sun Unfortunately experiments by A crowning irony of this subject Plain, McLaughlin, and Odencrantz, We welcome more discussion of concerns my poor farmer friend (his lournal of Chemical Physics, Vol 20 this area of research by our readers. name, so help me, is Richard) Poor (1952), p. 1049, did not confirm these The initiation of fusion using Richard, though parsimonious as a results. The estimate of the tem­ chemical explosives is, unfortunately, small town preacher or Ralph Nader, perature in these experiments was another area so highly classified that had already invested heavily in a almost 20,000° K and because of real informed discussion of its scientific headdress for the local Sun Day gas effects such as ionization it is significance is seriously impeded. festival when he learned of a recent difficult to see how conventional court decision returning his farm, explosives could create temperatures THE FONBERG EXPERIMENT along with most of upstate New York, of 5 million degrees as claimed to its original proprietors — the P Oneida Indians. (Something about William Squire respect for Tribal Waters.) Poor Professor, Department of Aerospace Richard has opted to stay on the Engineering reservation, however. And although West Virginia University he plans to continue worshipping the electric and magnetic fields radiating from his high-tension wires, he is dutifully removing the electric lights from the farmhouse because they're in violation of tribal customs. Yr Obedient Servant, The Editor Replies The 1950 experiment reported in the Fonberg note in the journal of Chemical Physics bears a striking resemblance to the Polish experiment described in the December 1977 issue of Fusion. The accompanying illustration, taken from Fonberg, shows the same conical arrangement of target and explosive that the Polish A—20 to 30 cm, D—6to 15 cm. a— * Or alternatively: The magical powers vary directly as the manipulated masses, and in­ group reported they had used to 20° to 90°, H—0 to 30 cm, E—2 to 20 versely as the proximity of compr.-hension. achieve fusion temperatures and cm, P—detonator, R—retainer.

FUSION 5 News Briefs

EUROPE STANDS FIRM ON U.S. DEMANDS FOR NONPROLIFERATION A US State Department spokesman announced April 11 that according to the terms of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978 signed into law March 10, the U.S. was embargoeing all pending licensing approval for shipment of uranium to the nine European countries that are members of Euratom, the European Economic Community's nuclear supply authority. The announcement followed the refusal of the Europeans, led by the French, to submit to the terms of the act, which the Euratom nations regard as a bad piece of legislation that unilaterally imposes U.S. controls over their internal and foreign affairs in violation of existing international agreements. The controversial new law, known earlier as the Percy-Glenn bill, specifies that Euratom must notify the U.S. government within 30 days of the enactment of the law of its initiation of renegotiation talks with the U.S. over the basic provisions of the U.S.-Euratom treaty signed in 1958 during the Atoms for Peace era. The embargo took effect April 9, 30 days after the signing of the bill The law further specifies the cutoff of uranium supplies to any nation that refuses to enddrse the concept of nonproliferation and no nuclear technology transfer control to a "non-nuclear-weapop" state. The showdown on nonproliferation could prove to be one of the most destructive issues for the United States foreign relations, not only with Europe and Japan but also with countries like India that depend on U.S. uranium to The French Phenix. nuclear breeder fuel nuclear power plants for providing electricity.

CARTER PRESSURES CONGRESS TO PASS ENERGY BILL President Carter is making, a "last ditch" attempt to pressure Congress to break its deadlock on the National Energy bill, stalled in Congress since last summer over provisions dealing with natural gas and a crude oil tax, Washington sources report. The president spent hours with leading House and Senate energy conferees April 11 and 12, but to date no agreement has been reached. One of the conferees, Sen. Pete V. Domenici (R —N.M.) told the press "We have to get far down the line this week or there will be no energy bill." Energy Secretary Schlesinger, who met with oil industry representatives in early April to try to gain their support for the Crude Oil Equalization Tax section of the energy bill, threatened that if Congress failed to impose a tax on oil, the president would have no choice but to impose a $5 to $6 per barrel tax on imported oil. Congressional opposition to the administration's plan centers around Schlesinger's insistence that the tax revenues not go into guaranteeing expanded national energy production.

CEQ PROPOSES A SOLAR AMERICA The Council on Environmental Quality, an environmentalist grouping in the Executive Office of the President, released a 52-page report April 12 asserting that "by the year 2000 the U.S. will be producing one-fourth of its energy base from solar technologies." According to Cus Speth, a council member, by the year 2000 solar tech­ nologies will fully meet the energy needs of the nation's 33 percent energy growth "For the period 2020 and beyond it is now possible to speak hopefully and unblushingly for the U.S. becoming a solar society. The national goal of providing significantly more than one-half of our energy from solar sources by the year 2020 should be achieved, if our commitment to that goal and energy conservation is strong," Speth said. At the press conference unveiling the report, however, Speth was far from unblushing as reporters questioned the factual and conceptual lapses in the report

FUSION Reporters pointed out for example, that the report assumes a projected energy base of 100 quads (a quad is 10,J btu) in the year 2000 from the current 76 quads, while even Schlesinger's minimal energy program projects a 115 quad minimum for the same year. Reporters also questioned the council's assertion that a doubled CNP in the year 2000 would require only 33 percent more energy, their statements that solar energy could efficiently reach and sustain a high heat level, and the claim that there is "tremendous support for solar energy in Congress," while the truth is that there is just a handful of congressmen on the solar bandwagon

CALIFORNIA AFL-CIO DEMONSTRATORS: GIVE US ELECTRICAL POWER, NOT BROWN Plumbers and pipefitters from AFL-CIO Local 467 picketed in front of a California AFL-CIO convention April 6, held to endorse the state's zero-growth Covernor Jerry Brown for the upcoming Democratic primary. The progrowth picketers handed out leaflets that said: "Jobs require electrical power — lots of it...Governor Brown's attitude toward power is best summed up by his chairman of the Public Utilities Commission in his answer to the San Diego Power and Light when they said they needed the Sundesert nuclear power plant for their energy and job needs of the future: 'Buy your power from Mexico'." The leaflet continued: "We are not here to represent Zen Buddhists, alter­ native lifestyles, schools of philosophy, liberal elitists, conservative statists, or even the Democratic Party...We were sent here to support politicians who will adopt policies that will provide the opportunity for a decent job at a decent wage for all the workers in the state...Let us give to the politicians what they give to us. That means we give to Brown the same support he has given to us — none." California's Covernor Brown

ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION REPORT CALLS FOR WORLD COOPERATION TO INCREASE ENERGY SUPPLY The Rockefeller Foundation released a far-reaching working paper on the energy crisis March 29 that urges the industrial nations, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Less Developed Countries to begin immediate collaboration to resolve the impending energy crisis of the 1980s or face a severe international crisis. The major policy recommendations of the report call for greater petrodollar investment in the industrialized states and the Less Developed Countries, the promotion of research and development of nuclear energy as the most viable alternative to petroleum, a major exploration and production drive to increase world petroleum output, technological aid from the advanced Western countries to help the Soviet Union to develop its vast petroleum resources, and the reconvening of the Conference of International Economic Cooperation (known as the North-South talks) to facilitate resolution of both the energy problem and Third World development. The report, which was compiled by a team of international energy analysts, specifies that "assured access to uranium and enrichment services are essential elements in the security of nuclear fuel supply" and that "the successful devel­ opment and commercialization of the breeder reactor would open up the possibility of greatly extending the usefulness of uranium resources." "If the U.S. government meant to set a nonproliferation example for other countries by deferring indefinitely for itself the use of plutonium fuel in light water reactors, and by limiting its breeder reactor development program," the report says, "perhaps the message would have been better received in other countries if it had been accomplished by redoubled U.S. efforts to develop its own indigenous energy resources, thus freeing foreign oil for others....Instead the U.S. action retards the development of nuclear options which the U.S. itself may need in the future, without clearcut compensating acceleration of other supply alternatives."

FUSION ROCKEFELLER LAUNCHES U.S.-ARAB DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Nelson Rockefeller will visit Saudi Arabia and Kuwait-in April to confirm arrangements for a new corporation that will use the dollar holdings of the leading Arab oil-producing countries to purchase high-technology U.S. exports in order to industrialize the Third World. Rockefeller reportedly notified the State Department about his trip and no objection was recorded. The new corporation, tentatively called "Sarabam," was described in the New York Da/7y News as "a new development corporation that could create thousands of jobs, affect balance of payments accounts, currency valuations and the standard of living in many countries."

THREE STATES PASS RESOLUTIONS FOR EXPANDING EXIM BANK, NUCLEAR POWER Three states to date — Georgia, Maryland, and New York — have passed resolutions calling for the expansion of the Export-Import Bank and the development of nuclear and fusion power in order to strengthen the dollar The resolutions, called memorials, have been forwarded to Congress and the president as an expression of what the state desires as national policy. Five other states have pending resolutions (see map). The Georgia resolution begins with a call for the administration to "go bullish on America" and ends with the following statement on energy: "BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED... .the administration is hereby urged to replace its energy program with one whicn emphasizes the development and utilization of existing and yet-to-be discovered fossil fuels; the mobilization of our ad­ vanced research and development capabilities to expand existing nuclear facilities, proceeding with the breeder program; and allocating the necessary funds to expand our nuclear fusion program to have reactors on line by the 1990s "

PEMEX CONTRACTS $1 BILLION EURODOLLAR LOAN Over 60 international banks have joined to lend Mexico's government oil company, Pemex, $1 billion to continue its ambitious and successful oil devel­ opment program The deal was made on terms advantageous to Mexico — low interest and long maturity. Pemex director Jorge Diaz Serrano, in London for the signing of the loan, announced that Mexico was upgrading its port facilities on both the west and Gulf coasts, and exploring the possibility of contracting tankers to take Mexican oil to Europe, since the tankers normally return east across the Atlantic empty after delivering oil from the Mideast to the U.S.

DINOSAURS AND SOLAR ENERGY A faction of the paleontology community now believes that dinosaurs generated body heat metabolically (that is, endothermally) in order to reach their physiological temperatures, rather than using the primitive ectothermal method of lying on rocks to absorb solar energy, as previously thought. As the April 8 issue of Science News reports on the raging dinosaur debate, "....running a continuous internal furnace is expensive, far more costly than the solar energy approach of reptiles." In fact, the magazine reports that endotherms capable of moving about at will rather than only when weather conditions permit, require two to four times the energy (food) than the ectotherms. Interestingly, the best evidence that the dinosaurs may not have been warm blooded is that they had a soft brain structure Although the FEF has no official position on the dinosaur question, we note on the one hand the similarity between solar advocates and this aspect of the dinosaur, and on the other hand their ectotherm personalities. Washington Full Funding Voted for Clinch River

The House Science and Technology supplies of energy to this nation acceptable source of energy committee killed a compromise Without the breeder program, available to this country. amendment offered by subcommittee this country would face chairman Walter Flowers and Energy economic catastrophe before The strong House vote is expected Secretary James Schlesinger that the end of the century, perhaps fo send the Clinch River amendment would have allowed the Carter Ad­ before 1990. Today's vote tells to the Senate floor like a lion instead ministration to divert the $80 million the world that Congress intends of the lamb Schlesinger intended for approved for the Clinch River breeder to reduce American dependence slaughter, another congressman com­ reactor to a two-year study and to on imported oil and to produce mented phase out the project. In a 27 to 12 the cleanest, cheapest, safest, See Special Report on Clinch River, vote April 12, the committee sent an and most environmentally page 18. alternate amendment proposed by Rep. Marilyn Lloyd to the House floor. The Lloyd amendment provides $172.5 million for construction and Supreme Court $35 million for a 30-month study of alternate breeder technologies. Rules for Nuclear Power Schlesinger had proposed a "heads I win, tails you lose" compromise on The U.S. Supreme Court ruled April conservation is a reasonable altera Clinch River in late March that in­ 3 that the lower courts cannot sub­ native to building a nuclear power volved his promise to conduct a 30- stitute their judgment on nuclear plant. The lower court had directed month study of a substitute breeder power for that of the Congress, which the holding of an entire round of new program allegedly bigger and better has already made the choice to Nuclear Regulatory Commission than Clinch River. In exchange, the develop nuclear power. The ruling is a hearings to consider conservation as secretary wanted a committee major setback for the antinuclear an alternative technology, — a tactic amendment that would have per­ environmentalists and their efforts to that would' have delayed already mitted the already voted-up budget sabotage nuclear power. stalled power plants to death, i authorization for the project to be The high court's decision upset The decision came on two con­ used to shut Clinch River down. previous rulings of the Circuit Court to solidated cases, Vermont Yankee Despite intensive lobbying by accept environmentalist claims that Nudear'Power Corporation v. Natural Schlesinger, and the threat of a presidential veto, committee members held firm. As one pro- breeder congressman put it, "We have a responsibility as representatives to do what this country needs and not be deterred by the threat of a veto." One of the leaders of the pro- breeder fight, Rep. Mike McCormack, a former nuclear physicist at the Hanford, Wash, research labs, told a Fusion Washington correspondent on the day of the vote:

The action by the Science; Committee today in continuing the Clinch River Breeder program is a major victory for the American people. The The amicus curiae brief that outlined the,constitutional issues in the nuclear breeder program is absolutely power case was prepared by Gerald Kaufman [7], Edward Spannaus, and essential to providing adequate attorney David Heller of the U.S. Labor Party staff. Photo by uianowsky

FUSION Resources Defense Council (No. 76- since Secretary of Energy James 41')) and Consumers Power Company Schlesinger (then chairman of the v AescliHman (No. 76-52H). It was a Atomic I nergy Commission) refused Labor Party Calls unanimous (7-0) decision, with two to appeal the Washington DC Circuit abstentions Court's ruling that stalled the 1971 For Schlesinger Written by Justice William Calvert (Tiffs nuclear plant, the courts Rehnquist, the Supreme,' Court have been used to delay the con­ Ouster decision, criticized the Circuit Court strue Hon of nuclear plants for "improperly intruding" into the This is the first time that the The U.S. Labor Party has requested Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Supreme Court directly reviewed the that the Congress and President Carter licensing proceedings and for at­ application of the National Inviron- review the recent conduct of Energy tempting to substitute its judgment mental Policy Act to the Nuclear Secretary lames Schlesinger and the for that of Congress. "Congress made Regulatory Commission, and Department of Energy in preparation the choice to at least try nuclear therefore, the decision potentially c an for firing him for consistently acting energy," said the court, and this bring a halt to the use of NIPA to against the national interest The policy cannot be changed by exercise sabotage nuclear power party urged the appointment of a of judicial review This is a judgment 1 he incompatibility of the lower secretary who would set the (nergy for Congress and for the states, not for court's decisions against nuclear Department on a course that will the courts, said the Supreme Court. power with the U.S. Constitution's encourage energy research and 1 his decision is a stinging defeat for commitment to scientific and in­ development and advanced industrial the antinuclear movement, which has dustrial progress was put before the policies in the national interest. been allowed to run wild in the lower court in an amicus curiae brief The party charged that Schlesinger courts for the last seven years. Ever submitted by the US Labor Party. has acted to: (1) sabotage the nuclear power industry and the development of controlled fusion power; (2) sabotage the coal strike Kintner: 1979 Budget Cuts negotiations and block proper con­ tingency arrangements; and Threaten Fusion Research (3) implement a zero-growth program for America, encouraging policies Dr Idwin f • Kintner, acting Kintner, who was speaking at the that would deindus'-Talize the director of the Office of I usion Energy April 7 dedication of the second country. in the U.S. Department of Energy, generation Alcator tokamak fusion warned that federal budget funding reactor at the Massachusetts Institute c uts for 1979 put the entire fusion of Technology, cited a report issued research effort in serious danger of by the International Fusion Research c ol lapse Council, an advisory body to the DOE Trains The scientific and congressional International Atomic Energy Agency: supporters of fusion ate "having "In view of the great progress Fusion Engineers difficulty convincing those in policy­ achieved in fusion since 1970, the making positions above and around us council is convinced that the time is The Department of Energy's Office that fusion is worth pursuing," Kintner ripe to make a large and aggressive of Fusion Energy announced that its said. This is happening, he continued, effort toward the practical demon­ pilot program to train a new 'just when the U.S. thermonuclear stration of fusion power at the earliest classification of energy specialist, the fusion research effort is on the verge possible date." fusion engineer, had awarded cer­ of the long-sought goal of "scientific Kintner's remarks are viewed as an tificates of achievement to the first breakeven," a large-enough fusion attack against Energy Secretary five students to complete the one- reaction that would prove the feas­ Schlesinger, who together with per­ year program. ibility of developing virtually sonnel at the Office of Management The Graduate Education Program in unlimited world energy resources . and Budget have made substantial Fusion Technology was conducted by from the fusion process. cuts or funding freezes in the fiscal Westinghouse Electric Corporation in The demands that the ultimate year 1979 budget for basic fusion Pittsburgh under a $55,400 grant from "cost benefits" of fusion be precisely research in promising areas. (See the department. Another five students estimated now as a condition for "Schlesinger 1979 Energy Budget will be selected this year. continued funding, Kintner said, is Makes Fusion Impossible," Fusion, Under the program each student tantamount td "asking the Wright March 1978, P. 10.) The freeze in­ spends six months working with brothers to cost out the 747 in ad­ cludes projects such as the Princeton Westinghouse engineers on practical vance of their first tests at Kitty Tokamak Reactor, which is now near engineering problems related to Hawk." breakeven fusion.

10 FUSION National

Sun Day: Umbrella for Antinuclear Terror

In the last few weeks before the disrupt the power lines which run more explic it than Hayes and Lovejoy scheduled Sun Day 1978 celebrations, from these plants." in his call to violence In a recent May \ through May 9, the organizers On the so-called grass roots level, interview Kay said of the environmentalist campaign organi/ers of Sun Day sympathy have made public their intentions to actions in late April have admitted Sun Day will be the beginning use violence and terrorism against that they are planning to tear down of a New Age Movement, that nuc lear power plants. fences and sabotage power lines The < on Id be the best thing that ever Although the Sun Day literature is actions include the nuclear plants in happened to this c ountry. The geared to sell "soft" energy alter­ Barnwell, S C. and Rocky Flats, Colo, real issue is antinuclear,..We natives like windmills and biomass to and the Trident submarine base in are asking that all people, as a the majority of Americans who Bangor, Wash. voice against nuclear energy, believe that nuc lear energy and high turn off al| their lights at 8 ' technology are vital for the country's The Drug Cult Circuit I'M If they don't stop nuclear future, the speeches of the Sun Day One of Sun Day's top organi/ers is energy we'll just blow them up organi/ers leave no doubt that they Tom Kay (also known as the Solar If it is feasible to blow up a plan to use antinuclear terror where Kid), a staff member for the national whole system, we'll do it. environmentalist propaganda fails. drug cult magazine High Times. Kay, Speaking in Seattle April 5, the whose particular target group is the Kay was arrested by New York City national chairman and originator of drug and religious cult freaks, was police April 8 while sitting on top of a Sun Day, Dennis Hayes, described a typical terrorist scenario to a group of Northwest environmentalists: If legal means fail to stop nuclear power plants, this might force antinuclear environmentalists into such "drastic action" as detonating a nuclear bomb in New York City's World Trade Center, Hayes said In the same speech Hayes also predicted the likelihood of terrorism against the Trident nuclear submarine by the California-based New World Liberation Front. Hayes, who is also a director of the Worldwatch Institute, is on a national tour to organize for Sun Day. The other prominent environmentalists who are on simultaneous tours of the nation are Sam Lovejoy, a convicted antinuclear terrorist, Amory Lovins of the Friends of the Earth, and Dr. Barry Commoner. Lovejoy was reported by the news­ paper of the antinuclear Trojan Decommission Alliance in Oregon, The Shut Down Times, to say: If all else fails in efforts to shut down the Trojan Nuclear Reactor, "it is con­ ceivable that citizens could occupy or

FUSION 11 New York flagpole. He had boasted that he planned to sit on the flagpole for at least three weeks to publicize Sun Day. Police brought Kay to the psychiatric ward at Bellevue for observation. Who Are the Controllers Behind

Investigate Schlesinger Next to Energy Secretary Schles­ solar policy statement timed for This flagrant threat of violence inger in importance in supporting Sun release before Sun Day. makes it all the more egregious that Day from inside the government is the the Sun Day event from the beginning three-member Council on En­ The Private Controllers has had the blessing and funding of vironmental Quality. Outside the government, the solar U.S. Energy Secretary James The council is headed by Charles campaign is being directed by the Schlesinger. Schlesinger sent a signed Warren, a former member of the same intelligence think tanks that memorandum to all Department of California state assembly who in­ financed and controlled the European Energy officials )an. 25 directing them troduced all of the environmental antinuclear violence last year in to participate in Sun Day in all proposals of Gov. Jerry Brown into the France and West Germany. Central possible ways, including funding legislature. In a major article for the in the structure of control is the Aspen consumer and environmental groups Friends of the Earth newspaper, Not Institute for Humanistic Studies, "The broad objectives of Sun Day are Man Apart, in May 1976, Warren which is responsible for the creation consistent with major objectives set wrote and training of much of the inter­ forth in the National Energy Plan....! national environmentalist movement, have designated the Assistant . ...Analysts of future events including the Friends of the Earth, the Secretary for Intergovernmental and have tended to divide into two International Institute for Environ­ Institutional Relations as the focal groups: The Malthusians and the ment and Development (based in point for Sun Day policy guidelines," Cornucopians....The Malthu­ London), the United Nations Environ­ the Schlesinger memo stated. sians argue that the sources of ment Program, and Earth Day, the Schlesinger also established a the world are finite, and that 1970 prototype for Sun Day. Earth Day liaison with the Sun Day board of continued growth will even­ was used as the kick-off point for directors and his Washington office tually threaten the resource virtually the entire environmental maintains a full literature table for the supply available for future movement in the U.S. Sun Day propaganda. generations; that the driving Some of the groundwork for Sun Until the energy secretary retracts mechanism behind resource Day was laid in August 1977 at one of his official endorsement of Sun Day, exhaustion is increased pop­ typical seminars through which the the fact remains that a cabinet-level ulation in conjunction with antitechnology, Malthusian ideas are official is supporting terrorism as a increasing per capita require­ transmitted to an often unsuspecting means of imposing the zero-growth ments Therefore, they con­ group of participants. At that time energy program he has failed to ram clude some form of population Aspen sponsored four weeks of through Congress in the past year. control is essential ...I come workshop seminars on energy alter­ down on the side of the Malthu­ natives, around the themes of "insti­ sians. tutional and technical barriers to change," and "energy crisis impli­ AFL-CIO to Working with Charles Warren on cations for governments." The the council are Gus Speth, former workshops dealt with the problems of Campaign for international projects coordinator for conservation, extracting clean fuels the Natural Resources Defense from coal, and solar technology and Council who specialized in anti- in the words of Aspen's energy Clinch River Breeder nuclear operations, and Gerald O. specialist Dana Orwick, were Sources in the United Steelworkers Barney, an administrator of the "designed to educate public figures" of America union report that the AFL- Rockefeller Brother's Fund. Under from trade unions, Congress, and CIO, the nation's largest trade union fund sponsorship, Barney headed the corporations. federation, has formed an energy Unfinished Agenda task force, a group The operations center for imple­ committee to mobilize support for a representing every environmentalist menting the unpublished plans and congressional override of an expected organization in the U.S. that campaigns mapped out last summer is presidential veto of full funding for published a consensus report on Solar Action, a newly formed group the Clinch River breeder project. The environmental policy for the U.S. by whose board of directors is composed move comes as a result of pressure the same name "The Unfinished of leading environmentalist leaders, within the AFL-CIO. primarily from Agenda is the Carter energy program," some top labor officials, and elected the building trades and steel unions to Barney told a reporter last summer. officials. These include David Brower, go with the breeder This trio is preparing a major pro- the founder of Friends of the Earth;

12 FUSION Sun Day ? The Sun Day Bankroll

Michael McCloskey, head of the According to the Sun Day national office, the most extensive single Sierra Club; Alan McCowan, director funder of the multimillion dollar event is the Department of Energy under of the Scientists Institute for Public James Schlesinger. (Despite this fact, many environmentalists criticize Information, an antiscience the secretary for being "pronuclear") propaganda center founded by en­ Schlesinger's office is underwriting the entirety of the public service vironmentalist Barry Commoner; advertising for Sun Day on radio and television — an amount that is William Winpisinger, head of the unspecified ' International Association of In addition, the department has given $180,000 to the national Sun Day Machinists; Douglas Fraser, president office to pull together a state-by-state evaluation on the use of solar of the United Auto Workers and a energy The study will include both a review of resources available in each trainee of the Aspen Institute; Wilson state and the "barriers" to the solar projects. Clark, solar energy advisor to Cal- Local offices of the department have funded state and city Sun Day fornia Governor Brown; Congressmen events, in amounts that are unspecified. James Jeffords (R-Vt.) and Richard Sun Day's national office has stated that the rest of the funding for the Ottinger (D-NY); John A. Harris IV event has come in amounts of about $10,000 from private foundations from the zero-growth Club of Rome; and think tanks that fund and control most of the environmentalist ac­ and Denis Hayes, from the World- tivities Among these are the Stern Fund, the Ottinger Foundation, and watch Institute, a Malthusian organ­ the Field Foundation. ization that is a leading supporter of ! _ environmental terror tactics and economic warfare. To build up Sun Day participation, Solar Action has commissioned the full activation of the "Woodstock Nation" zombie drug culture, via High Teller: Fusion Hybrid by 1988 Times magazine, a nationwide drug publication that provides the latest Noted nuclear physicist Edward creasing their energy consumption tips on drug running, new drugs, and Teller told an audience at the Nuclear fivefold. the counterculture. Engineering Department at Purdue Teller criticized the environ­ After May, Solar Action will University April 11 that the fusion- mentalists, in particular Ralph Nader, consolidate a series of permanent fission hybrid is closer to being imple­ Barry Commoner, and lames antitechnology institutions. Most mented en masse than the fast Schlesinger for chipping away at the prominent of these is a national breeder reactor. "You can't imagine American tradition of energy growth energy coalition organized out of the how close we are; within 10 years the and high technology Ralph Nader put Midwest Academy in Chicago. The hybrid can be as widespread in use as seat belts in cars, Teller said, but that academy is a local community control the light water reactor is today," was the "first and only good thing" he training school directly linked to the Teller said has ever done. Institute for Policy Studies, the um­ Teller called the worst "energy As for the bugbear of nuclear brella group that has spawned the hazard" today the danger of World safety. Teller said: "It never fails that bulk of the antinuclear environ­ War III: "Poverty leads to despair, when I give a speech on nuclear mentalists and terrorists. despair to hatred, and hatred to war. I energy there is at least one person The national energy coalition, have accused others of scaring people who asks. What if the plant ex­ whose sponsors say it is designed to but I have seen World War I and plodes?' and I always answer that it provide the image of a mass-based World War II and I am scared of would take the repeal of the laws of grassroots institution that will "have World War III. We cannot abdicate physics to have one explode. Then the enough muscle to influence our responsibility for the development same person invariably asks, Yes, but legislation on national energy of the Less Developed Countries " what if it explodes?' policies," will be chaired by 1AM head It is not true that the rich get richer Schlesinger was the only secretary Winpisinger It has already received and the poor get poorer, he said The of defense to support the counter- $15,000 in seed money from the use and export of more advanced force doctrine against the Soviets, and Ottinger Foundation. technology by industrialized nations now he's in the energy department have actually made the Less with similarly incompetent ideas," —Stuart Pettingell Developed Countries richer, in­ Teller said.

FUSION v\ International

Mexico to Use Gas Revenues for Industrial Growth Mexican President lose Lopez Portillo

In a series of recent speeches, benefit all the population and "pay and badly needed energy supplies for Mexican President lose Lopez Portillo old debt., of social justice," Lopez the U.S. More recently, Schlesinger and his top ministers have announced said. announced that he would withhold an aggressive development policy for Lopez has made it clear that the Mexico's supply of uranium scheduled investing the nation's growing surplus next phase of energy development for use in the nuclear plant Lagura revenues from gas and oil exploitation must be nuclear power, but to date Verde, which comes on line in 1982, into industrial projects that will the government has not defined an until Mexico meets his so-called further increase Mexico's productive immediate crash program to reach safety conditions. capacity. "Mexico is fortunately this next phase. Congressional The Lopez government has not entering a stage which in the near hearings are now under way on directly attacked Schlesinger's anti- future will allow us to have the Mexico's nuclear policy. nuclear policy, but the government's resources to increase our resources," attitude is reflected in Mexico's press. the president said March 31 in Chi- Schlesinger Interferes Mexico has no intention of linking its juajua The major attack on the Lopez energy development to "package This program for expanded pro­ development program has come from deals" on issues such as the question duction has been made possible by U.S. Energy Secretary lames of undocumented alien workers, the phenomenal growth of Mexico's Schlesinger, who has personally tried wrote the editorial page editor of the oil industry. The recently released to sabotage both Mexico's nuclear Mexican daily El Dia, lorge Aymami. report of the state oil company, power program and its gas exports These are "conjunctural issues" that Pemex, stated that the country's Earlier this year Schlesinger in­ should not lead us "to mortgage our proven petroleum reserves had tervened to halt a Pemex sale of energy wealth... The question of jumped from 11 billion barrels last natural gas to the U.S., thereby nuclear energy is simply not year to 16 billion barrels this year, cutting off export revenue for Mexico negotiable." while the probable and potential reserves are now calculated at 120 billion barrels. The growth of the industry is so rapid that Pemex ex­ pects to reach its 1982 output goal by Velikhov: Joint U5.-Soviet Fusion Work 1980: 2.25 million barrels a day, of which 1.1 million barrels are slated for Dr E P. Velikhov, the head of the Soviet fusion program, is quietly export circulating proposals within the U.S. Department of Energy to vastly expand U.S.-Soviet fusion cooperation. Velikhov, in Washington for an Mexico must exploit these April meeting of the Joint U.S.-Soviet Committee for Scientific and resources, Lopez told a group of Technological Cooperation, pointed out in private discussions that the industrialists in the northern state of world's fusion effort could be dramatica'ly accelerated and its cost Coahuila, so that industrialists can decreased if both nations jointly designed and built a demonstration plan "large development projects with fusion reactor to come on line by the early 1980s. ambition and vision." The guiding principle is to use energy resources for Velikhov suggested the construction of a prototype commercial the kind of industrial development, reactor, possibly in a third country — Japan, Finland, or East Germany. particularly capital goods, that will

FUSION 14 Brazil-West Germany Nuclear Deal Jeopardized

Although West Germany and Brazil Reliable Washington sources report 71 fires and accidents at the con­ reaffirmed their nuclear cooperation that a faction close to US national struction site of Brazil's first nuclear agreement in a joint communique security advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski reac'^r, Angra I, being built by West- issued in March, internal devel­ is behind the recent opposition in inghouse. Indications are that opments in Brazil, backed up by a Brazil to the nuclear development presidential designate F.^uereido, faction in the US. National Security program According to these sources, head of the intelligence service, had a Council, now threaten to sabotage the Robert Pastor, chief Latin American hand in leaking the documents to the deal. advisor for the National Security daily O Estado do Sao Paulo. During Brazilian President Ernesto Council, has boasted that the council Figuereido has met several times with Geisel's five-day visit to West Ger­ intended to use Brazilian dissidents to Coldemberg. many he signed a reaffirmation of the phase out the nuclear deal during Fi­ Ironically, the Brzezinski-led multimillion dollar nuclear deal with guereido's term, which begins next sabotage of Brazil's nuclear devel­ Chancellor Helmut Schmidt as well as year opment program uses as a cover the agreements with the West German Shortly after the Pastor statements, unscientific argument that com­ nuclear industry. However, Geisel's j se Coldemberg, the head of the mercial nuclear reactors mean nuclear chosen successor, General lose Fi- Braziliar Physicists Society, charged weapons "proliferation" which means geureido, the chief of the Brazilian that lack of safeguards in the planned war. At the same time, his program National Intelligence Service, decided reactor construction will inevitably for Brazil is one of military con­ at the last minute not to accompany result in "a repetition of the frontation, pushing Brazil along with Geisel. Figuereido's absence is viewed catastrophe of Hiroshima." The Cold­ South Africa into a South Atlantic as a severe blow to the cooperative emberg remarks followed an equally Treaty Organization that can defend development program since most of spectacular newspaper leak of what the Atlantic against a presumed threat the fission and reprocessing plant were allegedly secret documents of from the Soviet Union. construction under the deal would the National Intelligence Service on —D. Goldberg begin after Figuereido assumes the presidency in 1979 Furthermore, the snub is seen as a clear sign that the president-designate oppoces nuclear power. The content of the jo:nt agreements are extremely pc i';.e in their orientation toward 'v/r-lopment as the key to world peace As the joint communique stated, c :h nations "attach great importance to extension and intensification of economic, industrial, scientific, and tech­ nological cooperation which is the keystone of relations bet .een the two countries." During Geisel's visit, the two nations reconfirmed their original 1975 nuclear trade agreement, despite heavy-handed U.S. pressure to modify it, and Geisel signed a new agreement between the Brazilian Atomic Energy Commission and the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center that sets the stage for cooperation in nuclear reactor safety, protection from radiation, and the disposal of,nuclear waste.

FUSION 15 Colombia To Exploit Uranium, Nuclear Power

"Within a period of six years Colombia will have its first nuclear energy plant to deal with the country's growing demand for energy and to substitute for sources of energy that Eduardo Gaitan Duran are running out," the Colombian Minister of Mines and Energy told last energy was "not feasible until the year month's founding meeting of 2020." Coluranie, the Colombian Uranium The Fusion Energy Foundation Dr. Peter Vanneman, Company. The state company will be representative at the conference put Political Science Department in charge of studying, prospecting, forward a program for the immediate University of Arkansas Fayetteville. Arkansas exploring, and exploiting Colombia's construction of three nuclear power Dr. William van Rensburg, rich uranium reserves. plants, one on the Atlantic coast, one Department of Geology. Mines and Energy Minister Eduardo in the Valle de Cauca, and one in the West Texas State University Llanos Orientales region. Canyon. Texas Gaitan Duran has recently signed a Oswald T. Ndanga, series of agreements with France, Associate Professor of Spain, and West Germany to exploit International Relations. the country's uranium reserves. The Allen University Columbia. South Carolra: mountainous Andean country, which Colombia Daily Deputy Representative of the has large known uranium reserves in Patriotic Front—ZANU. U.S.A. its eastern range, declared more than Endorses Fusion Dr. Frederick Seitz, 80 percent of national territory as a President Rockefeller University David Shapiro, special reserve zone for uranium The leading Colombian daily El Delegate. Maryland State exploration. Tiempo strongly endorsed the struggle Legislature. Baltimore. Md. to commercially produce unlimited Yassar Askari, The Schlesinger Opposition energy through the fusion ptocess in Ambassador. League of Arab States. To counter Colombia's push to an editorial April 3. Labeling recent Washington. DC. develop high technology and train breakthroughs in plasma technology a A Representative, workers for the nuclear industry, U.S. significant advance for science and from the Embassy of the' United Republic of Tanzania Energy Secretary James Schlesinger for humanity, El Tiempo wrote: David Carr, sent department undersecretary Dr. "Achievements like that of the Director. Far East-Africa Fredric I. Ordway to the March 6 conquest of space through spaceships Division National Council on Foreign Trade conference sponsored by the and satellites, which will permit the Affiliations for identification only Colombo-American Institute in domination of the solar system; the Bogota. Ordway pushed the necessity genetic manipulations that will for underdeveloped nations to use transform the functions and forms of For further information contact: solar, wind, and wave energy as alter­ organisms; thermonuclear fusion that Fusion Energy Foundation natives to nuclear energy and told the will definitively resolve the energy G.P.O. Box 1943 problem....will bring this century to a New York. New York 10001 conference that Colombia needed (202)563-8645 these "appropriate" technologies as close on a golden note, defining in a well as conservation since nuclear decisive way the destiny of man."

16 FUSION Parliament OKs Windscale Reprocessing Plant

The British House of Commons Foundation and the MITRE thinktank decision to go ahead with Windscale, gave the government a resounding calling on countries to abandon the Parker report is a useful counter­ three to one endorsement March 23 development of reprocessing and fast attack on ihe destructive U.S. policy for the construction of a new 1,280 breeder reactors for what are alleged of halting its own reprocessing and ton spent nuclear fuel reprocessing to be the special susceptibility of such breeder development Parker tears plant at Windscale. The 186 to 56 vote plants to weapons proliferation. apart the arguments of the environ­ followed a three hour parliamentary Senators Percy, Glenn, and mentalists, pointing out a number of debate on the development of the Ribicoff, sponsors of the Nuclear factual "untruths" put forward by the project and culminated a 100-day Nonproliferation Act of 1978, wrote a antinuclear groups and rejecting their public inquiry into Windscale. letter to President Carter protesting claims on the basis of extensive Last month Justice Parker released the British decision, while Joseph scientific evidence. an official report on the results of the Nye, a major participant in the Ford- Arguments calling plutonium "the inquiry giving unequivocal approval MITRE study before he became most dangerous substance known to to the development of the reprocess­ undersecretary of state for non- man, a Faustian bargain with the ing facility. The Parker Report drew proliferation matters, sent a formal devi!" are pure "emotive nonsense," the wrath of the Friends of the Earth letter of protest to British Foreign Parker stated. Plutonium is not highly and other antinuclear groups who had Secretary David Owen. radioactive and it is not true that its demanded and then prolonged the In his remarks to Parliament before only two uses are making bombs or inquiry. Reportedly the Friends group its vote, Owen wryly took note of the making commercial electricity; Pu alone spent $2.5 million to provide U.S. protest: "As one who, as the 238 is used in the body as power testimony on the alleged proliferation House knows, supports the United source for heart pacemakers, Parker and environmental dangers of a States on'many issues, I am not afraid pointed out. reprocessing facility. openly to acknowledge the fact when, As for the greenie scare story that a Parker dismissed the environ­ on some grounds, I think it has been leakof plutonium would be a "unique mentalist arguments stating that "a wrong " Owen added that Britain disaster", Parker said the damage country which depends for its nuclear agrees with the U.S. aim of limiting done by breaking open a chlorine reactor fuel supplies on imports, is in international spread of reprocessing tanker, to take one example, would be a vulnerable position both financially plants, but believes that "we can best far more damaging. Although pluton­ and politically." Parker also noted the achieve this by offering other non- ium has been produced and moved "plain financial advantage" to be nuclear weapon states the services of around the world for more than 25 derived from the British construction the new plant at Windscale." years, he said, there has never been of the Windscale facility. Regardless of the political motiva­ any known terrorist attempt. France is currently the only country tion behind the British government's — W. Engdahl that has given a full go-ahead to commercial reprocessing at its Le Hague facility, and the British government's decision to go with Windscale is clearly a political and financial lever to wield against French domination of a growing multibillion dollar international reprocessing market. Japan has signed a several billion dollar reprocessing agreement with France and has been negotiating a similar accord with Britain pending outcome of the Windscale inquiry.

Howls from the U.S. The response of the Carter Ad­ ministration to Windscale has been muted howls of protest. The U.S. so far has implemented the policy recommendations of the Ford The Windscale plant in Cumbria: Parliament says yes

FUSION 17 Special Report

Upgrade The U.S. Breeder Program ft*ft*»iL.W/*

(1) The U.S. will not have adequate nun lear reactor material to weaponry. FEF Policy Statement energy supplies in the near future and Over the past two years, the U.S. cannot realize the necessary econ­ fast breeder program has deliberately On Clinch River omic benefits of large-scale nuclear been thrown into a state of disarray by exports, unless research programs the Schlesinger forces in the ad­ The energy policy of the Fusion achieve solutions closing the nuclear ministration and President Carter's Lnergy Foundation specifies an im­ fuel cycle with rapid development of susceptibility to their zero-growth mediate crash program in thermo­ fuel reprocessing (tfy 1980)' and a programs. It is high time for Congress nuclear research and development commercial plutonium breeder to make a reassessment of the plus full use of the most advanced reactor (by the late 1980s). situation and get this country back on fission technologies to ensure (2) As a result of past delays in the the track of development and world adequate energy resources to take us U.S. program and vigorous efforts by technological leadership. To do this, to a fusion-based economy in the other nations, which have moved it is necessary first to review the 1990s. This policy statement on the ahead of the U.S., the Clinch River history of the U.S. Liquid Metal Fast U.S. fast breeder program was project has to be upgraded or super­ Breeeer Reactor (LMFBR) program prepared by FFF nuclear engineer Ion seded with more advanced over the past 10 years relative to the Gilbertson and was circulated on technology if the US is to regain a rest of the world. Capitol Hill in early April. leading position in nuclear tech­ The early planning stages of the nology Clinch River project were initiated in Introduction (3) The upgrade policy must be 1968-69, at a time when most other An old proverb goes, "When you're implemented immediately. U.S. leading nuclear nations were either given only two choices, always take breeder efforts must not be "studied" planning or just beginning construc­ the third " That is what Congress and to death under the rubric of environ­ tion of similar prototype demon­ the administration must do to solve mental, strategic, or other cautions. stration plants. Prior to this time, the the crisis of the US breeder reactor rhe available options are well known, United States had built and,operated program This crisis is now focused on and final policy can be effectively four different fast-breeder-related test the decision of whether to go ahead determined in a few months. reactors of relatively small size. This with or terminate the Clinch River (4) It is critical to keep the entire gave the US an undisputed world Breeder Reactor Program. Clinch River staff (as well as staff from lead in LMFBR development. That The I usion Energy Foundation has all other major nuclear projects) process began in the early ^Os with drafted this policy statement for intact while upgrading is underway. the 0.2 MWe Experimental Breeded immediate enactment and im­ (5) The upgrading, by incor­ Reactor-1 (EBR-1), followed in plementation by Congress and the porating "proliferation-proof" succession by EBR-2 (20 MWe), the administration It is designed to save processes and consolidating Enrico Fermi Fast Breeder Reactor (66 the nation's future nuclear capabil­ cooperation among the nuclear MWe), and the Southwest Ex­ ities by breaking the deadlock on the powers, can better achieve the goal of perimental Fast Oxide Reactor (20 breeder issue. The essential policy secure fuel supplies for all nations MWe), all three coming into criteria upon which it is based are as while further minimizing the already operation in the late 1960s. •follows: small possibility of diversion of Also in the mid-1960s, the design of

18 FUSION a large last reactor fuel test facility France, the United Kingdom, and the on the drawing boards and waiting for (FFTF-400 MWt) was initiated, with Soviet Union, already have 250-350 a go-ahead on construction that is 1 construction beginning in 1970." This MWe prototype LMFBRs in operation, expected this year. reactor, after many delays,' is nov\i which are simitar in size to the Clinch expected to begin operations nexf River plant Some of these reactors Surpassing The U.S. year In the late 1%0s, when Clinch have been operating for several years; West Germany and japan both have River was conceived, the U.S. was the French Phenix achieved full power a very active prototype demonstration without a doubt leading the world in in 1974, over four years ago The plant project and also will probably this advanced technology and was irt Soviet BN-350 fincflly achieved full surpass the United States if the US an excellent position to maintain that power in mid-1976 after a few years of program is not quickly moved for­ lead. reduced power operation because of ward. The German SNR-300 is well In the 1970-1972 period the Clinch steam generator problems, while the into the late stages of construction 1 River program was put together as a British PFR reached full power and is scheduled for start-up in 1980 joint government-utility industry operation in early 1977. The design for Japan last initiated construction of its project with official joint venture the French, British, and Soviet LMFBR 300 MWe Monju reactor which should agreements signed in 1972. By the end plants had to be reworked in several achieve start-up in 1985 Both of 1972, Westinghouse had beerj problem areas, particularly the in­ countries, of course, have com­ chosen as the prime reactor con­ termediate heat exchangers and steam mercial-size reactors planned to come tractor with Burns and Roe, Inc . the generator, but now these three plants on-line in the late 1980s. are working well, and a wealth of architect-engineer for the projecti It should be emphasized that these valuable design information .. and Final reactor design started at that countries are committed to fuel maintenance experience has been time. The next four years saw a series reprocessing and therefore, an gained which will make all future of licensing-related delays that economic and efficient closed fuel designs that much better essentially prevented the initiation of cycle. The fast breeder, as all these any serious construction. The pasf As would be expected, the governments know, is an essential two years have been a nightmare of Europeans also have a commitment to part of this closed cycle These administration sabotage The Clinch commercial size LMFBRs and are governments therefore see the recent River project is now on the verge of aggressively pursuing the design and "antiproliferation" actions of the U.S. destruction and the U.S. LMFBR construction of these plants. The first as preposterous and stupid. program is falling farther and farther commercial plant, the Soviet Union's The plutonium to start up the first behind the rest of the world BN-600, is scheduled for start-up this generation fast breeders must come year while construction on the larger from the spent fuel rods of the light Foreign Breeder Programs 1,200 MWe French Super-Phenix plant water fission reactors via the fuel In the same 10-year period all other started in 1976 and is scheduled for a reprocessing plants. Therefore, a leading nuclear nations have taken ort 1982 start-up. France has now sched­ parallel commitment to develop such aggressive fast breeder development uled the start of construction of two commercial facilities is an absolute programs. At least three nations have additional Super-Phenix type LMFBRs requirement well understood by these surpassed the US. while two more of a 1,500 MWe. size for 1980. The nations. For example, the government threaten to do so in the near future British CFR-1, a 1,300 MWe plant, is of Great Britain has recently decided

FUSION 19 to greatly expand its Windscale maintain a strong breeder option." target date for beginning of con­ reprocessing plant so that the plant At this late date calling the breeder struction in 1984 at the latest. This <. an handle not only its own spent fuel an option is like saying that producing will enable factoring into the design but a portion of the rest of the world's food in the US in the 1980s is op­ the information and experience fuel as well. France has similar tional gained from the first two years of reprocessing, capabiliites and is now Schlesinger's March 17 statement is Clinch River operation. This com­ expanding its La Hague facility, lapan almost identical with similar policy mercial demonstration plant will also just committed itself to a second statements that passed my desk 15 take into account all the design and reprocessing plant, this one a 1,500 years ago at General Electric when operating knowledge accumulated in metric ton'year unit, which is large serious work on commercial breeders the foreign breeder programs. Such a enough to service nearly 40 light was beginning in this country. At that plant wiH be essentially an American- water reactors of 1,000 MWe each. time the second round of 1,000 MWe designed and developed breeder and The Soviet Union has similar commercial LMFBR design studies would come on line in the 1990-1991 capabilities and West Germany is was just getting underway, involving period committed to constructing them in all the major U.S. reactor manu­ The second option is a bit more the future. facturers. Schlesinger's policy takes tricky and more of an economic risk To indicate the confidence these the U.S. back to ground zero again than the first; however, in the long countries have in their breeder with no energy commitment to the run it may cost less and provide a programs, the latest estimates of future. commercial LMFBR sooner It is number of commercial breeders to be What the U.S. Must Do generally well known among installed by the year 2000 are: Congress has only two choices knowledgeable people in the nuclear France, 15, Germany, 7; and the before it at this time. It can move industry that because of the six to United Kingdom, 8 Several of these immediately into the construction of eight year delay in the Clinch River breeders, especially for France, are the Clinch River Breeder Reactor program and the rapid acceleration of expected to be export sales while simultaneously developing a foreign breeder programs. Clinch commercial design of the 1,000-1,500 River is a somewhat outdated design Where Is the United States? MWe size for a commitment to and in some respects does not now What is the situation in the United construction in the early 1980s; or represent what is thoiight to be proto­ States? Almost two years ago, all redesign the Clinch River Breeder typical of a commercial plant For funds for commercial breeder design Reactor into a more updated and example, its breeding ratio is studies were canceled by the admin­ larger plant based on the experience too low, its doubling time too high, istration, bringing to a halt the joint gained in the foreign breeder and its steam generators are out­ ERDA-Electric Power Research Insti­ programs as well as in the United moded All of these factors tend to tute projects that were then in States, with a firm commitment to reduce its economic incentive and progress This terminated all commer­ begin construction of this plant in one benefits if commercial reactor criteria cial-oriented LMFBR design activity to two years after preliminary designs are applied as the basis for judgment. tor the major reactor manufacturers in are completed. This plant would be a However, a prototype LMFBR should this country. After 30 years of LMFBR near-commercial size demonstration not be judged only by its economic development in the United States, we plant and therefore would bypass the characteristics. One of the most now have no plans for its commercial smaller 300-400 MWe prototype important purposes of such plants is introduction — while the rest of the reactors such as Phenix BN-350, and to prove that safety requirements can world moves quickly forward! PFR which are already operating. be met and that it can operate suc­ cessfully at high load factors. Clinch The decimation of the breeder Both options require that Congress River was designed with these criteria proper of course is an objective that break the stalemate on spent nuclear in mind, as were the other prototype has been stated several times by the fuel reprocessing and make a firm plants thet are now in operation. Department of Energy head, James commitment to move forward with None of these reactors produces elec­ Schlesinger In his proposal March 17, the Barnwell, S.C. reprocessing trical power at competitive prices. which has now been adopted into a facility as well as others. This job is left up to the more ad­ legislative amendment by Rep. Walter The first option is straightforward vanced and larger commercial Flowers, chairman of the sub­ and consists simply of implementing varieties. committee on fossil and nuclear fuels, and accelerating the already existing Schlesinger calls for the termination Clinch River Breeder program for a otf Clinch River while pursuing design 1984-1985 start-up date. However, An American Super-Phenix studies on alternate breeder concepts this must be further tied to a firm However, with this in mind, and the of a larger size. He clearly states commitment and schedule for fact that LMFBR technology has that "It is premature to commit to development of a commercial sized advanced considerably since the build such a facility, but intensified LMFBR Design studies of this com­ Clinch River project was initiated in studies and design efforts will give the mercial plant should commence im­ 1972, it may be appropriate to start base program the direction needed to mediately in fiscal year 1979 with a with a new design and go directly to a

20 FUSION near-commercial size fast breeder in The plant described here will be a facilities for fast breeder fuel should the 650-900 MWe range. This plant, more efficient, optimized breeder be immediately initiated so that they called here the Commercial Demon­ than Clinch River and therefore more are available when breeders begin stration Breeder Reactor, would be economical per megawatt of power coming on line in significant num­ built on the Clinch River site and produced. It does potentially run a bers The CIVEX facility is essentially would rely heavily on the experience greater financial risk (if it fails) since it "proliferation-proof." It therefore can gained from the foreign prototype is larger by two times than Clinch be readily exported to any country breeder designs and operating ex­ River and therefore has a higher total that needs a facility or can be built as perience as well as the up-to-date cost. However, reliance on foreign international centers information from the U.S. program. In experience can reduce that risk The U S needs no more alternative fact, this plant is likely to be an considerably since the safety and study contracts! LMFBRs have been American version of the French Super- most of the operating risks have studied nearlv to Ueath in the US and Phenix reactor — a plant for which at already been resolved in their Schlesinger is planning to complete least two U.S. reactor manufacturers prototype plants. the |ob The thorium cvcle is not an have been attempting to obtain alternative to the uranium cycle. It licensing arrangements for over the Fuel Reprocessing instead must be developed in series past four years. Finally, as part of its nuclear with and as an integral part of the This, or some similarly conceived package, Congress must move for­ uranium cycle Plutonium-fueled fast reactor, could be designed within a ward the development and con­ breeder reactors are the only one to two year period and be ready struction of fuel reprocessing plants in economically feasible method to for construction no later than mid- the U.S. and complete the job of bring the thorium cycle into 1980 given the appropriate U.S. com­ closing the fuel cycle Preliminary existence. mitments and foreign agreements results from the International Nuclear Congress have all the answers and The plant could then be in operation Fuel Cycle Evaluation, a 44-nation, ammunition needed to justify a total by 1987 at the latest — two to three two-year study started in 1977 upon U.S. commitment to nuclear power years later than Clinch River is ex­ President Carter's request, have and the fast breeder reactor A revived pected on line according to the already confirmed that the study will awareness of the direct connection current schedule. Most of the Clinch come out with a firm recom­ between energy, nuclear power, U.S. River reactor components should be mendation for the uranium-plutonium exports, and our economy is completed and tested in the sodium fuel cycle. It is imperative that becoming evident publicly in the test facilities in order to gain this Congress do its part by giving the recent statements of some admin­ valuable test data, while the rest of green light and funding for con­ istration members. It is now time to the Clinch River design team should struction of national and inter­ make this awareness concrete by remain intact and be put to work on national Purex reprocessing centers supporting a fast breeder program this new project. for light water reactor fuel such as the similar to that outlined here. The This plant will depend on working Barnwell facility. Furthermore, the world is asking for the US to act out the appropriate information development of CIVEX reprocessing quickly. exchange programs with France, the Soviet Union, or Britain. In addition, licensing arrangements between these countries and the U.S. reactor manu­ facturers will have to be completed. Read the Historic Argument As for the nation-to-nation technical exchange agreements, this should That Won the Supreme Court present no problem since several similar arrangements have already Case for Nuclear Po werl been signed. In 1977, the Soviet Union and France, and France and The American Republic is unique among the West Germany signed such Western nations in that it is the only country founded agreements. Prior to that, France had on an explicit commitment to scientific progress..." entered into agreements on Super- Phenix with a consortium of European The U.S. Labor Party's amicus countries including Italy, Belgium, curiae brief to the Supreme Court Switzerland, and West Germany. in the Consumers Power Com­ Such arrangements with the U.S. pany v. Aeschliman etal. $5.50 should include our offering of infor­ Mail checks to (including postage and handling) Special bulk rates mation on fusion and fusion-fission Campaigner Publications 231 West 29th Street 100 copies or more — 40 percent otl research since the U.S. is far ahead of New York New York 10001 500 copies or more — 50 percent oft Europe in these areas.

FUSION 21 A solar printing press, circa 1878 Solar Energy Is a Hoax by Eric Lerner

Al rHOUGH THE ZERO-GROWTH environmentalists Solar energy is so expensive because it is so very diffuse, have concocted a litany of sun worship to convince red- requiring vast amounts of material and labor for its blooded Americans that they will like returning to the collection happy, quiet life our ancestors enjoyed in the Age of Fire­ On earth, the average available solar energy amounts to wood, the plain fact is that solar energy is a fraud. It is the 200 watts per square meter. By comparison, the energy most impracticable and expensive method of energy- density in a conventional fossil fuel generator is 10 million generation known watts per square meter or 50,000 times more. The energy I et's look at the basic assertion of the sun-worshippers — density of nuclear energy, both fission and fusion, is still that solar energy is "cheap" or even "free" energy. higher. The cost of any energy source depends fundamentally on Typical prosolar "science" articles such as physicist the energy density of that source. That is, the more energy I rank Von Hippel's in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists* that passes through a given collecting surface per unit of carefully avoid exactly this crucial point. This is scarcely time, the less material, labor, and capital will be needed to surprising since solar energy is in fact at least 10 times as collect a given amount of energy. ( ostly as any other energy source.

FUSION Let's take as an example a solar energy collector capable Thus, Commoner science tells us that solar energy is of supplying New York City with the 10,000 megawatts of cheaper and more efficient than nasty, dirty radioactive electrical demand it now requires nuc lear power. Using the most efficient designs (which focus sunlight The actual efficiency of any energy system is just the from thousands of huge mirrors on a boiler to generate opposite of Commoner's wonderful new "Second Law electricity), maximum conversion efficiencies of 30 per­ efficiency." The higher the temperature of the source of cent could be achieved, or 60 watts of produced power for energy,, relative to the surrounding environment, the every square meter of mirror. For 10,000 megawatts, 160 greater the efficiency of energy production and use, square kilometers of mirrors would be required Including regardless of the eventual end use temperature The reader access roads and other space, a total of about 320 square can test this concept by imagining the energy required to kilometers or 130 square miles (more than one-third the heat the water for his shower, if the flame heating it were total area of New York City) would have to be used for this only a few degrees above the temperature desired, as glass pyramid! Approximately 4 million tons of glass, steel, compared with the quick heating of a boiler flame. and concrete would be consumed in its construction and Evidently in the first case it would be a long wait for a more than 1 million man-years of labor would be required shower — most of the heat would be wasted heating the The minimum capital requirements would be $700 billion. environment — while in the other case the water would be By comparison, nuclear energy for all of New York City's quickly heated with little heat wasted electricity supply would cost less than $10 billion If we Thus, solar energy, with its low temperatures cannot went whole hog and attempted to convert the US totally reach much above 20 percent efficiency (at best), while to solar energy, as Von Hippel suggests, the result would f ission operating at thousands of degrees can reach up to 50 be even more economically fantastic

•Frank Von Hippel. Toward a Solar Civilization." Bulletin ot Atomic Scientists (October 1977). The Poverty of Barry Commoner " Barry Commoner The Poverty of Power. (New York: Bantam 1976). The chief guru of the sun worshippers, Dr. Barry Commoner, has perpetuated the lie that solar energy is (heap in his very unscientific book, The Poverty of Power '' which serves as the environmentalist bible As a oriel review of Commoner's assertions will show, this guru is either a charlatan or a conscious liar; there is no other way to explain his erroneous views To take just two examples, Commoner asserts that solar energy is more efficient than nuclear power and that it will create more jobs i Commoner begins with the question of efficiency and immediately makes totai hash out of physics The basis of our scientific knowledge of energy, he says, is the famous Second Law Of Thermodynamics. According to this law, the universe is running down, increasing disorder and en­ tropy. Every time we use energy, we reduce its ability to do work. Therefore, Commoner sagely concludes, we must use as little as possible, and use energy as efficiently as possible. But we have not understood how to measure efficiency in a way consistent with the famous Second Law We need a new measure of efficiency — Second Law efficiency Using this wonderful new measure of efficiency, Com­ moner arrives at a most astonishing conclusion — the closer the temperature of the source of energy is to the temperature of the end use of energy, the more efficient is the use of energy. Therefore, Commoner scientifically con­ cludes, it is highly inefficient to use a fission reactor, or even worse a fusion reactor, to produce energy at thousands or even millions of degrees, when that energy goes only to let's say, heat a house at a few tens of degrees All those degrees will be wasted! However, it is highly efficient to use solar energy, which arrives at the earth very diffusely and at low temperature, to do the same task

Dr. Barry Commoner

FUSION 23 $100 BILLION INVESTMENT IN SOLAR VS HARD TECHNOLOGIES

Solar Plan Investment Jobs Input Replacement Energy Net Energy Growth Percent Energy Growth Net New Jobs

Hard Technology Plan Investment Jobs Input Replacement Energy Net Energy Growth Percent Energy Growth Net New Jobs

MBDE—million barrels per day equivalent GW—gigawatts electricity

A solarolar societysociet) is not a sunny future. As the table shows, a $100 billion investment in solar technologies would take away iboth jobs and energy. Left: Environmentalists are teaching these Nile Valley villagers how to enjoy a solar campfire insteacid of modern technology.

percent efficiency, and fusion operating at tens of millions productive waste, thus destroying the ability of the pop­ of degrees can potentially reach 90-95 percent efficiency. ulation to survive. Just as the building of the original pyramids diverted Commoner and Cheops work from maintenance of irrigation infrastructure and led Commoner also raises at length a favorite argument of to the inevitable collapse of food production and the solar advocates: Solar energy has a low labor pro­ population, so the building of solar pyramids would divert ductivity and is labor intensive, and the more labor inten­ resources from the maintenance and expansion of our real sive a technology is, the more employment is created. energy supplies, leading to a similar but more rapid Commoner goes even further to say that the basic reason collapse of American society. for our present economic crisis, with its mass unem­ In short, solar energy represents a program for negative ployment and shortages of capital, is too much technology. reproduction — a shrinking, not a growing economy. If we The fact is that any program to "create jobs" by lowering compare two overall investment programs, one for $100 labor productivity will necessarily lower per capita con­ billion a year in solar technology, another for the same sumption at the same time, bringing it back to and below amount in fossil and nuclear fuels, the point is summarized the levels of the last depression. What creates jobs is the neatly (see table). If we invest this money in hard tech­ supplying of more energy for the faster growth rates nology and cheap energy, we not only maintain our energy required by an expanding economy. supplies, but make them grow at 18 percent a year. The We apply the basic measure of self-expansion: the new factories that can run on that energy will employ in a question is how many workers are used to create how much single year more than 7 million new workers, enough to energy, which in turn creates how many new jobs? The nearly wipe out the unemployment problem. And these are better energy source is one that has the highest job repro­ real jobs, jobs producing for the Third World and the ad­ duction. vanced countries, making more goods and services, fueling If mere job creation were the aim, then why not go whole a boom that can raise the entire world population to U.S. hog and simply build regular, old-fashioned stone standards of living in a decade. pyramids, rather than Commoner's glass ones for solar But if we invest the same money, and a 10 times larger energy? Pyramids have an even more labor-intensive ratio work force in solar, we will not even get enough energy out of jobs per unit of energy produced — they, produce no to maintain our present supplies. The resulting energy energy at all! And what, after all, is basically wrong with shortage would in a year create an increase in unem­ building pyramids today? The exact same thing that was ployment of 4 million workers. Solar energy is a wrong with them when some early Barry Commoner first prescription for instant depression. suggested the idea to Cheops. They divert essential labor Since anyone who can add and subtract will not buy the from the reproduction and expansion of the society to non­ feasibility of solar energy on earth, sun worshippers have

_M FUSION also developed the "high technology" variant of solar in space. Two former physicists, Dr. Philip Claser and Dr. Gerald K. O'Neill have been thumping for this particular fantasy for the last two years. The theory here is that solar energy in space is about eight times more intense than on earth because of the absence of cloud cover, night, and atmospheric absorption. Therefore, presumably, it would be cheaper. The only problem is getting the collectors out there. Claser takes the direct approach, suggesting that solar power stations be launched directly into orbit from earth to then beam the energy back in the form of microwaves. The economics of this scheme, however, are actually worse than the economics of earth-based solar energy. O'Neill recognizes the shortcomings of his colleague's scheme and has therefore proposed an even more am­ bitious one in his book. The High Frontier.* O'Neill wants to build the solar power stations in space colonies orbiting around the earth, thus saving the cost of blasting them up there. According to O'Neill, we first should spend $100 billion to set up a small mining operation on the moon that would send raw materials to a point in space equidistant from the earth and moon, where a huge space satellite housing 10,000 people would be constructed. These indus­ trious people, equipped with hyperautomated technology would be expected to build one 10,000 megawatt solar station for earth use each year and to double the size of their lunar base By doubling every year, within 20 to 30 years of the start of the program, the U.S. would be wholly solar-powered. O'Neill arrives at the astonishing conclusion that the A drawing of solar cell power stations. Dr. Glaser's energy thereby produced would be cheaper than that "cheap solar energy" space project would cost about $2 produced by current methods, because only the first $100 trillion a year, about twice the cost of a similar monstrosity billion would be invested; after this the colonies would be on earth. wholly self-sufficient. O'Neill is able to arrive at this pre­ posterous conclusion because he assumes practically total automation of the space colonies. Human labor is allocated solar generators, and thus would be five times cheaper to only for building df new colonies and the solar power make in space. Ordinary fission reactors have energy station, and even this is assumed to be efficient and densities as high as 200 kilowatts per ton and would be productive. Naturally, if virtually unlimited productivity is cheaper still. And advanced fusion svstems might well assumed, any contraption produced under those ideal have energy densities as high as 10,000. kilowatts per conditions, no matter how inefficient, would be very ton and would be far cheaper still. O'Neill could much cheap improve the economics of this scheme it he used h\perautomation to produce orbiting fission or fusion Pie in the Sky plants rather than solar plants. There are a few problems with O'Neill's assumption. But why stop here? Why not bring his wonderful auto­ First, there is the fact that no conceivable combination of mated colony down to earth and use it to build fusion and foreseeable automation technologies could make a com­ fission reactors here? That would save the $100 billion munity of as few as 10,000 or even 10 million people, self- investment in lunar mining and get the whole thing done a sufficient at anywhere near a modern standard of living, let lot faster and a lot cheaper alone the technological level of a space colony. An enor­ mously more complex division of labor involving billions of tr:c Lerner is director of physics research for the Fusion people would be required. Energy I nundation. But, for the sake of argument, let us assume that such Tprs article was adapted from features by the author that wonderful automation could be developed in the immed­ appeared m New Solidarity newspaper Nov. 22, 1977 and iate future. It still remains paradoxical why O'Neill chooses Feb. m, ;yr« <$ to use these production technologies to make solar space stations. Current fusion reactor designs have energy 'Gerald K. O'Neill The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space (New densities of about 75 kilowatts per ton, five times that of York: Morrow. 1977).

FUSION To the Editor: It has been my misfortune to receive the December-January issue of Fusion. Contained therein is a hysterical diatribe from Carol White. I find this type of journalism offensive, and totally out of keeping with any pretense of objectivity, essential in a "scientific" journal I am unable to lend support to this type of propaganda, and wish my subscription terminated.

M.Minks Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany I ebruary 6, 1978

Science Is Politics by Carol White

Editor's Note This article by Carol White is an extended reply to the letter to the editor from Dr. M. Minks, which is reprinted above. White's original article, "The Royal Society," appeared in Fusion magazine in the Dec.-Ian. 1977-1978 issue. The editors encourage further comments from readers on this and on other issues raised in the magazine.

Dear Dr. Minks: Your letter is worthy of reply for precisely those reasons that made my original article on the Royal Society so ob­ jectionable to you. You are angry, in fact enraged. My article appears to scream at you. "A hysterical diatribe," you write, and then you retaliate, at least in your imagination, by fastidiously tearing it to bits and then flushing it away, along with Fusion magazine to boot. I shall reply to your assertion that my exposure of the hoax of Isaac Newton is propaganda and not documented fact, but first we must clear a few things out of the way. You are angry. I do not deprecate that anger out of hand. After all, you did subscribe to Fusion magazine, which suggests at least some previous acquaintance with its contents. You had probably read the editorial statement in the October-November 1977 issue, "The Antiscience Mob," where the editors state that they intend to counter the attacks on science To quote from the editorial:

The current attacks on science occur at another critical point when humanity B faced with a choice between continued progress or economic and poli­ tical collapse Once again financier interests, grouped around slogans like "too much technology," are out to destroy the practice of advanced science as well as the very idea of progress.

That stated editorial policy, along with the extra­ ordinarily exciting general coverage of advanced tech­ nologies and research at the frontiers of biology and plasma physics, must have influenced your purchase of a subscription in the first place Yet, now you feel betrayed. I suggest that you bought Fusion because you are a scientist and a teacher; that you are appalled and dismayed at the calculated attack upon science by succubi such as PIRG (the Public Interest Research Croup) and similar Naderite institutions that are now contaminating our campuses and our national life You must look with horror at newspaper headlines that insinuate to the gullible that a human male infant was produced from the cell on a man's arm, headlines that are used as a pretext to justify the cutoff of funds for necessary research in the areas of recombinant DNA and cancer^related changes in phys­ iology. That's why you feel betrayed. Because you regard the Naderite scum as politico! intruders in the properly ob­ jective domain of pure science. "Science is objective; keep politics out." This is your defense against the en­ vironmentalist scum But it won't work, precisely because the environ­ mentalist movement was profiled to play on just these prejudices about so-called objectivity that were drummed into scientists like you in a previous period: "Hypothesis non tingo." As early as the post-World Wat I days, Bertrand Russell was seeking to enrage the war-weary population against the alleged immorality of the practice of pure science Who was responsible for World War I? According to the lying Russell it was the scientists who made weapons technology possible No! Laying claim to the proper objectivity of scientists will not rid us of the parasites whp are trying to destroy our nation by obliterating our constitutional commitment to science and progress. Only the most spirited frontal assault on these liars'can lout the antiscience mob once and for all.

The Dividing Line Let's get something straight Science in its essence is politics. From as far back as we can trace human history there have been two factions: one a humanist faction, city builders who understood that only by continually ex­ panding scientific and technologic capability could they preserve the human race, and at the same time create the basis for expanded human population potential; the other, a collection of oligarchic families concerned primarily to maintain their pretensions to political power no matter but Newton —established the basis for a lawfully ordered what the cost to the subject populations whom they sought picture of the physical universe. We must believe that to control. or...we are called hysterical. This is the dividing line that defines real politics. Of That's your word, Dr. Minks, but it is also the principal course, many people don't understand it. Therefore, they feature of every authoritative treatment of the great Sir are frequently duped and fooled and led to act against Isaac their own best interest and that of their family and their The Truth About Sir Isaac Newton nation. The truth is that Newton's major accomplishment was Every scientist is a humanist; not every inhabitant of a not even the establishment of an inverse square grav­ laboratory, but every real scientist. His daily practice is itational law. Such law was an obvious extrapolation from precisely directed to the expansion of human population Kepler's laws, as Hooke, among others, pointed out. potential. Newton's accomplishment was to situate that law within The oligarch, on the contrary, sees mankind as a form­ the same corpuscular setting as his theory of light and that less mass that must be controlled and manipulated to of his mentor, Robert Boyle. Not only is the apple as a serve his species interest. Therefore, a scientist must be whole attracted to the earth according to the inverse anathema to an oligarch; the scientist is the living instan­ square law, but so are its core and its pips, viewed indi­ tiation that man is not an animal to be herded. vidually. In other words, Newton extended the Archi­ The self-identity of a practicing scientist who locates his medean treatment of center-of-gravity, which was a sense of accomplishment in his ability to expand the principle feature of the work of Galileo, Stevins, Pascal, et domain of human practical experience is the secular al. to the case of planetary motion. His purpose was to counterpart of the religious notion of the soul. The true justify the anti-Archimedean, Aristotelian notion that the Christian krjows that man is divine only when he strives to primary existent is not the universe as a whole, the particle bring his fellow man out of the muck of dumb animal and the field viewed as a collectivity, but the particle as existence. Remember, Christ was a doctor. such, in contrast to the field. The individual who locates the core of his existence as That the apple as a whole falls to earth is merely the existence for humanity inherently is scientifically oriented. happy outcome of the tendencies of its composite atoms He naturally will tend to subsume his particular area of to fall. In other words, as Hobbes would say, the apple inquiry within a unified field conception. He will find the itself is only a Phantasm. I shall demonstrate that this is notion of a self-developing universe congenial. His own not a mere quibble by quoting at length from the Prin­ creative practice will be the final unassailable proof of the ciples. capacity of that process of self-development. The purpose of the publication of the Principles was not Aha! you say. That shows that White is hysterical. the useful but secondary center-of-gravity calculations of Doesn't she know that almost every reputable scientist Book I, and certainly not the contents of Book II, an em­ today rejects the possibility of a unified field theory barrassing collection of erroneous formulations on fluid because of the quantum paradoxes? dynamics. It was written for its attack in Book III on the lust so! That's why it was absolutely necessary that I humanist scientific networks, whose leading members write the article, "The Royal Society." Countless were Leibniz, Huyghens, and the Bernoullis. Simply amal­ generations of scientists have been disoriented gamate the antiscientific world view of the factional allies deliberately by their political enemies, the oligarchs of Hobbes, Locke, and Newton and the following world Even an avowedly fascist oligarchy needs scientists, so picture emerges: Only motion and extension are primary long as it maintains any military pretensions. But it cannot qualities. Sight, sound, and tactile qualities are only afford scientists who freely reflect upon their own practice apparent attributes of an object; but we know objects only to draw the appropriate antifascist conclusions. Depend­ as they are sensibly apparent to us. Therefore, we do not ing upon circumstances, an oligarchic tendency that has know objects. won political power will control scientific output, allowing In other words: It's OK to be a scientist as long as you more or less money for research and development, more or admit that you cannot really be a scientist since you less for basic education. cannot know anything about the world. Or, as it is often It will not — and cannot — however, allow humanist put, "You think because you're a scientist you are specially epistemology to exist. Therefore Aristotle's attack upon the qualified to urge a fusion-oriented energy policy. Watch it, Platonic academy. Therefore Newton's attack on Leibniz. buddy! Don't get too big for your britches." (It is not accidental that Newton, who repudiated all hypo­ To quote from Sir Isaac in Book III of the Principles: thesis, gratuitously insisted on the real existence of Aris­ totle's center of the universe). In the preceding books I have laid down the To read Newton's The Mathematical Principles of principles of philosophy; principles not philo­ Natural Philosophy* invokes the incredulity of Marlowe's sophical, but mathematical... It remains that, from Dr. Faustus when he saw Helen of Troy; "Is this the face the same principles, I now demonstrate the frame of that sank a thousand ships?" the System of the World...For since the qualities of We are demanded to believe that Newton — not Kepler, bodies are only known to us by experiments, we are the discoverer of the laws of elliptical planetary orbits. to hold for universal all such as are not liable to

28 FUSION diminution, can never be quite taken away. We are certainly not to relinquish the evidence of experi­ ments for the sake of dreams and vain fictions of our own devising; nor are we to recede from the analogy of Nature, which uses to be simple, and always consonant to itself. We no other way know the extension of bodies than by our senses, nor do these reach it in all bodies; but because we perceive exten­ sion in all that are sensible, therefore we ascribe it universally to all others also. That abundance of bodies are hard, we learn by experience; and because the hardness of the whole arises from the hardness of the parts, we therefore justly infer the hardness of the undivided particles not only of the bodies we feel but of all others. That all bodies are impenetrable, we gather not from reason, but from sensation .** The bodies which we handle we find im­ penetrable, and thence conclude impenetrability to be an universal property of all bodies whatsoever. That all bodies are movable, and endowed with certain powers (which we call the vires inertiae) of preserving in their motion, or in their rest, we only infer from the like properties observed in the bodies which we have seen. The extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and vires inertiae of the whole, result from the extension, hardness, and vires inertiae of the parts; and thence we conclude the least particles of all bodies to be also all extended, and hard and impenetrable, and movable, and endowed with their own proper vires inertiae. And this is the foundation of ail philosophy [emphasis added).... In experimental philosophy we are to look upon Sir Isaac Newton: "Hypothesis non fingo." propositions collected by general induction from phenomena as accurately or very nearly true not­ withstanding any contrary hypothesis that may be Being. . This Being governs all things, not as the soul imagined, till such times as other phenomena occur, of the world, but as Lord over all; and on account of by which they may either be made more accurate, or his dominion he is wont to be called Lord Cod. ...for liable to exceptions. This rule we must follow, that Universal Ruler, for Cod is a relative word, and has a the argument of induction may not be evaded by respect to servants; and Deity is the dominion of hypothesis. God not over his own body, as those imagine who fancy God to be the soul of the world, but over Newton's Credible Threat servants But a being, however perfect, without The duplicity of Newton is documented even by staunch dominion cannot be said to be Lord God; for we say, Newtonian defenders like I. Bernard Cohen.t The my God, your God, the God of Israel, the God of operation is akin to the stance of the schoolyard bully and Gods, and Lord of Lords; but we do not say my his "credible threat." My bluff worked before, the bully Eternal, your Eternal, the Eternal of Israel, the says, and you better believe it will keep on working; that Eternal of Gods, we do not say, my Infinite, or my is, until a small but tough kid unexpectedly introduces the Perfect: these are titles which have no respect to toe of reality into the back end of the bully's blubber. servants. Is Newton's ethos that of the bully, the credible threat? Look at the ethics he projects onto God. Newton ends the Principles with the famous General Scholium, from which I ' Sir Isaac Newton, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy quote: (New York: The New York Philosophical Society. 1964). "'N.B.: Not reason, but dumb sense certainty is the foundation of Newton's epistemology. This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and t !. Bernard Cohen. Franklin and Newton. (Cambridge. Mass: Harvard comets, could only proceed from the counsel and University Press. 1964). dominion of an intelligent and powerful I Omitted here is the Greek etymology.

FUSION 29 Can you deny. Dr. Minks, that this is the credo of a house servant to the British oligarchy and the House of Orange, then monarch? Can you deny the snide pleasure which Sir Isaac took from his jibe at Leibniz:"We do not say my perfect." What do you, heir to Ben Franklin, say to this man who demands of you the mentality of a servant to the British monarchy? Don't you, with us, recognize the divinity of a scientist who, like Leibniz, struggles for perfection in this world as the surrogate for an omnipotent Cod, who ex­ presses both his potency and his goodness in wilful inter­ vention to achieve transfinitely greater levels of perfection within and for the evolving universe? Perhaps you draw back at another implication of my article With the scientific worldview so viciously under attack by environmentalists, can we afford to undermine the authority of science by attacking the great Newton? Even if Newton perpetrated a hoax on the credulous of his day isn't it better to maintain a myth of his greatness? No! Science is not a body of facts, nor a housewife's card file of successful recipes. Science is the practice of a body of men who are continuously refining and amplifying a body of hypotheses that they test both for internal consistency and for applicability to emerging technology. Science is the offspring from the mind of the scientist. There is no way to educate a next generation of scientists to the critically necessary task of realizing the potential of a fusion-based technology while deliberately dulling and befuddling their critical capacity with what are no less Like the alchemists he and his Royal Society friends than lies. developing universe. Above, The Alchemist by Peter

Occultism Versus Field Theory Newton's apologists claim that Newton actually had a, field theory and that only his epigones believed in action- In an intended popular scientific book he worked on in at-a-distance. However, a serious look at Newton's Op- the early 1680s, Leibniz succinctly formulated this ap­ ticks show that his so-called field theory is simply an proach to unified theory, "All things seem in fact to be occultist device. fluid but merely variously folded into each other without a Newton had various alchemical references to a "field" in break in the continuity."* his works in the guise of an ether, or, as in the Scholium, It was precisely this commitment of Leibniz and to an all-pervasive spirit This spirit was the deus ex Descartes to a notion of a field that implies perfection and machina that might be substituted if people accepted a self-developing universe that Newton opposed.. Leibniz's complaint that "action-at-a-distance" re­ introduced Aristotelian occultism back into physics. The Case of Benjamin Franklin By deliberately rejecting a vortical representation of One of the nastiest jobs of Newtonian propaganda in particle-field relations along with Descartes's admittedly recent years is I Bernard Cohen's distorted treatment of wrong approximations, Newton denied the possibility of a Benjamin Franklin in his book Franklin and Newton. coherent view of the universe that did not refer in some Is this an unduly harsh characterization? At least Cohen fashion or another, of necessity, to occult forces. Al­ resurrects Franklin's importance as a scientist. Isn't his though he denied any metaphysical notion of action-at-a- comparison of Franklin to Newton merely a means to distance ("I don't hypothesize"), action-at-a-distance in establish Franklin's own credentials? A myth if you like, either the large or the small is the only logical inference of but well meant his theory. No For that to be the case we could reasonably expect Both Huyghens and Leibniz were as critical of Cohen to establish the colonial American backdrop to Descartes's cosmological theories as was Newton; none­ Franklin's work. However, this would have necessitated theless they recognized the necessity of a first order ap­ referencing Franklin's immediate scientific mentor, James proximation to field theory by exactly the fluid dynamic Logan, the American agent for the Penn family. Obviously treatment that Newton rejected. This was, in fact, the for Cohen this would have opened an ugly can of worms, immediate next step to field theory as it emerged from the for Logan maintained close touch with the Leyden Leib- work of Euler, LaPlace, LaCrange, and Poisson nizian scientific circles and he was on particularly poor

JO FUSION to research electricity. One has only to compare the ob­ sequious tone with which the English scientist Thomas Young felt it necessary to preface accounts of his dis­ coveries of the wave nature of light in 1803** to render them credible to the Royal Society (Young goes so far as to misrepresent Newton's corpuscular view of fight) with the entirely different atmosphere of the colonies as it is reflected in the Franklin-Logan correspondence.

Franklin and the Royal Society Although Franklin saw himself by-and-large as a Newtonian, nonetheless he was moved to write the following in a 1752 letter to a New York associate Cad- wallatier Colden: "it is very curious but I must "confess I am in the dark about Light. I am not satisfied with the doctrine that supposes particles of matter, called light, continually driven off from the sun's surface, with a swiftness so prodigious." (ranklin then goes on to develop Huyghens's argument against Newton's theory:

Must not the smallest particle conceivable, have with such a motion, a force exceeding that of a 24 pounder, discharged from a cannon? Must not the sun diminish exceedingly by such a waste of matter; and the planets, instead of drawing nearer to him as some have feared, recede to greater distances through the lessened attraction. Yet these particles, with this amazing motion, will not drive before admired, Newton denied the possibility of a coherent, self- them, or remove, the least and lightest dust they Bruegel the Elder, circa 1558. meet with...

Lastly, Franklin reflects on the atmosphere created terms with Newton's protege, Edmund Halley. Sig­ around the Royal Society: nificantly, Logan's work was not published by the Royal Society It was solicited by the Dutch scientific circles that It is well we are not, as poor Galileo was, subject were associated with Huygens, who was Dutch, as well as to the Inquisition for Philosophical Heresy. My with Leibniz and broader humanist networks, no doubt whispers against the orthodox doctrine, in private reaching to Spinoza. This was not the Royal Society letters, would be dangerous; but your writing and crowd printing would be highly criminal. As it is, you must Logan did not present himself as a follower of either expect some censure, but one Heretic will surely Huygens or Leibniz, although! he definitely rejected excuse another. Newton's ludicrous corpuscular theory, as did Franklin. He was an independent cuss, the sort who studied the calculus Colden had a theory of the origins of the gravitational in his 50s and taught himself Arabic at the age of 70. In field that he claimed did not controvert Newton's results, fact, in his calculus work Logan discovered that one of but merely amended them. Needless to say his work was Newton's proofs in his 1676 letter to Henry Oldenburg was printed only in continental Europe. not only incomplete but also incompetent or deliberately It would be a mistake to say that Logan or Colden or deceitful. Logan showed that the letter, which was alleged Franklin had systematic criticism of Newton or the Royal by the Royal Society to have suggested the idea of the Society To the contrary, they seemed to feel most sharply differential calculus to Leibniz, presented a supposedly that the society overlooked American work. Colden ex­ convergent series that was actually divergent. Logan also pressed typical colonial gripes such as. they're so snotty openly expressed his disgust at the campaign waged by the they'd overlook Newton if he were not praised by foreign­ Royal Society to vilify Leibniz and aggrandize Newton, a ers. campaign that went to the absurd lengths of falsifying a portrait of Newton at the age of 70 to make him appear 30. ' Leroy E Loemker. ed. Leibniz: Philosophic Papers and Letters. With his broad circle of continental contacts and fellow- (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1956). American talented amateur scientists, Logan created the ' in The Wave Theory of Light ed. Henry Crew, (New York American scientific culture in Philadelphia that encouraged Franklin Book Co.. 1968).

FUSION 31 "Every scientist is a humanist: not every )nhabitant of a laboratory, but every real scientist. His daily practice is precisely directed to the expansion of human population potential. "Above: Joseph Priestley [I] and Cadwallader Colden, both part of Franklin's humanist network.

The point is that the Americans smelled a rat and they trical theory can in no sense be considered New­ didn't accept the self-censorship, the acquiesence to tonian, despite Franklin's obvious adherence to the bureaucratic control, the obsequiousness to the Great program of inquiry and speculation set forth in Man, all of which were requisites if one was to be accepted Newton's other works. Even in the late 18th century, by the Royal Society. True, Franklin and Mather before Franklin was attacked for having departed from the him had gained admission to the society. But Franklin strict method of geometrical deduction of the thought the recognition belated and grudging, and ac­ Principia: "Hypothesis non fingo." We will have to corded only after he had achieved a significant measure of turn to other writings of Newton that Franklin read, foreign recognition through Logan and the continental and that were studied so extensively by the exper­ networks of his London friend Peter Collinson. imental scientists of the 18th century, in order to discover how the nonmathematical Franklin, with Cohen's Fraud his expressed weakness for framing hypotheses, It is possible to judge Franklin's one-fluid theory of elec­ could possibly have been a Newtonian scientist.... tricity as superficially akin to Newton's emanating spirit There can be no question about the choice of mentioned in the Scholium, although this begs the whole Benjamin Franklin as the major investigator to be quality of his work, but it is not possible to call Franklin a considered as a speculative Newtonian experimental Newtonian without stooping to ridiculous lengths. scientist, once we have adopted electricity as the Poor Richard would have smiled at Cohen's justification science to provide a cross-section of 18th-century of exactly this characterization: physical thought. No one would who makes even a superficial examination of the literature of electricity The key figure in the production of the Newtonian during the 18th century can escape the recognition science of electricity was Benjamin Franklin, and the of the commanding role of Franklin after the mid- very act of placing together the names of Franklin century and the eventual universal adoption of the and Newton indicates — as we have seen earlier — concepts and even the language that he introduced . the need for revision of some commonly held into electricity for the first time. notions about what a Newtonian science might be. If we take the Principia of Newton as our exclusive This is conscious fraud by Cohen. The other work by model of Newtonian science, then Franklin's elec­ Newton, his Opticks, contains the corpuscular theory of

S2 FUSION light with which Franklin explicitly disagreed. So Cohen is Franklin's original hypothesis about lightning, later really saying that any competent scientist who achieves amended in detail, envisaged a system that depended international recognition is by definition a Newtonian. upon clouds being charged by contact with the ocean, Rule Britannia! discharging in a chain reaction after hitting obstructions Everything else aside, it is exactly Franklin's dis­ like mountains. He conceptualized lightning as part of a agreement on the importance of hypothesis that defines complex weather cycle in which the transient electrical him as a humanist opponent to Newton, whether or not he current was related to wind currents and to the absorption fully understood this. The following is just one statement and release of water in the atmosphere. In order of of the spirit that imbues Franklin's correspondence: conception, this is very like Leibniz and Huyghens's higher-order vortices. I can not forbear venturing some few conjectures on The experimenters of this period actually worked with this occasion: they are what occur to me at present, fluorescent light effects, which they achieved by rubbing and though future discoveries should prove them not partially evacuated glass globes. One such experiment wholly right, yet they may in the meantime be of created sufficient light so that in an otherwise darkened some use, by stirring up the curious to make more room letters could be read from a distance of 10 feet. The experiments, and occasion more exact disquisitions. claim that James Clark Maxwell discovered 100 years later that electricity produces radiation is patently absurd. A discovery is not to be hoarded as a possession but is to The implications of electricity for chemical theory were be joyously shared with the scientific community. It is not appreciated fully by Franklin's English protege, Joseph an object but a stimulus to push fellow scientists to further Priestley. It is astounding, therefore, that the chemical creative activity. It is a glorious offering to the human battery, which allowed a continuous current to be race. maintained, was discovered only in 1800 after a lapse of Poor Newton with his cryptograms and presumptions! more than 50 years from Franklin's initial work. Only then Think how horrible if Newton actually did come to was it possible to systematically observe the magnetic recognize the importance of the differential calculus at the correlates of electric current flow. same time Leibniz did (by no means a likely presumption) Such a lag can be accounted for only by the political and then simply hid it spitefully, except for esoteric demands upon Franklin and the vicious attacks to which cryptographic references to fluxes and fluxions. Priestley was subject, during which his laboratory was twice destroyed and he was driven out of Britain. True, Franklin's Discoveries both men were ostensibly attacked for their commitment It is ironic that Franklin coined the term electrostatics to describe the fact that when a Leyden jar (a condenser) is charged, an equivalent but oppositely signed charge will be accumulated on each plate; that is, a zero net balance of charge will be maintained. This "static" law of con­ servation of charge summarized more than 20 years of observation by Franklin and others of the effects of trans­ ient currents. The significance of the Leyden jar was that the act of grounding it allowed charge to be accumulated. This vastly expanded the scale of possible experiments. The English experimenter Watson also discovered the relationship of positive to negative charge. In fact, both he and Franklin independently conducted the famous experiment that featured two individuals standing on insulated wax blocks, one of whom is charged by frictional contact with a "rubber" that is then discharged upon the other. This results in their ability to create sparking by touching a third person, so long as they have not touched each other first. Franklin's unique discovery was to understand that when a Leyden jar or condenser was discharged through a person holding both plates, a current passed through the in­ dividual. The generalization of this point of view to the biosphere allowed Franklin to conjecture that the Franklin's "battery" of Leyden jars. Franklin was able to discharge of lightning, also a transient current with effects, accumulate a large charge by connecting the jars to one was similar to that of the shock experienced by the person another in series, rather than grounding each one directly. holding a Leyden jar so as to close a circuit or to the visible Franklin's use of an initial static charge to charge all the spark that easily could be created by forcing the charge to jars demonstrated dynamic current flow and allowed him leap across an air gap. to observe the phenomenon of electrical resistance.

FUSION \.\ to the American revolution rather than their work directly shadowed Franklin as mathematical physicists, but this is within the field of science. But can the two be separated? not at issue. The same quality of mind, the same humanist commitment In the typical physics textbook, Coulomb's work of determined both their scientific and their political com­ refining electrical measurement, and thus laying the mitments. groundwork for the further development of potential And w^>. can identify just such a joint humanist com­ theory is abstracted out of its real emergence from the mitment in every great scientist of the past. Not only study of transient currents by Franklin and others. Elec­ Leibniz but Galileo, Kepler, Bruno, Cusa, Roger Bacon, trostatics is presented as the study of the relationship of Archimedes, Plato. How can a dedicated scientist not be fixed charged objects. It is then treated as logically prior to passionately committed to solving all the questions that the study of electrodynamics. The real distinction between determine the survival of humanity? How can a scientist franklin's electrostatic studies and later work in electro­ today not be the dedicated enemy of every environ­ dynamics — which resulted from his inability to produce mentalist and zero growther? continuous rather than transient current and, therefore, to Ironically, the subject of electrostatics is taught today observe electromagnetic effects — is obscured in order to from the standpoint of the further refinements of the assert the primacy of a particle conception and to situate theory by Charles Coulomb, who perfected the method of electricity within Newtonian corpuscular physics. electrical measurement by his design of the torsion Benjamin Franklin was not really a great scientist He balance. In itself this is by no means inadmissible. was a great man, a true humanist. Therefore, he was a Coulomb's work, like that of Lazare Carnot and his son scientist. He made significant discoveries in a wide variety Sadi, reflected the rich Colbertian tradition of the French of fields, not the least important in political economy. scientific community, exemplified in the ranks of military It is not essential that a student of the physical sciences engineers and later given expression in the Ecole Poly- replicate Franklin's experiments, although it is extremely technique Throughout his career Coulomb was concerned enjoyable. It is absolutely necessary that such a student to unify an engineering standpoint with mathematical understand and replicate his way of thought. This is physics in order to study real systems While Lazare Carnot exactly what the typical textbook presentation of electrical studied how mechanical systems retain potential energy — theory misses, or worse, distorts. This is exactly what leading finally to the work of his son Sadi on the efficiency books like Cohen's are deliberately intended to hide. of steam engines — Coulomb studied energy loss through Franklin's exuberant sense of humor is in no way extran­ friction. eous to that way of thought. These men were associated with Franklin when he lived in Paris at the time of the American Revolution, where he Kapitza and Franklin as well as they were members of the French Academy of In 1968, a series of essays by the Soviet scientist Dr. Sciences. It is of course the case that these scientists over- Peter Kapitza were collected and translated, including an address given by Kapitza on the occasion of the 250th an­ niversary of Franklin's birth, Jan 17, 1956* Kapitza is uniquely qualified to appreciate Franklin's work, since he has pioneered in the measurement of energy throughput in nonhomogeneous systems. Kapitza describes Franklin's basic experiment, the one with the men on the wax blocks and asks the question: "How could it happen that Franklin, never before working in physics, living so far away, in a small American town removed from the world's centers of science, a man already well along in years, succeeded within a few years of work in heading an entire discipline of science?" Kapitza then appropriately locates Franklin's achieve­ ments in the political climate of the colonies, but he does not pin down explicitly the colonial rejection of the Royal Society. Kapitza goes on to say:

In the initial stage of the study of electricity it was necessary that such a bold step be made. And Franklin made it. Until Franklin's work made its appearance a large quantity of experimental data had been gathered, but the facts had been separate from one another....! think the explanation lies in "Benjamin Franklin was not really a great scientist. He the fact that Franklin was the first man to understand was a great man, a true humanist. Therefore he was a the essence of electrical phenomena and therefore scientist." discovered the right path for further researches in the

\4 FUSION field. .Franklin's hypothesis stemmed from the materialistic nature of electricity and simply ex­ plained these experiments.

No, not exactly. Despite his horrific religious views, Isaac Newton appropriately lay claim to holding a "materialist" view of natural philosophy. Neither did Benjamin Franklin reject belief in a supreme being No, the critical issue was not materialism Benjamin Franklin was a humanist. In so far as he was a "materialist" it could be only in the sense of his friend and collaborator loseph Priestley Priestley claimed to be a materialist, but he taught that matter could not be described as a mere collection of hard balls in motion It must be conceived as a collective field-particle phenomenon not only that is capable of exhibiting repulsive and attractive forces but that has immanent within it those properties, not yet defined, but nevertheless inherent to the development of human conceptual power Priestley demanded that man's mind not be read out of the "material universe," as it must be by reductionist corpuscular theories. Kapitza stresses the importance to Franklin of his acquaintance with foreign scientists and contrasts it with the detrimental isolation of Russian scientists of that same period. He ends his article: Above: Franklin devised an apparatus to lengthen the discharge of a Leyden jar [condenser] into a "continuous" As we study Franklin's life, we understand more transient current. An already charged jar is insulated on a and more clearly why there is this universal respect wax block, and a wire is run from the outside plate to a and admiration for this great man, this American gift conducting knob placed opposite the knob that is con­ to humanity. nected to the inside. Since the knobs connect to the inside In our epoch of the rapid growth of the natural and outside plates, they are oppositely charged. A ball of sciences we realize that each nation has contributed cork suspended between the two knobs will be alternately a great pioneer of science We gave Lomonosov to attracted and repelled by each, oscillating until the jar is mankind; the English brought forth Newton; the fully discharged [no potential difference between the Italians contributed Galileo; the Dutch, Huyghens; plates}. the French, Descartes; the Germans, Leibniz; and the This experiment, which proves that the condenser plates Americans, Franklin. The accomplishments of these have equal opposite charges, shows Franklin's intention to great savants are the pride of all mankind. harness the energy potential of the condenser into a And we the Soviet people are grateful to the mechanical form or motor to do work. American nation that gave and reared for humanity Below: The iron beam is charged by the electrostatic the great Franklin. generator [right] and then charges the Leyden jar grounded in the experimenter's hand. If he touches the beam with his That's why I had to write the article that upset you so other hand, he will feel a transient current pass across his greatly, Dr. Minks. Because we cannot afford to have great arms and chest. scientists such as Peter Kapitza confusing the evil work of Newton with the humanist traditions bequeathed us by Leibniz, the man Newton tried to extirpate. Not because we need to worry about giving a sentimental accounting to history, but because we must make the Soviets and our own people understand that humanity will not survive if Isaac Newton's view of the world is allowed to prevail. We must defeat the Royal Society. $

Carol White, a former mathematics and philosophy teacher, is a member of the national executive committee of the U.S. Labor Party.

'Peter Kapitza. On Life and Science, editor and translator Albert Perry. (New York: The Macmillan Co.. 1968).

FUSION ' 35 Dr. Winston Bostick, in his office Editorial Comment at the Stevens Institute of Technology Photo by Ulanowsky

Winston Bostick's Approach To the Field- Particle Problem An Appreciation and Critique

THE FEATURE ARTICLE in this issue by Professor flows of energy in the electromagnetic field, and the field Winston Bostick of the Stevens Institute of Technology is is the primary reality; and (2) force-free vortical structures the second in our series on the frontiers of science "whipped up" out of the field and field-particle continua Many of our readers may wonder what such a "com- play the critical mediating role in energy flow and con­ plicated"-looking theoretical article is doing in a popular tainment of physical systems. scientific magazine. The importance of the article is In the specific area of plasma physics, Bostick has been located not in its computational detail, but in Bostick's a pioneer in pointing out the significance of vortex concrete attempt to solve the fundamental problem of filaments for plasma processes and of developing the high- how discrete particles, such as the electron, can exist in a resolution diagnostics needed to observe and measure stable state. these characteristics. As we indicated last month in the introduction to the The vortex filament structures that Bostick has produced series, and as Carol White emphasizes in her continuing and studied in the laboratory ultimately may be the discussion of science and politics in this issue, the field- mechanism by which small, efficient fusion reactors are • particle problem is central to our understanding of how the constructed to take full advantage of the tremendous universe developed and how progress can be sustained in energy density of fusion reactions. This could-also permit the future. We publish the article here in Fusion — despite the use of advanced fuel cycles that produce charged par­ its somewhat technical aspects — rather than in our com­ ticles — electricity — directly as their output. In addition, panion scientific publication, the International journal of plasma vortex and filamentary structures play an essential Fusion Energy, because of its contribution to this basic role in the dynamics of the sun, the galaxies, and even the understanding. We hope that our audience will read it in structuring of the largest expanses of the universe. that spirit. For at least the past two decades Bostick also has been Winston Bostick is one of the most'consistent monistic convinced that the remarkable self-stabilizing and energy- practitioners of physics today. As his researches and the concentrating properties of filamentary structures could conclusions he has drawn from them* make clear, Bostick account not only for critical aspects of classical fluid and has an unusual (these days) unified conception of physical plasma behavior, but also for the existence of the very processes, especially plasma processes. singularities in the continuum, the elementary particles The laudable aspect of his thinking is as follows: (1) the On this basis Bostick constructed a model of the elec­ various structures and processes in the physical universe tron as an electromagnetic field filament For this work have a common basis, the self-stabilizing or changing Bostick was awarded first prize in the Gravity Research

Ki FUSION Foundation essay contest in 1961. Yet. not one of the electromagnetic interactions. Either the forces don't leading scientific journals to whifh Bostick submitted balance and the particle blows up, or the particle itself articles based on this approach ha$ published the work. must be a theoretical fiction since it contains infinite self- This discrimination has been a disservice to progress in energy. In contrast, Bostick's starting point is that the only physics. Bostick's work is valuable from two standpoints primary reality is propagating electromagnetic energy; First, it shows that most of the basit properties of the so- mass, charge, and gravitation are derived properties. called elementary particles and the1 basic results of quan­ According to Bostick's view, once one specifies a par­ tum mechanics can be accounted for without the com­ ticular geometric configuration of electromagnetic fields, plete abandonment of any geometrical representation of the other properties and then the forces to be balanced the particle-field configuration. Second, it provides a follow. The mass per unit volume — and thus the gravi­ concrete basis for defining the Iimits of any classical tational force between any two volumes — is determined approach — such as Bostick's — to a fundamental solution by the field energy density in the volume The charge per of the field-particle problem. In particular, Bostick's work unit volume — and thus the electromagnetic force — is helps define the limits of present! electromagnetic field determined by the secondary fields that "leak" out of the theory core filamentary structure. Using this approach and the i The essential feature of Bostick's approach that makes result from fluid and plasma dynamics that stable fila­ this possible is his use of limiting configurations of rela- ments can be very small in cross section compared with tivistic electromagnetism (the Maxwell-Einstein tradition) their major radius, Bostick found that the weak to replace the incomprehensible Newtonian and Heis- magnetic force could just balance the hundred-million- enberg representations of particle dynamics. As Bostick times-stronger electrical force (in conjunction with centri- triumphantly notes, the primary attribute of the particle fugal and gravitational forces) only il the electromagnetic that his model can account for is the particle's existence. field were compacted into an almost filamentary c losed helical; structure- The Starting Point: It is striking that this model, which accounts for Electromagnetic Energy the stability of the electron, also accounts for its internal His reasoning and model are the following: The usual attempts to account for the existence of elementary particles "blow up" if the starting point is either classical or ' For a summary of Bostick's research and conclusions, see "The Pinch Effect Revisited" in the International Journal ol Fusion Energy. quantum theoretical attempts to balance gravitational and Vol I. No. 1. March 1977.

FUSION angular momentum, its magnetic moment, and wavelike as one wishes by disallowing arbitrary cutoffs in series properties in propagation that are otherwise mysteriously representation of such values. If Bostick's model is arbi­ attributed to wave mechanic s trary, why then accept as "first principles" any of the Bostick's model also provides an appropriate geometrical current, totally incoherent axiomatic bases for physics? picture for why a particle like an electron is not eternal but What then is the fundamental problem with Bostick's can be transformed into other forms of energy under conception? Let us reemphasize that there is nothing other certain conditions — such as encountering an anti- than prejudice or taste in what now passes for physics to clcc tron exclude Bostick's conception, in the absence of direct experimental evidence proving otherwise Although such A Critique of Bostick evidence is available in conclusive form from studies of What does the Bostick paper prove? His "referees" have vortices in various fluids and in the biological domains of said that it is not to be taken as more than speculation genetics and neurophysiology, the issue is more fun­ unless it can provide better values for electronic constants damental. or predict new phenomena. These rules are not outrageous Bostick's model is fundamentally inconsistent with the in themselves, but in their-discriminatory application. primary datum of the secularly increased potentiation of If such standards were rigorously applied by the theoreti- the physical universe and the demonstrably negentropic cal guardians of physics they would have to throw out development of the biosphere and of human species their own theories as nothing more than "curve fitting" existence. His model is based on too simple a notion of exercises on two counts. F irst, they cannot account for the nonlinearity. Specifically, the attempt to account for fun­ essential feature of field-particle self-interaction indicated damental physical processes by nonlinearity in the form of by the particle's (meta) stability, and second, the errors in the self-interaction of any axiomatically postulated field the values for any particular property can be made as large metric ultimately must run into the very Newtonian problem it seeks to avoid: that the universe either is en- tropic, or, as Leibniz pointed out, would require divine intervention to be periodically wound up The real universe cannot be built up by compounding of simple stabilities. Bostick's theory cannot account for Bostick! There are two complementary standpoints from which to pinpoint the problem. In general epistemological terms, the existence of any particularity cannot be an isolated stability, a thing-in-itself; it represents a complex reorder­ ing of space that also changes the quality of the field. This self-reflexive aspect of field-particle coupling is amply confirmed, for example, by the Fermi statistics of elec­ trons. Specifically, there is no reason to extend the Maxwell-Einstein field relations or simple non-Euclidean geometry to the very small, or for that matter to any region of relatively high energy density compared with two-body or kinetic energies (for example, fusion-tending plasmas and superfluids). Doing so, as in Bostick's model, results in a very peculiar form of discontinuity, the arbitrary sharp cutoff in the Poynting vector bundle constituting the fila­ mentary vortex ring, even though the physical space of the electron otherwise is assumed to be a linearizable con­ tinuum. This same problem in one form or another is present in the attempts by Davy, then Lord Kelvin, and even later J.J. Thomson to construct vortical atoms from the ether to save the otherwise incoherent field theories of Faraday and

The plasma focus device at Stevens Institute, designed and built by Bostick and his group. Most of the machinery pictured is the vacuum system used to evacuate the plasma chamber and fill it with controlled amounts of deuterium. The plasma focus is contained in the glass "T" in the center of the picture. Photo by Ulanowsky Maxwell This was also one of the nonrigorous aspects of source for almost all known electromagnetic phenomena. Descartes's system of vortical dynamics that Leibniz rightly At first look, the problem seems to stem from one mis- criticized for not properly determining the role of sin­ leadingly simple fact in classical electrodynamics: that the gularities stability (and hence, existence) of any collection of charge With respect to the problem of the particle, Bostick depends on the distribution of that charge so that there is would be the first to agree that his researches are not the no net force on the object If there are unbalanced forces last word in particle theory However, they pose the within the particle (caused by the particle's self-created critical issue of the conditions under which the ubiquitous fields), then the particle will explode, taking the inquisitive vortex filament and other vortical structures of char­ scientist along with it. The electric charge must be acteristic energy-diameter ratio are the actual mediators of arranged so thai the particle does not push itself apart energy transformation More important, Bostick's Maxwell's theory says that the force one charge exerts on researches concretely pose the problem of when such another is the sum of the electric force, which is always structures must be replaced by higher-order conceptions repulsive, and the magnetic-velocity force, which can be (and realities) of singularity and nonlinear dynamics to either attractive or repulsive. If we apply this theory to the account for the negentropic development of the physical constituent forces of the electron, then the question is universe. what kind of forces do the different parts of the electron exert on one another? If we assume that the charge in the particle is not moving, then only the electric part remains The natural and simplest assumption to make, and the one that has always been made, is that the charge is a blob of electricity that is stable in the same way that macro­ scopic objects seem to be stable. This model assumes that The Nonscientist's the electron is a little ball of electric charge, with charge arranged in a fixed and stable way. This general idea was Roadmap quantified and cast in terms of Maxwell's theory starting with Thomson in 1881 The challenge was to come up with a stable microscopic configuration of charge, a task that turned out to be impossible within the context of classical The Problem electrodynamics. Why? The Failures (1) In 1903 and 1904, after the discovery of the electron, Of the Existence Lorentz and Abraham calculated the energy, mass, and size for a charge with the electrical properties of the electron. They came up with a particle that would obey Of the Electron classical equations of motion, based on the assumption that its electromagnetic properties supplied its mass (through mass-energy equivalence). However, the elec­ A list of the names of the physicists who have tried to tron's mass calculated in this fashion was bigger by one- solve the problem of the existence of the electron includes third than the mass the electron should have had ac­ the greatest scientists from the time of Maxwell onward: cording to known experimental measurements (Thomson Thomson, Kelvin, Lorentz, Poincare, Einstein, Fermi, also found this discrepancy in 1881, in a slightly different Weisskopf, Pauli, and Dirac. context.) All of them recognized that 19th century experi­ (2) Physicists reasoned that perhaps the difficulty with mental and theoretical physics had created a beautiful and Lorentz and Abraham's approach was that their solution self-consistent edifice in the theory of the electromagnetic was only approximate To make it exact was easy enough, field, or more strictly speaking, the "free field." The it required letting the size of the electron decrease until it Maxwell-Hertz equations from the 1870s give a strikingly became a point particle. This adjustment, however, coherent theory of a continuous field interacting with itself resulted in an infinite energy for the particle! and the space around it — the electric and magnetic fields (3) B3ck at the drawing board, the next step was to and their transport of energy and momentum make the electron bigger again However, a finite-size par­ Yet, this theory cannot explain the sources of these ticle could not hold together: the only force operating fields. In a rigorous sense, in fact, classical electro­ between the parts of the electron would be the electro­ magnetic theory is a continuum theory only, dealing with static force, and no matter how the charge is arranged, the the dynamics of fields and not with particles within these force is repulsive. Hence, such an electron kept blowing fields This difficulty was recognized early on and took the itself to bits quite perplexing form of the inability of the theory to (4) Working in 1906, Poincare found that he could get a explain and, in fact, even to describe the existence of the finite particle with the right mass if he introduced a set of electron, the fundamental unit of electrical charge and the phenomenological forces, apart from electromagnetism,

FUSION 39 THE EXISTENCE OF THE ELECTRON THREE VIEWS

(a) (b) (c) Imagine an extremely small dot [a), as small as you like but still with finite extent. This is the usual In the mid 1950s, Bostick, then at Lawrence Livermore conception of an electron. However, this sort of Laboratory, developed a means of creating stable plasma electron necessarily suffers a violent death—by structures by colliding several [here four] plasma beams. explosion. The onlv forces operative in such a point The beams interact and form a rotating plasma structure particle are electrostatic, and these forces—no whose dynamics are governed by a 'balancing" of forces matter how arranged—are repulsive. Thus, the similar to his model of the electron. particle is blown to bits. Gravity cannot stabilize At right, Bostick and coworker Dr. William Prior at work such a particle since the gravitational force is in their laboratory. Prior has been chiefly responsible for roughly H "' times smaller than the electrostatic the design and construction of the diagnostics on the force, smaller by a ratio of 7 over 10,000- Stevens plasma focus. 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000! A small improvement on the problem is afforded by imagining the electron as a small ball [b], held that would balance the electrostatic repulsion. These together by some other force, nonelectromagnetic, forces became knownJ as the Poincarc stresses. This that can balance the repulsive electrostatic force. electron seemed to be doing fine even though it was not This solution, however, is really a deus ex machina electromagnetic anymore, until one tried to calculate an since there is no insight into where such other equation of motion for such a particle. The appropriate forces" might come from. Even worse, as soon as equation of motion shows that such an electron balanced one attempts a reasonable mechanical model for with Poincare stresses will move before a force gets to it; such a particle held together by these magical the effect precedes the cause! forces, classical mathematical physics shows that the particle cannot be casual. In other words, the Classical electromagnetism is known to fail on other equation for motion of a particle stabilized by these grounds as well. Its modern elaboration, quantum electro­ required nonelectromagnetic forces can sense forces dynamics, remedies some of the problems with electro­ acting on the particle externally before forces even dynamics in the microscopic realm, but fails as badly as come in contact with it1 This is just one of the serious classical theories in explaining the stability of the electron. problems with the "ball particle" construct that In quantum field theory, the electron must be a point scientists attempted to sweep under the rug. particle. But if.it is a point particle, then it has not only Imagine now a ring of circulating charge as the infinite energy but also infinite mass and charge. basic structure of the electron [c]. Bostick shows in Most physicists agree that the inability to explain the detail how such a vortex ring of rapidly moving existence of the electron, as evidenced in the problems charge can remain stable because it is able to noted above, shows that electrodynamics is inadequate in balance the repulsive electrostatic forces between both its classical and quantum form. As Bostick's article the like-charged elements of the ring against the shows, however, the situation is not so simple. There is no magnetic forces created by the circulation of the doubt on many grounds that electrodynamics is wrong, but charged elements. The net result is a dynamically the failure of the above attempts to describe the electron is stabilized structure. In addition, this ring shares a not evidence of the overall failure of electrodynamic number of other properties of the electron that are theory. Bostick is able to show that a more sophisticated known experimentally—its spin and its wavelike dynamic or process conception of what a particle really is quantum behavior, for example. allows even classical electrodynamics to describe some singular properties in thermodynamics, like the electron.

40 FUSION Photo by ulanowsky

In other words, with a more rigoirous epistemological the force inside the electron consists ot two parts — one approach, one can salvage some important results from static (electric) and the other dependent on the velocity of classical electromagnetic theory. the internal parts of the electron. Given an understanding The issue is as follows: The static assumptions of Lorentz of the dynamic nature of stability and energy con­ neglect to ask the central question: What is a particle? As centration, what could be more natural than to try to Bostick demonstrates, once the answer to this question is balance these two forces off against one another. The only understood, then we can try to build a model of it. A way {his is possible is through the self-structured ar­ particle is not a blob! A model that Ibegins with the blob rangement of that energy. Bostick has designed a micro­ assumption is doomed to suffer the electrostatic explosion scopic analogue of plasma and fluid vortices and used this of its constituents vortex as the ordered structure through which the ejectric As future articles in this Fusion series will efaborate, the and magnetic fprces can be-dynamically balanced to give particle represents a much more complex and interesting "stabilit\ object whose most immediate characteristic Bostick has As a-tiot-so-minor side attraction of Bostick's model, the identified: It is not statically stable. spin, magnetic moment, and some quantum features of The real problem with describing a particle's existence is the electron also become explicable! Because Bostick's not stability but what Bostick calls its energy storage. This electron is not a simple clump, it can sustain a con­ concept pervades Bostick's approach and is the key to centration of energy in a mathematically consistent way, understanding where Bostick differs from the past attempts and this dynamic energy .concentration can give rise to at solving the problem of the electron. The electron is not electrical and gravitational properties experimentally a little ball; it is a dynamic mechanism for energy storage, associated with the electron. Bostick's vortex is, of course, and so, it turns out, is every other "stable" entity not without its own ad hoc assumptions and epis­ Reflection on this idea shows that energy is never stored in temological difficulties, but the striking point that he little balls but always by some highly interacting, dynamic demonstrates is that even a simple appreciation of the structure. actual quality of a physical singularity — that it is not a rl This fundamentally different outlook immediately bears static lump — already contains within it a tremendoi' " fruit when applied to the problem oif the existence of the rich body of physics. $• electron, even if within the framework of classical electro­ dynamics. As noted above. Maxwell's equations state that' —Dr. Steven Bardwell and Dr. Morris Levitt

FUSION 41 Toward Understanding The Nature of Fusion Energy by Dr. Winston H. Bostick

IN THI FXOIHIRMIC fusion reactions d(d.n) He' and an impudent Promethean attempt certainly would draw the d(d,p) H ', whu h yield net energy of Q = < 27 Mev and 4 04 wrath of the Olympian elementary particle theoreticians Mev, respec tively, in the form of kinetic energy of the 1 he Olympian theoretic lans all have been well indoctrinated reaction products, an amount of mass, m, is annihilated in the concepts and catechism of quantum mechanics, according to the famous f instein formula mc"' = Q The which is, among other things, a kind of scientific equivalent 1 instein relation is so universal and all inclusive and so beau­ of "women's lib " These Olympians are wont quite naturally tifully derived from basic, philosophical principles that, for to characterize as crackpot any paper on the nature of many readers of the fusion scene, it is the last and only word elementary particles that harks back to the old-fashioned, that need be spoken cone erning the nature of fusion energy classical, dynamical, pre-lib virtues of equilibrium and However, if one wishes to inquire more in detail stability But, it is just these classical concepts of concerning the origin of this mass loss when two deuterium equilibrium and stability, so useful in fluid mechanics and nuc lei mterac t, one must face that as-yet-poorly-charted sea plasma physics, that the author proposes to employ in of strong, short-range interactions in nuclei and the very drawing a portrait of an elementary particle, namely, the nature of the elementary particles themselves Such a con­ electron, the simplest of all elementary particles The author frontation thus far has caused a crisis among the profes­ proposes to elucidate in some detail the nature of the mass sional elementary particle physicists Consequently, the energy of the electron understanding of the nature of the particles has seemed The audacity to commit this monumental impudence is hopelessly beyond the grasp of an otherwise informed laity supported within the author's mind by the knowledge that of plasma physic ists. engineers, metallurgists, chemists, and our f-ounding Fathers (and also Clemenceau) firmly believed people professionally and generally interested in fusion "war is too important to be left entirely to the generals." And energy the author also is aware that the organic gardening and It would be ionsidered an impudent act indeed if, for natural food movements are evidence that some people be­ example, a plasma physic ist were to attempt to elucidate the lieve that health is too important to be left entirely to the nature of this lusion energy by bringing the concept of the professionals of the American Medical Association, US elementary particle down to earth in dynamical and deter- Department of Agriculture, US Food and Drug minist terms that the layman could picture in his mind Such Administration, US Public Health Service, and the food- processing conglomerates The concept of energy storagem the elementary particle is perhaps too important to be left Winston H. Bostick has been George Meade Bond exclusively to the elementary particle theoretician Thus Professor oi Physics at Stevens Institute of Technology emboldened, the author launches this heresy that flies in the since I9VI. and for 12 years he headed the Stevens face of quantum electrodynamics, whose spectacular Department of Physics. He has written more than 90 numerical victories are celebrated widely by the Olympian scientific papers, mostly on plasma physics, including an theoreticians article for Scientific American and contributions to Colliers The author has been admonished by his professional I ncyclopedia and I ncyclopedia Americana. Bostick is a friends that if his portrait of the electron could but bring member oi the initiating editorial board of the FEF's In­ forward some feature not heretofore calculated sufficiently ternational journal of I usion Energy. accurately by Dirac or quantum electrodynamics, then per-

42 FUSION * haps the Olympians would be less hostile The portrait, alas, in the rim of a perfectly elastic flywheel (Figure 1) where m„ predicts spin '/j for the electron —no more accurately than is the mass of the rim and k is the elastic spring constant of Dira( The portrait, alas, predicts the (1 + o/2n — ) correc­ the rim It can be shown easily that for an equilibrium radius, tions to the magnetic moment of the electron more crudely '/im„v =j '/2 k (2TtR)", that is, the virial theorem holds than quantum electrodynamics The elastic rim on the elastic flywheel could be visualized Other professional friends have given the advice that if as a toroidal, massless elastic sausage casing with a spring these ideas only could be formulated in the ultra- constant k, in which the sausage meat of mass mn circulates sophistic ated language of the elementary particle theore- without friction with a velocity v We will assume that the ti< ian, then perhaps the Olympians would listen more initial radius R,,= 0 patiently Hut again, alas; the author's humble talents can An interesting case evolves in the relativistic gedanken provide only a simple, unembroidered presentation experiment where the velocity of the sausage meat v In the existential sense, however, the author's portraiture approac hes the spec: of light c Then the kinetic energy has a triumph the portrait can account for the existence of mc m,,c " approac hes mc" where m = ymn, 1/y = \/ (1 - /?'), the electron by arguments involving the concept of equi­ P = v c, y^>1. and V2k(2nR)". the elastic potential energy, librium, and there are no embarrassing self-energy infinities still equals the kinetic energy The total energy then The point-charge particle of quantum elec trodynamu s, on approaches 2mc ' If the observer picks up the torus and the other hand, cannot exist, it will blow itself apart with weighs it on the scale, he will record a weight of 2m. If his very large (if not infinite) energy And the author submits physicsteacheraskshimto compute the angular momentum that existence is a property of the electron that cannot be of sue h an effective relativistic: mass 2m traveling at the overlooked, existence is really as important as some of the speed v—c at a radius R, he will say that the angular other properties of the elec tron that have been c alculated so momentum (or spin) s is equal to 2mcR However, we know accurately by quantum electrodynamics Furthermore, the that he is wrong because the elastic potential energy that author's portrait shows that the Deliroglie waves for the contributes to the total energy does not contribute to the electron are a necessity (not an ad hoc attachment) if the spin We know, therefore, that the spin is only mc R, not electron is to exist as an equilibrium configuration The 2mc R, and we < ould say. therefore, that the spin is Vi; that is, author's portraiture also shows that vortices (and their just one-half of what one naively would expect The elastic ac c ompanying inertial waves) in fluid mechanics provide containing force enables equilibrium to be attained (that is, complete macroscopic analogues to Deliroglie waves, m = it holds the torus together) and c auses the spin to be half m„(1 - /?"') '"', fc = h'v. and the photon Let us now construct the electromagnetic counterpart of This particular publication, Fusion, has editors who are the mechanical meat-sausage-c asmg flywheel of Figure 1 self-confessedly interested in self-ordered phenomena The author, therefore, takes the opportunity to put forth in these pages his ideas that have been brewing for the last 23 years Figure 1 We thus begin the brush strokes for the portrait of energy PERFECTLY ELASTIC FLYWHEEL storage in an electron

A Rationale Via Plasma Physics The concentrated plasma nodules (ion density n 3 10'' cm ', B = b x 10* gauss) that are produced in the plasma focus (Bostick 1972) are force-free toroidal circu­ lation cells, spontaneously formed out of a much less dense continuous medium of plasma and magnetic field (n = 10'"cm ' B = 10J gauss) The minimum dimensions of these structures are about 01 mm (the diameter of the "channel"), and they are formed out of a pinched column that has a diameter of about 4 mm The spontaneous forma­ tion of these energy-concentrated small (yet macroscopic) plasma structures not only should give food for thought to scientific bureaucrats of the US Controlled Thermonuclear Research program (now called Magnetic Fusion Energy) who have stated that the research phase of the U.S. CTR is to be considered as completed; it should also stimulate the intellectual world at large to contemplate a possible analogue blueprint for the concentrated storage of energy in the elementary particle. By balancing its kinetic energy of rotation 2 2 [v2m(,v ] against its potential energy [V2k[2nR] —in The Elastic Flywheel Model the casing], this flywheel is a model for more In c onsidering a model for the energy storage in a particle complex forms of energy storage in dynamic like the electron, let us contemplate first the storage of both equilibrium.

kinetic energy %m„v' and elastic potential energy V?k (2nRr

FUSION 4.5 Figure 2 Suppose the toroidal sausage casing consists of a massless ELECTROMAGNETIC FLYWHEEL superconductor (thin toroidal shell) that has a linear spring constant k. We charge the casing uniformly with a massless charge — e that circulates with a velocity v = c in the toroidal direction. The concept of the charge and its circulation are involved merely to generate the electric field Skin with charge -e £ and magnetic field H in the region r0

2 R c~, P fV+H ).. , e^|n ( ^ _ 2

where £ = H = e/nrR cgs It is crucial that the charge e circulate at v = c so that £,

which tends to explode the channel by increasing r0, is perfectly balanced by H, which tends to compress the chan­

nel about r0. The electromagnetic analog of an elastic flywheel The Poynting vector c£ x H/4TI carries the, angular supports itself in a dynamic equilibrium by balancing momentum or spin, and this spin is given by its energy content in the electric field [t] and the magnetic field H—see Figure 3. R ,.._ r (£ XH) e2 r R \ 2rtR-R ^TTrrlr S ——ml — I = mRc. 2nrdr Jr 47TC - TIC V r0 J

Figure 3 The elastic potential energy V2k(2rtR)* stored in the elastic ELECTROMAGNETIC FLYWHEEL casing is equal to the electromagnetic energy E, so the total WITH £ AND H VECTORS energy stored in the ring is 2mc2 = m ,c2, and the mass of the ring, if weighed on a scale, is m, = 2m = 2E /c However, the angular momentum or spin is mRc and not 2mRc (= m ,Rc), and hence the spin can be said to be Vi

Energy Stored in the Electron's Rest Mass Considered As Energy Stored In an Electromagnetic Flywheel The ultimate example in high-density electromagnetic energy storage is the elementary particle, for example, the electron. This section shows how the model of Figures 2 and 3, when given the appropriate microscopic dimensions for the electron, accounts for the electron's rest energy, the spin h/2, the "double" magnetism, and the anomalous

gyromagnetic ratio =e/2mPc-2(1 + o/2n) where a = e2/hc = 1/137. If we set the spin of the torus of Figure 3 equal to the spin of the electron, h/2, where tl = h/2rt, and h is Planck's con­ stant, h/2 = e:7nc-/n(R/r„) = spin. Here e^/hc = rr/2 //n(R/r„) = 1/137 = a, the fine structure constant. The charge —e is now the electron's charge If the monopole electric energy, AE, in the spherical region

(see Figure 3) of radius RB<>2nR is'added to 2E to obtain the new total energy, E|=2 (E-fAE), the new total mass'm,= 2(E + AE)/cJ, where AE=e2/4TtR, and thus

The stability of thii flywheel is due to the inter­ m,s ln 1+ =2m 1 + action.of the fields it creates. ^ (^)( 4Mwr,)) ( ^)

FUSION I Since the magnetic field falls off as a dipole field in the The electromagnetic-field-energy of this torus is region Rg/>2nR, this AE makes essentially no contribution to the spin, although it does contribute to the total energy and hence to the total mass m, That is, in the region R„»>2nR, E the Poynting vector vanishes ,*«£'"(-£-K ) 4t)^ The current in the torus is e/2nR and the magnetic moment of the torus is n = nR2i = eR/2 (cgs).The magnetic moment The energy density dE,of this electromagnetic field is for the electron can be written as fje = ehk'/2mfc where k' is 2 a constant = 1, now to be evaluated in terms of the torus. If 1 _ , 1 e E, = ^(f-2+ H-') = we put fd for the torus equal to fie and m, = me, the electron rfS ~ 8rr 4rr n2R 2r 2 mass, K X

The mass density Q associated with this electromagnetic etlk' efik' eR field is - 2mic 2 • 2m (1 +<*/2n) 2 1 e(r \ «' 4nc2 rr2R2r2 R = ftk72mfl+^)c K 8

By Gauss's theorem the gravitational field fK associated with this spatial distribution of e can be calculated thus: and -j- = mRc = mtik'c/2m[ 1 +^J

2nr f = 4nC I 2nr odr 8 g lr g" g and k'"i+55- s: Thus the gyromagnetic ratio for the torus is given by or 2 2 2 r « n c R r V. og J eftk' , 2e (^>±\ = /h 2 1+ 8 ^=2^c / = 2l^l 2nJ The energy density ^Ej, associated with this gravitational field is which is of the same form as that for the second order f correction for the electron In determining AE = e"/4nR, the dEg ln region R(,<>2rtR (see Figure 3) was obviously very roughly 8rrC 8n nVR~V A-v) estimated For the torus a = rt/2/ln(R/r0) and R 3 ft/rc^c The total energy Eg in this spatial distribution of £ is = Ac/2n where Ac is the Compton wavelength of the electron. The electron model of Figure 3 also exhibits quantization

of magnetic flux 9: For the torus of core radius r0 and large radius R E = -2rtR F 2nr dr I ]. K g g -R rR edr / R\ Og

0 2 Rg2nCe"ln (r/r)dr J 8 g Qg g Hdr = 2nRj -^ - 2eln ^ - J = -2nR r r 8n-n4c4R \ rttic J,D g g — = n fluxons _G he E«~ ~6rr3 2 since e /n"c = n/2/ln(^) and one fluxon = —e Overall equilibrium between the expanding forces in the Thus the energy storage in the model of Figure 3 becomes filamentary direction due to E, and the contracting forces in a high-fidelity analogue of the electron itself. the filamentary direction due to EK occurs when |Ej = |Efl, We now address ourselves to the construction of a or "sausage casing" that can have a tensile strength in the toroidal direction.* Considering a charged toroidal thread of the same general form as Figure 3, where the large radius is R8 the small radius r0g and the charge — e is circulating with which gives 1,2 2 v = c. The values of r0|j considered here are much smaller 6 HC R than/ 0 eC1

£ = H e/nr R for r„

FUSION 45 On the other hand local equilibrium in force density wil E(= |EJ = 27 X 10" ergs

occur at the value of rK where rtE. = | ^p | or = 1,7 x 1027e.V. = 3 X 1021

electron masses, which is large but not infinite, and 4n'R V " 8nVRV I, \ ) Ef+ E„= 0, so that these two giants are exactly in balance. The value of or where 1 ln(R/r 12 x 10 21,2nc2R 8 <>K >(-£) eCin and if we take R^ to be equal to R, the Compton wavelength divided by 2TT, r„K is much smaller than r„ and can provide This particular value of r, is thus given by essentially a skinlike charge on the torus of small radius r„. The torus of Figure 3 is in neutral equilibrium for perturbations in r„ because £ = H. It should, therefore, not 3in be subject to the sausage and kink instabilities of pinch- <>) = effect fame The tensile stress supplied by the helical gravitationally R equilibrized fiber in the form of the spring with the constant = 6.9 k, which equilibrizes the torus of Figure 3 in the toroidal direction, is equal to A plot of ,.E, and I EK| 2nR 2nR 21,2nc2R g = 1800 dynes = 2 grams. .' >ldEJfor eG1'2 ' *te) For a hadron of rest energy = 1.5 CeV, in comparison with the electron of rest energy 0.51 MeV, the stored energy is and greater by 3 x 101 and the value of R is less by a factor 2,/2nc2R 3x10* Therefore corresponding tension for such a hadron is n 8 1.8 x 10* x 9 x 10" dynes = 16x10',/10'' == 16 tons. This can be <|-,EJI > 1 2 °" (^rJ eG ' compared with the figure of 13 tons quoted for the tension in the "light-string" model of the hadron (Schwarz 1975) The overall gravitationally equilibrized filament, therefore, To determine the stress in terms of force/cm2 correspond­ will behave Like a rubber rod inserted through the hole in a ing to the 2 grams for the electron we note that with rubber hose; the rod is under compression and the hose is under tension If the rod is free to twist inside the hose the ensemble wiM assume a helical configuration as shown in the 137 photograph in Figure 5. Thus, we can expect this massless, !•(£)- (E„ = — Ei) gravitationally equilibrized fiber to assume a 9 helical configuration as shown in Figures 6 and 7 The locus and R = 3.8 x 10 "cm, R/r, = 10 of this fiber becomes the torus of small radius rn, and the net velocity c of the charge — e in the toroidal direction (for the r„= 0 38 X 10 cm. We will take an effective area of 2 2(x) torus of Figures 3, 6, and 7) is the resultant of the circulation about 2nr„ . The stress is thus about 2 x 10 metric 2 velocity of c along the helical gravitationally equilibrized tons/cm fiber and the local normal velocity of this helical fiber on the For the gravitationally equilibrized fiber of radius r0g surface torus of small radius r„ The helical fiber thus whose locus makes the torus of small radius r0 and whose becomes the mass/ess helical spring ("sausage casing") with configuration supplies the spring constant k for the electron, the spring constant k to give equilibrium to the torus of we can calculate the gravitational tension in the fiber Figure 3 against expansions of R, to make the total mass necessary to equilibrize the gravitational attractive force m,= 2m, and give spin Vj. Now (tensile force along the fiber) with explosive electromagnetic force that tends to tear the fiber The value of |Ej = E, = ec'Vv^C" = 2.7 X 10" ergs E,= IE J =- l The tension can be roughly computed to be E(/2TIR = k "\~C) 1.2 X 1024 dynes - 1.2 X 101b metric tons The stress in dynes/cm2 or tons/cm2 of this gravitationally 6V2nc2R 61,2ec2 equilibrized fiber is fantastically large. 8 The importance of this type of model for elementary TlR eG1'2 particles is beginning to be recognized by the elementary

4(> FUSION Figure 5 THE HELICAL EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATION FORMED Figure 4 BY A RUBBER ROD UNDER LENGTHWISE COMPRESSION INSIDE A RUBBER HOSE UNDER LENGTHWISE TENSION The force density of the contracting forces in charged rotating filament. >£J. and the expanding force density, ,:l, These (vvo force densities are plotted against in \r)j /r^ ). and the equilibrium condition is shown at the point that the two force densities are equal and opposite.

Velocity of charge Net surface charge in fiber =c velocity =C

Normal velocity of gravitationally equilibrized fiber with respect to thicker torus is c

Figure 6 Figure 7 HELICAL TWISTING OF A GRAVITATIONALLY DETAIL SHOWING THE WAY IN WHICH STABILIZED CHARGE FILAMENT THE GRAVITATIONALLY EQUILIBRIZED. CHARGED FIBER PRODUCES THE SURFACE CHARGE AND CURRENT From the constructions shown, the quantum FOR THE TORUS OF SMALL RADIUS r„ mechanical results relating momentum and wave­ length follow naturally from the conditions neces­ sary for stable energy storage in the filament.

FUSION 47 particle physicists who are now using models based on the the late 18th century. "theory of light strings" to describe hadrons when they Einstein (1953) speaks of an averaged "inward pressure" speak of tensions of 13 tons in the strings (Schwarz 1975}. that is equal to one-half the average mass density of the uni­ Figure 6 shows how the toroidal electromagnetic flywheel verse and that binds the electromagnetic energy of the of Figure 3 becomes the two-wave functions \p and \p* (for a particles of finite rest mass into those particles. This aver­ free particle) with the appropriate deBroglie wavelength as it aged inward pressure we now identify with the elastic hoop

moves with a group velocity vgwith respect to the observer. stress force (sausage casing with spring constant k) formed 2 (See Appendix A.) Here it can be easily shown that vg-vp = c , by the gravitational fiber in the configuration shown in

where vp is the phase velocity, since vg = c sin# and Figures 6 and 7, which is responsible for spin Vt. vp= c/sin6 (See Figure 6.) We can also remind ourselves that the universe as a whole

The crucial point here is that the normal velocities vn of is of such a mass density and radius that the gravitational

the toroidal filament of radius r0 must be equal to c in order potential energy of a particle of mass m in the universe is for the configuration to be an equilibrium configuration (See equal to — mc. Therefore, the universe as a whole has Appendix A.) essentially zero net stored energy content, its gravitational An electromagnetic wave in a wave-guide is functionally energy being equal and opposite to its mass energy, a photon very similar to this model of an electron moving with a group struggling to escape the gravitational field of the universe

velocity vg = c sin6 and a phase velocity vp=c/sin0 where in will be Doppler-shifted down to zero frequency in the the wave-guide the angle Q is the angle between the reflect­ attempt. ing walls and the wave front. Finally, in the energy stored in vortices in fluid mechanics There are also models for energy storage in the photon it is possible to make a complete macroscopic analogue of and neutrinos, particles of "zero rest mass" (Bostick, un­ the flywheel model of the electron of Figures 3 and 6, and published work) Figure 8 is a model of the storage of energy also of the photon of Figure 8 (Bostick, unpublished work). in a right-hand circularly polarized photon. (See Appendix C.) Consider a vortex produced between the two solid plates, The basic difference between particles of finite rest mass as shown in the idealized velocity profile in Figure 9 where and zero rest mass is this: Particles of finite rest mass have the undisturbed hydrostatic pressure in the liquid is PQ. Most their charged filaments and Poynting vectors circulating at of the kinetjc energy is contained in the irrotational region the speed of light in a toruslike structure (Figures 3, 6, and 7). where r, < r< oo and Particles of zero rest mass have their filaments and Poynting vectors projected, like arrows, rectilinearly at the speed of Vi r light (Figure 8) 2nr Indeed photons reflecting back and forth (9 = 0 = angle

between wavefront and walls) between the walls of a cavity The vortex circulation is T = 2nv1r1. The kinetic energy per or a wave-guide have a "finite rest mass" in the laboratory unit length of the vortex is frame of reference. If these photons now reflect at the angle 6>0 with respect to the walls of the wave guide, this "rest rr2 , r2 rr2 dr mass" is transported at a group velocity vg= c sin6, just as KE=J 2Kr v2dr = 2rt J -j with the deBroglie wave and with our electron model of ri e G 4l? Figure 6. The proton and mesons, although more complicated than the electron, also can be modeled similarly to the finite-rest- mass electron model of Figures 3, 6, and 7 (Bostick, unpublished work). The generalization now can be made that all stored The vessel must be terminated at a radius r2 <.o° if the kinetic energy (including the kinetic energy of macroscopic bodies) energy is to remain finite. The pressure is given by (for is electromagnetic energy, remembering that it has self- r1

48 FUSION Figure 8 Figure 8 ENERGY STORAGE IN MODEL OF A RIGHT-HANDED ENERGY STORAGE CIRCULARLY POLARIZED PHOTON IN A FLUID MECHANICAL VORTEX

r = 0

The central distinction between the stabilized fila­ ments in massless particles [like the photon] is that The vortex is produced between two parallel they are rectilinear rather than toroidal. plates, about the axis r-0.

bands attached to the inner surfaces of the plates. The through the background medium. The wave function (see

elastic potential energy in these stretched bands per unit Appendix A) v(z,t) = Rvexp[i(o>t-kz)]A(z,t) is the helical volume ispv2/2, which is locally equal to the kinetic energy centerline of the left-handed helix rotating in the right-

density. handed sense and y/ = Rvexp[- i(cot-kz)]A(z,t) is the If we take the rectilinear vortex segment of Figure 9 and centerline of the right-handed helix rotating in the left- 2 permit it to be a torus of rest mass m0v defined as E0v/cs handed sense Both helices are also being translated in the z

where E0v is the kinetic energy of rotating fluid in the vortex direction A(z,t) is the amplitude or the envelope function of

and cs is the sound speed, we can construct a macroscopic the wave packet. These rotating translating helices of Figure vortex analogue of the electron model of Figures 3 and 6 6 should be recognized as inertial waves, k = 2n/A. The

complete with deBroglie (inertial) waves, E = hvv, and normal velocities v„ shown in Figure 6 are then yn= v,r1/2Rv; 2 -1 2 m = m0(1 -0 ) ' . We illustrate the beginning oj this con­ the phase velocity vp= oj/k = vjsinfl; the limiting value for

struction: We can calculate this kinetic energy E0w to be vn is cw the sound speed in the fluid: If vQ were greater than c, shock waves would form and dissipate energy Thus

v8v„

where Rv is the large radius of the toroidal vortex and !~ is the vortex circulation. If we now translate the toroidal vortex through the background fluid medium, with a group velocity vg (with respect to this medium) parallel to the plane of the vortex, the magnus forces will deform the vortex into the shape of Figure 6 and the wave functions i^ and \p* generated by the two counterrotating translating helical vortex filaments (which are inertial waves) "swim" upstream

49 In a gedanken experiment we now make a very special vortex which can execute the waves indicated in Figure 6 in which v„-»c,, and which possesses no more than the

minimum values of v,, r1# and Rv to accomplish this The rest 2 mass of this special vortex we shall now call mIK = E0v/cs 2 Also now v„Vp= c,,

We further define a macroscopic quantum of action hv as

hv= mo^r-iit = m0vRvc<2n. Then we can write

m v r ncos9 h cos9 h Ov 1 1 v v llv * °» « m v / V 1 - sm20 Ov i!

hv = v = h/m v m v / V 1 - p2 Ov « ' v

where 2 1,2 mv= mnv(1 - pv )" = ym0v; 0v = vg/c,

The frequency v = ci)/2n measured by an observer at rest in the background fluid is given by

v\ — v = c 2/v = c 2m A/h p s S 4 v v

h v = m c 2 , which equals V V S

the total energy stored in this vortex (of the shape of Figure

,) 6) as it moves with a group velocity vB with respect to an observer in the frame of the background fluid medium 2 Thus, with the definition of m(h = E0v/c,, and the knowl­ edge that the vortex will change into the configuration of Figure 6 with the rotating and translating helical wave functions \p and xp* we have derived the most famous of all energy storage formulae, namely, the Planck quantum hypothesis that the energy = hv is proportional to the frequency. It has been shown by Hasimotc that an ideal vortex filament can be expected to support helical waves that act like deBroglie waves because the appiopriate equation is a sponding element of length of the left-handed wave function nonlinear Schroedinge.-type equation Hasimot^'s discovery V* (see Appendix A); only thus can the configuration be an adds strength to our prediction that the vortex will "swim equilibrium one! Otherwise there will be forces that will upstream" with the deBroglie type waves as indicated in the increase or decrease R in Figure 6. Only equilibrium general configuration of Figure 6 configurations can hope to have any reality in this world. We have emphasized that the flywheel configuration of Hence, for reasons of existence, an electron observed to be Figure 1 at rest can exist as an equilibrium configuration only traveling with vg is obliged to exhibit functions if/ and if/* as because of the elastic force constant k that gives rise to a shown in Figure 6. potential energy Vi k(2nR)2 Now we must emphasize that The author can adduce arguments to show that energy the "double helix" right-handed and left-handed stored in such an electron can simultaneously go through

configuration of the vortex moving at ve with respect to the both slits of a double slit grating (for example) and go to an observer in the background medium can be an equilibrium appropriate spot on the interference pattern (Bostick, configuration only if it swims flagellatingly as shown in unpublished work). It is nice to know that the energy stored

Figure 6 with the normal velocities v„= cs= vlr1/2Rv. We in such a model of the electron can be so well trained. can also justify the configuration of Figure 6 to represent the

free electron moving with vg with respect to the observer: Appendix A

Only when the normal velocities vn= c will an element of The configuration of Figure 6, as observed in the labora­ length of the right-handed wave function ip have its net tory frame of reference, is required, when the "electron" is

electric current perpendicular to the current of the corre- moving with a group velocity vg as shown, if the

S(l FUSION Figure 11 GENERATION OF THE "UNCERTAINTY RELATION" IN QUANTUM MECHANICS FROM THE HELICAL FILAMENT DYNAMICS

In a very natural way, the un­ certainty in the position of the par­ ticle location associated with the iilament, multiplied by the "un­ certainty" in the momentum, is equal to Planck's constant.

lM l ) k configuration is to be an equilibrium configuration that can wave functions v S Re " and y' s Re """ " We choose endure in the laboratory system Figure 10a shows two to let the wave function xp represent the left-handed helix of shaded filament segments of the configuration {of Figure 6) Figure 6 in the following manner: a snapshot of i^ at a time t which remain at the same distance, 2R, from one another is shown in Figure 11a, where the axis of the LH helix is the z and hence must be experiencing no net attractive or axis and the two axes perpendicular to the z axis are x and iy repulsive force on one another. Figure 10b shows the Figure 11b is the wave function v*, which is the RH helix. resultant velocity of the charge of each of these elements of At a given value of z the wave functions ip and \p* length. Each resultant velocity is the sum of the velocity c of represent the displacements of the tip of the vectors x ± iy circulation of the charge within the filament and the normal rotating as shown in Figure 11c in time with the frequencies velocity vn= c of the filament that gives rise to the a> and — u> This rotation of these vectors x ± iy is the result deBroglie waves. The two resultant velocities of the charges of a simultaneous translation of the helices of Figures 11a on the two elements of length are perpendicular and, and b in the z direction with a group velocity vg and a therefore, cannot exert any Lorentz force on one another rotation of the helices at angular frequencies of w' and — a/ The two elements do not repel each other electrically with (not to be confused with a>) At a fixed value of time the any net force because of the two normal velocities vn= c vectors x ± iy again rotate as shown in Figure 11c with

It is the normal velocity vn= c everywhere in the two variations in z, where k = 2nM The simultaneous translation helical configurations that gives rise to the phase velocity and rotation of the helices is required to produce the normal vp= c/sin6 and the group velocity vg= c sin 0 and to the two velocities vn= c that are required for the continued

FUSION 51 Now since vg= c sinfl and since R = tl/m0ec where m0e is the rest mass of the electron,

cos0 = 2nR\/ 1 - sin26 A = 2nR/tan0 = 2ttR • /, - in9

h N/"l - tWc?

Oe v /c 8

v 2 m v„ m„O e gg / V 1 - (v /c)

2 where m ,= "V^ 1 - p and jj = v/c. Figure 12 RELATION OF w' TO v AND vo Thus also vA = v = c2/v = c2m A/h

2 or hv = m c

equilibrium of the coinfiguration of Figures 6 and 10a. The This model of the electron thus, in a sense, comes forth (as resultant wave functions i^ and y* based on the motion of did the vortex) with a derivation of the most famous of all 2 these helices then have vg= c sin0, v = c/sin0, vgvp = c , and energy storage relationships, that is, that the total energy

co = vpk . mec is equal to hv where v is the observed frequency and h

The normal velocity vn= c is made up as shown in Figure 12 is the Planck's constant. as follows: Also from me= "VV 1 - /52 co'R = c cos0

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 mec = (m0ec ) + m vg c = (m0ec ) + p c v =c = tu' X R+v " 8 where p = mvg. V 2 2 n = V (W'R) + (VK) This is essentially a dispersion relation that can be written

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 v = < /sinfl = co'R/sin0 cos0 h c h c hc h k c p tiV= (m c ^2- A,-r + A2 A2 + (2rr)2 = V (co'R)2 + (v )2 /sin^ where the Compton wavelength A = h /m c c Oe For examples: rs2(27ti2c2 or HV = + flVc2 = tl2co 2+ h2k2C2 When 8 -* O.sin0 -* 0, v -* oo, A2 c

v — 0;co'R = C or co2 = (2n)2c2/A 2+ k2c2 = co 2+ k2c2 8

When: 6 —• "TT, v -* c, v -*• c ; co'R -* 0 where coc= 2TTC/A= C/R l P 8 could be called the Compton frequency of the electron. The similarity of this dispersion relationship to an electro­ When: 0 = T,vp= c\/2" ,vs=cl\f2 magnetic wave in a wave-guide where the wave front that moves with the velocity c makes an angle of 8 with the wall co'R = cj\fl of the guide is complete: For a wave-guide

It is to be emphasized that the frequency of the wave functions xp and y* observed in the laboratory is co and that (2n)2c2 (2rr)2c2 (2n)2c2 this co is not to be confused with co' It has been noted from + c2k 2 = Figure 6 that A = 2nR/tan6

.52 FUSION 2 2 or w = a> + k V seen in Appendix A, the transforma­ CO z tion from earth frame to electron frame involves the disper­ 2 2 2 2 where here Ac0 is the cut-off wavelength analogous to sion relation u = a>c + k c that comes from the Einstein 2 1 2 Ac = 2nR = h/m0ec, the Compton wavelength; a)c0= 2TIC/AC0 relation me=m,,0(1 — /J )' ' , which we have actually is the cut-off frequency; kz = 2rr/Aguide; Aguide= the waveguide derived in Appendix A with the help of the geometrical wavelength, analogous to the deBroglie wavelength of the relation A = 2nR/tan0 from Figure 6 electron. A similar dispersion relationship occurs in the For another particle, the proton for example, m0 and coc propagation of electromagnetic waves in a medium with are larger and R is smaller and the value of h is consistent free electrons where now the plasma frequency OJP plays the with the values of R, m0, and OJC for the proton. role of coc0. Remarks similar to those made for the electron can The full wave function is be made about the macroscopic quantum of action

hv= rrio^r-in for the vortex analogue of the electron. The ,(w, kz| yj = A (z,t) e 1 spacing 2RV of two diametrically opposite vortex segments (corresponding to the spacing 2R for the electron in Figure 3) where A(z,t) is an amplitude function that propagates with must be such that the segments can communicate with one the group velocity vg. Then the accepted quantum another in a time = 2/a>c through their velocity fields whose 2 mechanical probability distribution y v>* is A (z,t), and the maximum velocity is sound speed cs That is cs/a)c= Rv, 2 "probability" of finding the particle, at a time t, between z, where a>c = m0vcs /tl and this is true and consistent with the 2 and z2 is Planck relation that hvojc= m0vcs since vn= cs= v1r1/2Ru. When the vortex moves in the z direction with a velocity

ttnp*dz, vg with respect to the earth's frame its shape becomes that of Figure 6 and the dispersion relationships are completely analogous to those for the electron which is the fraction of the configuration of Figure 6 We have seen that the value of contained between z, and z2. With the portrait of Figure 6, the "uncertainty" of location 2 of the "particle" in the z direction, Az = nA where n is the a = e /ftc = -yyf number of wavelengths in the train of Figures 6 and 11. The uncertainty of momentum in the z direction, is related to the structure of the model by Ap2>(hw/C) Vi«n. Thus AzApz>(A/2n)(hv/c) = h, and Heisenberg's celebrated uncertainty principle is "obeyed." e2/ric = y/ln(R/g Appendix B Now that the model of Figures 3 and 6 has shown itself to and this is consistent with the spin be a high-fidelity replica of the electron itself, we ask ourselves the question, "what light can this model shed upon the values of the constants such as c, e, me, h, and a?" The value of c is that charge circulating velocity which permits equilibrium in the radius r0 of the torus of Figures 3, the rest mass 6, and 7; that is, the value that equates the electric field

£,which tends to burst r0 to H, which tends to contract r0. The value of h should be such that the two elements of length diametrically across the torus in Figure 3, a distance and the gyromagnetic ratio, of 2R apart, can communicate with one another with their fields that are established at the speed of light, in a time approximately 2R/a>c where wc is the Compton frequency,

2 2 o> = m„ c /tl = 2nc/A The value of r0 (and hence In R/r0 and a = e /hc) very c Oe < likely depends in some way upon the properties of the That is, c/co = R = ti/m i c gravitationally equilibrized fiber shown in Figures 6 and 7, which acts like a helical spring to produce the spring and this is true and consistent with the Planck relation that constant k and the effective surface charge on the torus of ttoc = m0e.c . Figures 3, 6, and 7. This is tantamount to saying that the two shaded elements The analysis of the gravitationally equilibrized fiber of Figure 10 (in the configurations of Figures 6 and 10) must presented thus far is manifestly crude Due to the self be able to communicate with one another across the spacing gravitational effects of the concentrated t and H fields

2R in a time = 2lo> where w is the frequency observed by the surrounding the fiber of radius r(lg one would also expect a earth frame as the electron (Figures 6 and 10) proceeds with a tendency for the fiber to collapse gravitationally radially group velocity vg with respect to the earth frame. As we have along the — rg directions. The only process that would inhibit

FUSION 53 such a collapse would be an angular momentum carried by The attractive force supplying the centripetal acceleration the Poynting vector circulating with an azimuthal on the negatively charged electrical filament, for example, is

component about the core of the fiber of radius r,lK. Perhaps supplied by its Coulomb attraction for the positive filament it will be a consideration of these additional refinements The magnetic forces due to the oppositely directed currents ("higher Riemannian manifolds") that will eventually lead to in these filaments are just balanced out by the magnetic an understanding of why a = 1/137 and how e, c, h, C, and forces due to rotation. The zero resultant of these magnetic

m(, come to have the values they are observed to have forces can be understood in another way by recognizing that an element of length of the positive filament moves perpen­ Appendix C dicular to the velocity of the corresponding element of The model of the photon is developed as follows: the length of the negative filament. The electrical Coulomb

toroidal filament of Figures 3, 6, and 7 of the core radius r0 central force on the negatively charged filament, for and charge — e. is straightened out into an arrow of core example, is given by the electric field from the positive

radius r,1(> and proiected along with three other filaments as fiiament at the position of the negative filament This force shown in Figure 8 The three other filaments are one with a is e2/2nR„ n and it produces on the mass charge of + e, and the other two with magnetic charges of north and south poles as shown The separation of opposite E /4c'= (e2/nnR ) In | — I filaments is 2R., The configuration rotates with an angular 2 frequency OJ so that the peripheral velocity of each filamen* a centripetal acceleration = c /R|r The central attractive is c, as shown in Figure 8 To make the right-hand circularly force obeys an inverse square law (=1/R,/) and, therefore, the polarized photon, where u> — 2rt v , wR" = c , Av = c . "orbits" of the filaments of Figure 8 should be Keplerian and

A = ~2TTR and v = C/2TIR] hence stable There is a difficulty with the equilibrium If the length oi the configuration (wave packet) is nA, the condition, however: If we put electric field £ at a distance r„ from each of the filaments is £ - e n K. n and the magnetic field H is H = £ Then, since 2TTR n ~VnnR c: ln I r J J R there are tour filaments, the photon electromagnetic energy P p V Op S p is we are met with the condition In R,,/r0(1= Vi, which is, of R 2 4-2nRn f „ 2c course, too low a value for In R,,/^,,, and permits no E 2nrdr „- -BTI- I IrW^rT- '• adjustment of rlllr 2 In this simple calculation the centripetal force e /2TtRpn has apparently been too small If we set 4e 1/nln(R /r ) = 137n/4 rrnR then the necessary centripetal force is

2 8e v ( R \ 8hva ( \\ ( _fL ( RP ^1 c' e2 *37hc' _ 137e2 nc

4hva- R \ 4hv f R \ This centripetal force is independent of n, as it should be, is 2 nn ( inversely proportional to Rp (for stable Keplerian orbits for the filaments of Figure 8)and it permits an adjustment of r, with n. T£J = 1^137 'n ^-r-J itp The electron model of Figures 3 and 6 and the The fluid mechanical model of the photon is represented rorespondini: vortex model both have come forward, as we by four vortices that are spun out by the tips of a four-bladed have already seen, in a non-ad hoc way with the famous boat propeller as it proceeds through the water. It can be Planet- ad hoc energy storage relationship that b = hv Now shown that for this fluid mechanical model of the photon, we see that this model of the photon also comes forward in a the Planck-type relationship E = hv can again be derived .$t non-ad ho< wav with the relationship that E|;= hv. To make this relationship an equality, so that E„= hv, it is necessary that 1/rr In R,;r„„= 137n/4. Thus, if the number n of the wavelengths in the wave References W.H. Bostick. 1958 and 1961. The Gravitationally Stabilized Hydro- packet is altered, the value of In R,>/r must adjust itself 0|) magnetic Model of the Elementary Particle. New Boston. N.H.: accordingly The value of Rp remains constant, given by. Gravity Research Foundation Essay Contest (first prize 1961. fourth A = 2nRt.. Thus, it must be rll(, that makes the adjustment to prize 1958). preserve E,,= hv W.H. Bostick. V. Nardi and W. Prior. 1972. Journal of Plasma Physics. The spin of this photon model is given b\ (hv/c2) R c = fi 8:7, Albert Einstein. 1953. The Meaning of Relativity. Priceton, N.J.: Prin­ which is what it should be That is, the model portrays a spin ceton University Press, p. 107. 1 photon A left-handed circularly polarized photon is G.H Hasimoto. 1972. J. Ft. Mech. 51:477 (part 3). produced by rotating the filamentary configuration of Figure John H Schwarz. 1975. "Dual Resonance Models of Elementary Par­ 8 in the opposite sense. ticles. Scientific American (January), p. 61. r>4 FUSION Research The Current Status of Fusion Research by Charles B. Stevens

In early 1978 the world effort to harness the vast potentials of nuclear fusion reactions stands at the brink of conclusively demonstrating the scientific feasibility and even the economic-technical feasibility of a wide variety of entirely different approaches. In the opinion of the leading authorities of the world fusion research effort, most recent devel­ opments mean that with sufficient resources, fusion researchers could General Atomic's Doublet III, the largest tokamak in the world, went into design and construct economical operation on schedule in March. operating fusion electric power station prototypes during the next decade. It is from this perspective that the power reactor at this level of funding, authors of the, U.S. Department of but would retard any future effort — Tokamaks Energy report "Fusion Power by no matter how large — by from Within the next several months Magnetic Confinement Program several years to as much as a decade, three major new tokamak experiments Plan," (ERDA-76-110, Volumes 1-4) since a lack of funding is causing the will be brought on line: The Poloidal published in July 1976, now believe breakup of crucial research teams. Divertor Experiment at Princeton, the that they could confidently move up Doublet III at General Atomic, and by several years the most optimistic Inertial Confinement the Alcator C at the Massachusetts date for initial operation of a tokamak In the case of inertial confinement, Institute of Technology. These experi­ power demonstration plant, given in there are no studies such as ERDA-76- ments, together with further the study as 1989. Of course, this 110 in the public literature. Outline upgrading of the neutral beam heating could be based only on the immediate studies, however, have been released. capacity on the Princeton Large Torus commencement of a "maximum These reports give approximately the tokamak, will conclusively effective effort," described by the same figures and time-spans as demonstrate the scientific feasibility authors as "Logic V funding levels." developed in ERDA-76-110 for- devel­ of tokamak fusion power plants. But Sadly, the U.S. fusion effort under the opment of tokamak power plant more significantly, these frontier constraints of the Carter Admin­ prototypes. For laser pellet fusion experiments almost certainly will istration is currently following a Logic power plants, $15 billion over 15 years open up entire new possibilities that I, "level of effort" funding path. would be divided in approximately could greatly accelerate the rate at According to the study and the the same proportions as called for in which a technically feasible power congressional testimony of the the studies on magnetic confinement: system, especially of the hybrid director of U.S. magnetic fusion 10 percent for theoretical research, 10 fusion-fission type, could be research, Edwin Kintner, Logic I percent for experiments, 40 percent developed and demonstrated as would not only foreclose on the for development and technology, and economical. possibility of ever developing a fusion 40 percent for construction.

FUSION 55 The real giant step for inertial con­ prototypes with existing state of the the vacuum chamber, was the chief finement is about to take place: the art technology This is the chief bugaboo of the magnetic fusion world's most powerful laser, the 20- conclusion of the joint statements of research program. Now, through the beam glass laser at Lawrence Liver- Velikhov and Kintner, directors of the success of Taylor's important work at more Laboratory in the U.S. (the Soviet and U.S. major fusion pro­ the University of California at Los Shiva), has just finished its initial grams respectively. Far from be­ Angeles, the initial results of the ISX startup tests and will be delivering its ing overly optimistic, this perspec­ experiment, and the vast improve­ 20 trillion watts of laser light onto tive is conservative in the extreme. ments in the PLT's operation with microsized fusion pellets and other In fact, experimental results from a increasing temperature levels types of more advanced non­ half-dozen tokamak and stellarator generated through neutral beam symmetrical targets for generating experiments, but primarily from that heating, it is apparent that impurity fusion microexplosions. small workhorse of the U.S. tokamak control is rapidly approaching the During 1977 other giant steps were effort, the MIT Alcator, indicate both level of definitive tests. made in electron beam inertial con­ qualitatively and quantitavely that Plasma beta limits (plasma beta is finement at Sandia Laboratory in New "classical" confinement of plasmas is the ratio of the plasma gas pressure to Mexico, but these major break­ being achieved the pressure exerted by the confining throughs were clouded over by magnetic field) remain the weakest security classification and funding Stupendous Breakthroughs area of tokamak research. For power cutbacks for the U.S. program Even if only partially true, the reactors, minimal betas of 4 percent * The two most significant results for achievement of classical confinement appear to be certainly attainable. But laser fusion in 1977 were experiments is a stupendous breakthrough Back in for really economical units, betas on of N.G. Basov of the Soviet Union and the early 1950s, when the first large the order of 10 percent are needed. the work of the U.S. Los Alamos magnetic fusion research efforts were Great progress has been made in this Scientific Laboratory on carbon being initiated, the classical theory of area through the work of the MHD dioxide gas laser systems for pellet confining a 100 million degree gas in a team at the New York University fusion. Basov's reported experimental magnetic trap led many scientists to Courant Mathematical Institute, success with "low-power" laser pellet believe that developing, fusion under the direction of Professor Harold Crad, and through the work of implosions may very well open the reactors would be scientifically and technologically simple. This was theoreticians at Oak Ridge National road to the type of "high-gain" pellets before the host of plasma micro- Laboratory in Tennessee. needed for power plants and simul­ instabilities and MHD-macro- taneously solve the most serious There are dramatic possibilities for instabilities were encountered experi­ problem to yet arise in laser fusion greatly enhancing and accelerating mentally Now after 20 years of research — Brillouin back-scattering the rate at which fusion can be difficult research, plasmas are no of laser light The successful technical developed as a versatile and cheap longer unpredictable and anomalous development of high-power carbon energy source through the full utiliza­ creatures, but can be created and dioxide lasers and experiments tion of various strategies for fusion- confined to order Classical confine­ producing fusion for the first time fuel burn dynamics. These ment is hundreds (if not thousands) of with this type of laser means, in the possibilities are only beginning to be times better than that minimally words of the Los Alamos laser fusion theoretically examined A number of needed for economical reactors. scientists, that "up to 10 years can be interesting studies by JR. McNalley of Oak Ridge demonstrate that with sliced off the time needed to develop In conclusion, high-confidence some hypothetical confinement actual power plants based on laser level tests of scaling of confinement systems utilizing advanced fusion fusion." times with sire, current, density, temperature, and magneto- fuels other than D-T, fusion energy The General Picture hydrodynamics stability have been can be produced almost as pure The two most significant accomplished, and definitive tests electricity. developments for fusion research in will take place within the next year on In particular, if the next generation general were, first, the emergence of the reactors mentioned in the first of tokamak experiments are suc­ major Japanese effort to realize power section. While classical (neoclassical) cessful, it may be possible to bypass plants based on the tokamak in the theory is by no means completely the D-T fuel cycle and proceed 1980s, and second, the growing adequate, the behavior of toroidally directly to the D-D cycle, which confidence of nuclear engineers that confined hot plasmas is sufficiently necessitates much higher ignition economical and technically feasible known empirically to extrapolate temperatures. This could greatly relax reactor systems could be built, both several different types of plasma the overall engineering demands of a for tokamaks and laser systems. regimes needed for power reactor fusion power plant, since tritium While the physics of tokamak energy production would not have to be bred in a blanket operation remains far from full As little as a year ago, control of the surrounding the reactor chamber, and comprehension, there is sufficient influx of unwanted types of elements material damage due to the very high- empirical information to confidently — impurities — into a hydrogen energy (14 MeV) D-T-produc'ed design minimally performing reactor plasma, especially from the wall of neutron would be avoided.

r)(> FUSION Clone Story Spurs Attacks on Genetic Research

The sensationalist press treated statement reflects the idiocy of the aminocenteisis, a commonly used readers last month to the "true story" environmentalists' denial of the medical procedure to detect severely of the birth of a child "cloned" from human mind: " molecular malformed fetuses), and recombinant the cells of its father and therefore an knowledge has given proof to one DNA. Exactly these research areas, exact copy of the father. According to genetic truth: Life is simply an especially recombinant DNA, are the reports of a just-published book, In arrangement of chemicals and frontiers of biological science and as His Image: The Cloning of a Man. an biological processes Nothing more, such hold great promise of unidentified British laboratory took nothing less." breakthroughs that will benefit nonreproductive somatic cells from Rifkin and his cohorts wasted no mankind. an elderly man, introduced the time after the cloning story to try to the clone-baby has waned, the overall nucleus of one cell into the enuclea­ shut down all genetic research. attack on basic research has not let ted egg cell of a female, and trans­ "These labs must be shut down — up There are no less than four bills planted this now "fertilized" egg into violently, if necessary," one environ­ under consideration in Congress, a surrogate mother who gave birth to mentalist said. The Rifkin group which would, in varying degrees of a child nine months later accused the government oL- com­ severity, inhibit genetic research and plicity in "Nazi" research, and filed The author of the book, David its applications. suit to stop all research in the areas of Rorvik, claims that the child is a — Dr. Richard Pollak cloning for any species This includes replica of the man whose cell's genes farm animals, fertilization studies, were introduced into the egg cell and • For more details on Rifkin. see page 59 in the genetic screening (which includes whose money was used to pay for the book review section of this issue experiment. The hair color, finger­ prints, and personality, Rorvik says are in the image of the donor While the cloning described is from Energy and Jobs all indications a hoax, this hoax raised an outcry from the anti-DNA-research crowd that scientists would soon be in an Expanding Economy cloning little Hitlers Both the sen­ A Fusion Energy Foundation Conference sationalist coverage and the equally hysterical reactions are based on a Mary Grove College. 8425 W. McNichols. Library Lecture Hall. Detroit fundamental misconception The May 9.1978 - 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM facts are that a human being is not "Energy and Natural Law" fixed and determined only by the makeup of his or her genes. •MAX DEAN, ESQ. Attorney of Record U.S. Supreme Court in Arnicas Curiae — Consumers Power v. Aeschliman: Treasurer NAACP Flint Mich. Genes Don't Make the Man • DARRYL LAMKFORD Environmental Section Consumers Identical twins, for instance, are Power Co. (Mich, i actually cloned from a single fer­ tilized egg and share even the same "Energy and the Economy" crucial prenatal and postnatal development environment. According • HENRY MILLS Indiana State Chairman NAACP to the unscientific theory promoted •O.B.FALLS President NucleDyne Corp: Former Advisor In­ ternational Atomic Energy Agency by the clone baby story, these twins • MICHAEL TRBOVICH Former International Vice-President should be exactly alike. Yet, such United Mineworkers Union twins have distinct and unique dif­ •BLUFORD MOOR Former President Cincinnati Society of Mechanical Engineers ferences, especially in personality. Genes are not the determinants of human beings! "Advanced Energy Technologies" Not surprisingly, one of the loudest, • DR. MORRIS LEVITT Executive Director Fusion Energy most virulent attacks on all genetic Foundation research following the book's an­ nouncement came from Institute for Registration SiOO-Corporate. $15-Generai Public Make checks payable to FUSION ENERGY FOUN0ATION. 2011 Park Avenue. Suite Policy Studies antiscience environ­ 612 Petroit Michigan 48226 mentalist Jeremy Rifkin* Rifkin's 4

FUSION 57 The 'Nukes Cause Cancer' Hoax

The latest scare story about nuclear gathering 1,722 that listed the naval conscious of the possible connection power involves a study in New shipyard as the person's place of between cancer and the workplace, it England allegedly proving that employment. He then divided the is probable that doctors were more workers in the nuclear industry have a group into cancer and noncancer likely to record the employment higher incidence of cancer Pub­ deaths, and contacted 592 relatives by history of patients who died of licized by the Boston Globe and other telephone On the basis of the cancer. media, the study claimed that nuclear relatives' recollection, Najarian then There were further statistical tricks. workers at the Portsmouth, New determined if the deceased had job After dividing the 592 deaths into Hampshire naval shipyard were dying contact with nuclear materials such as nuclear and nonnuclear, Najarian of cancer at twice the national rate. those in the Trident submarine. then calculated the percent of deaths A closer look at the so-called study One can only imagine — Najarian within each group due to cancer and put together by Thomas Najarian does not say — how the questioning compared this percent with the of the Boston Veterans Administration was framed Were the relatives asked: national average Within the "nuclear Hospital, however, shows it to have "We are doing a study to see if your group," cancer accounted for 38.4 no scientific or statistical basis, relative died from cancer because of" percent of the deaths, and in the non- leaving no doubt that it was intended radiation exposure. Do you think he nuclear group 21.7 percent. The claim merely as another rallying point for may have been exposed at his job?" of'"more than twice the cancer death the northeast environmentalists How reliable would such answers be? rate" was then made by comparing the 38.4 percent to the national against nuclear plants There is other evidence that average of 18 percent. Najarian began his study by Najarian's initial sample was biased. scanning thousands of death cer­ Most Massachusetts death records do This calculation, besides being tificates in the Massachusetts, New not indicate place of employment. statistically inaccurate, ignores the Hampshire, and Maine area, Since doctors are becoming more important relationship of age distribution to cancer death rates The percent of deaths due to cancer is twice as high for the age range 65-69 compared to the age range 35-39. Was Computer Helps Develop Cancer Drug the age distribution of the naval base workforce the same as the national Researchers from the University of California Medical Center have used distribution? Najarian doesn't say. a computer to produce an anticancer drug that scientists call the most Also ignored is the question of male potent cancer killer ever made. Dr. Martin A Apple, the head of the versus female death rates, of the research team that developed the drug, told an April science seminar 20,000 workers employed at the base sponsored by the American Cancer Society in Houston that the drug, at any one time, most are male, and azetomicin, "is probably better than many drugs used clincially now, at males have a markedly different least according to our computer projections." cancer-age relation compared to The three-dimensional chemical structure of the drug was designed so females. that it would bind to individual molecules, called receptors, in the cancer The Najarian study came under cells. The researchers believe that the length of time the drug stays such heavy fire from scientists and the bound to the receptors increases its effect. U.S. Labor Party for its incompetence To develop the best molecular structure for such a drug, the research and obvious political motivation that team used a computer program from PROPHET, a nationwide program the Center for Disease Control was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health that centralizes chemical called in to do a real study, the results and biological data. With PROPHET'S information, they simulated of which are not yet available. The molecules on three-dimensional television screens to test for those that Boston Globe, which had highlighted would bind most tightly to the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic Najarian's results, then ran a series of material) of the cancer cell. The assumption was that such binding would letters to the editor and interviews kill or immobilize the cancer cells. Apple pointed out that the use of with researchers, almost all of which PROPHET enabled the researchers to do more in an average day than "a termed the study incompetent and year or two of trial and error in the lab ... We can study simulated stressed that there is no research molecules and alter their structure in minutes and study their effects in showing that low doses of radiation minutes." cause cancer. — Dr. Ne'd Rosinsky

FUSION Books

The Ecologists Versus DNA Research by Dr. Richard Pollak

Who Should Play Cod? by Ted Howard and Jeremy Rifkin, New York: Dell, 1977, $1.95.

Although the environmentalists Environmentalists hung this banner up at a recent forum on genetic research." have tried to make the term genetic Calling the scientists "oppressors," the protestors used mob tactics to break up engineering connote evildoings, its the meeting. straightforward scientific meaning refers to the directed human control naively called the left wing in this starting work using recombinant DNA over the genetic makeup and country, with known ties to the In­ techniques. biological processes of the biosphere stitute for Policy Studies including The potential benefits of recom­ as a whole. This includes practices antinuclear terrorist Sam Lovejoy. binant DNA research are tremendous that have been ongoing for as long as Among Rifkin's credits is that he and, if not stopped by medieval book civilization has existed — the founded the so-called People's bicen­ burners, like Howard and Rifkin, will selection of highly productive crop tennial Commission that explicitly lead to qualitatively new under­ strains, the selective breeding of called for violence in Philadelphia in standings of the basic physiological domesticated animals, and even the 1976 to disrupt the celebration of the processes of life and to increased taboo against incest. American Revolution human control over these processes to The most controversial area of Thus the howls of Rifkin and co. in meet societal needs * Although a very genetic engineering is recombinant Who Should Play Cod? against new laboratory technique, some of the DNA research, a process of combining scientific research have to be seen as possibilities of recombinant DNA work the genetic material (DNA) of one an integral part of the ongoing cam­ have already been realized. For in­ organism with that of a second and paign by Energy Secretary Schles- stance, researchers have successfully inserting these "spliced genes" into a inger, his Institute shocktroops, and undertaken the production of the host where they will replicate the the monetarists in control to shut human hormone somatostatin from combined material. Recombinant down progress in this country and sub­ bacteria, and scientists expect within DNA, on the frontier of biological i stitute austerity, deindustrialization, a year to commercially produce the science, is the chief victim of "Fed and conservation. hormone insulin, a vital drug for Howard and Jeremy Rifkin's attack on The danger of these men lies in how diabetics and one which is anticipated biological research. They go at their successful they are in getting others to to be in short supply in the near victim from a completely unscientific adopt their cover story. Although future. basis spilling over with rage at science legislation to stop or impede re­ Just a little farther into the future, and scientists. combinant DNA research has not yet It is essential to understand that the been passed, environmentalists have authors are not just enraged "little succeeded via the National Environ­ For a full discussion of recombinant DNA people" who locate the source of all mental Protection Act in getting an techniques, its promise and implications, see "Recombinant DNA; The Promise of Genetic society's ills in big science and big injunction that prohibits an eminent Engineering." in Fusion. Vol. 1. No. 2. (Oct- business. Rifkin is a veteran of what is Harvard University researcher from Nov. 1977).

FUSION 59 the ability to biologically produce comes about as values change. This, human substances for both treatment in turn, occurs as citizens, over­ NUCLEAR and laboratory experimentation will whelmed by technology-created lead to substantive changes in unresolved societal, environmental, medical practice. Similarly, the and political problems, turn to more REACTOR engineering of plant-associated technology to bail out society. "For if microbes and eventually the plant the manufactured environment is no cells themselves, should herald in longer subject to human intervention, SAFETY qualitative changes in agricultural then the other option is to begin practices. Even more profound is that changing, for the first time, human Edited by F. R. FARMER the recombinant DNA techniques will biology itself to accomodate the new This monograph falls into three mandate fundamental new con­ reality in the outside world." main sections: a discussion of the chemical and physical properties ceptions concerning the nature of This sentence summarizes both the of fission products significant in genes, their interactions within the assumptions and conclusions of the safety, a discussion of the quanti­ cell, and their relationship to the book; namely, that in a Malthusian tative approach to reactor safety environment as a whole. world of finite resources it is pro­ assessment, and consideration of hibitive to intervene into nature. the specific safety problems in­ Science As Oppressor Therefore, science must attempt to herent in thermal and fast reac­ Who Should Play God? is a crude rescue the corporations and govern­ tors. The book will serve as an in­ and inflammatory book, directed at ment by altering our physical beings troduction to this ever expanding those who have a less than positive to adjust to the Malthusian situation. field. view of science and technology. Dis­ Any sane person who reflects briefly CONTENTS. H. M. Nicholson, In­ missing the idea that science and on the real history of medical or sci­ troduction. F. Abbey, Radioactivity scientists might have any positive entific advances can see the hideous- and the Fission Products. J. R. motivation, Howard and Rifkin, ness of the Howard-Rifkin alternative: Beattie, Radiation Hazards and locate "eugenics (as) the ideology The world is running out of firewood? Environmental Consequences of Reactor Accidents. G. D. Bell, The behind genetic research." In an early Don't discover the use of coal. In­ Calculated Risk—A Safety Cri­ chapter they set the tone for the rest stead, shackle the innovators, reduce terion. A. Aitken. Quantitative Ap­ of the book by building the case that the population, and divide up the proach to Reliability of Control and the racist eugenics movement is the remaining supplies among a frozen Instrumentation Systems. F. M. basis of all genetic research. They ac­ population. Davies, The Reliability of Heat Re­ complish this primarily by citing Not surprisingly, Howard and Rifkin moval Systems. R. O'Neil. The In­ various famous figures who have use the tactics that usually accom­ tegrity of Pressure Vessels. J. H. located societal improvement in pany a fascist ideology. At a recent Bowen, Thermal Reactor Safety. selective human breeding. With few U.S. National Academy of Sciences H. J. league, Safety of Fast Re­ exceptions, the cited individuals — meeting in Washington, DC, Rifkin actors. such as Darwin's cousin. Sir Francis led a mob that disrupted the pro­ 1977, 224 pp.. S17.50/E12.40 Calton, Julian Huxley, and racists ISBN: 0-12-249350-8 ceedings with chanting and took over Send payment with order and save Arthur Jensen and Richard Hermstein the podium until his faction was postage plus 50c handling charge. — all represent the same zero-growth, allowed to "crossexamine" the Prices are sub/eel to change without "small is beautiful" ideas as the scientists speaking at the meeting. notice. authors. U.S. customers please note: On prepaid Unfortunately, the scientists were so orders payment will be refunded for titles It is just a small leap to their next intimidated that they became on which shipment is not possible within contention — that contemporary defensive, focusing on the mob's 120 days. science is-meant only to serve the "issues" while the real scientific Academic Press, Inc. forces of oppression. Liberally quoting questions were forgotten. In that A Subsidiary of from big-name biologists, Howard and sense, Rifkin and his group were Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Rifkin build a case for the necessary successful. 111 FIFTH AVENUE. N.Y., N.Y. 10003 24-28 OVAL ROAD, LONDON NW1 7DX outcome of nothing but evil from As this incident makes clear, unless science and technology. "...Science is Please send me the following: the general public and the scientific in the hands of the people who run our copies, Farmer: Nuclear Reactor Safety community come to grips with the industries and is being used to exploit political nature of this fight, the Dark Check enclosed Bill me and oppress people all over the world Ages fantasies of the environ­ and in this country." NAME mentalists will become a nightmarish And why do people accept this so- reality. ADDRESS called biological accomodation where CITY/STATE/ZIP their beings are manipulated for Richard Pollak is a member of the New York residents please add sales tax. evil interests? Supposedly because of Direct all orders to Mr. Paul Negri, biological sciences division of the Media Dept. Fusion/4/78 a "technological seduction," which Fusion Energy Foundation.

(,o FUSION Ecotopia: Sun Day's Fascist Program by William Wertz

Ecotopia, by Ernest Callenbach, New of hard-earned comforts, but he offers Ecotopians estimate that the proper York: Bantam Books, 1975, $1.75. the consolation that Ecotopian experi­ population size is the number of ence is relatively painless compared to Indians who inhabited the territory Ecotopia is a blueprint for an en- that of living on rats and moldy before the Spaniards and Americans vironmentalist coup d'etat in the potatoes in Warsaw, Poland during came — something less than a million American Northwest. Since the book World War II. for the whole region, living in thinly was published in 1975, Ecotopian This blissful state of affairs is scattered bands groups have been formed and have achieved by a policy of forced actively developed strategies for deindustrialization. The energy- Jungle Tribalism "liberating" the region. These groups intensive aluminum industry is largely As the fruits of modern technology see the May 3 Sun Day orgy of en- abandoned, aerospace is diversified are abandoned, the region deliberate­ vironmentalism, which has won the into mass transit, hydroelectric dams ly is reduced to a state of jungle tri­ official stamp of approval from Energy are dynamited to allow recreational balism. In a horrifying example of Secretary James Schlesinger, as a step boating, lumber exports are prevented British anthropological behavioral in that direction. by draconian tariffs and agricultural modification, the men in Ecotopia by In his novel Callenbach portrays the output is drastically reduced by the law are forced to participate in Diony- barbaric consequences of environ- strict enforcement of irrigation sian rites of bloody warfare. Bands of mentalism with far less hypocrisy than acreage regulations. Medical centers young men dressed in leather jackets his tree-worshipping disciples, who are dissolved, cars are abolished, and shorts, decorated in designs — advocate the economics of fascism schools are broken up, and the pop- some astrological, some totem-animal but deny its necessary genocidal ulation is dispersed into the country- — and armed with primitive spears, implications. For all its would-be side, Cambodia-style, as the existing battle one another before a cheering libertarian aura, Callenbach's tract cities of San Francisco, Oakland, crowd until one side wins by maiming makes it clear that a hess-is-more Seattle, and Portland are gradually or murdering one of the other side. world will lawfully demand the razed and the land returned to grass- The victors then engage in an orgy, political methods of Hitlerism. land, forests, orchards, and gardens. carrying their women off into the When Washington, Oregon, and In the process, the population is bushes, while the losing side par­ northern California secede from the reduced by a million and those who ticipates in a satanic parody of the union in 1980, individual income is survive are employed in labor- crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus virtually halved. Callenbach admits intensive work camps, Christ. that many citizens are thus deprived This is only the beginning. Given this bestial conception of

FUSION 61 environmental terrorists are conspiring openly to establish an Ecotopian "bioregion." In the greater Seattle area, for example, the Ecotopian group was founded in the winter of 1977 as the by-product of a class on Ecotopia offered at the University of Washington Experimental College. The class was led by Bryant Milliman, publisher of the proterrorist Seattle Sun, and Jon Alexander, a member of Washpirg (Washington Public In­ formation Research Croup), Ralph Nader's local unit of the Red Guard. As in the novel, where the kidnaped hero is finally brainwashed into staying in Ecotopia, members of the Seattle Ecotopian group were reported Energy by an eyewitness to have been recruited from the class by ego- Potential stripping group therapy methods. Toward a New Electro­ Human Recycling? magnetic Field Theory (cotopia author Ernest Callenbach In May 1977, Callenbach made an organizing appearance at the by Carol White University of Washington to bolster man, it should come as no surprise the troops. Since then the group has "...A penetrating historical analysis of the that the racial policy in Ecotopia is issued a series of white papers in­ development of electromagnetic theory. It has pun/tent criticisms of the nay in which apartheid. The environmentalists' cluding one edited by Washpirg's standard textbooks have assigned credit for fetishist belief in decentralization codirector Nicholas L icata and written priorities and conceptual contributions leads ineluctably to the establishment by Tim Williams. The latter worked —Dr. Wiruton Bostick Professor of Physics of semiautonomous city states, or closely with Alexander in preparing Stevens Inslttutc of Technology bantustans, in the ghettos of Oakland, Washpirg's October 1977 Northwest " An invaluable introduction to the San I rancisco, and so forth. Order is energy report which, true to Cal- physical theory of electricity and magnetism maintained- by drugging the lenbach's own scenario, proposed that from the viewpoint of its historical population; marijuana and other the region rely on conservation as an development. It is a refreshing attempt to seek a novel interpretation of the concepts of drugs are legalized and heroin is taken alternative to energy-dense nuclear energy and nonlmearity through the self- over as a government monopoly. The power. After 20 years solar power will organizing tendency of electrodynamic residents of "Soul City" who resist are be cost competitive, the report systems I strongly recommend this book to both laymen and students for its imaginative interned in slave-labor prison camps. suggests. In the meantime, the and provocative treatment." region's aluminum industry will be —Dr. Fred Tappert dismantled and the population will be Senior Researcher A Real Scenario Courant Institute How then does this paradise on able to enjoy the full benefits of Eco­ of Mathematical Sciences earth come into existence? By a topian labor policy — perhaps even to New York University deliberately engineered financial the point of human recycling. collapse that culminates in terrorist Not surprisingly, the Ecotopians (plus $ 75 for postage and handling) nuclear blackmail against the federal and their mind controllers see Sun To Order Make check or money order government of the U.S. After having Day as an ideal organizing op­ payable to Campaigner Publications. provoked a flight of capital from the portunity. Throughout the North­ University Editions. Box 19211. GPO. New York, New York 10(101 region by passing stringent conser­ west, Ecotopian groups are vation laws, the secessionists supplant organizing for a week-long sun- the existing local constitutional worshipping celebration from April 29 FEF governments. When the federal through May 7. Anyone who doubts INTERNSHIPS government attempts to restore order the grisly seriousness of their in­ The Fusion Energy Foundation will and put down the fascist coup, the tentions would be well advised to hold a summer intern program for environmentalists threaten to examine Callenbach's book. qualified science students. detonate nuclear bombs in New York For further information Fusion Energy Foundation City, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. William Wertz is the Washington G P 0 Box 1943 Precisely this scenario is now oper­ state chairman of the U.S. Labor New York N Y 10001 ational in the Northwest, where Party.

<>2 FUSION FEF News

FEF TO FILE SUIT AGAINST DOE CLASSIFICATION OF RUDAKOV DISCLOSURES The Fusion Energy Foundation is seeking contributions to file suit against the U.S. Department of Energy for its refusal to release to the FEF .naterial on the Soviet breakthroughs in electron beam and laser fusion research that were reported by Soviet physicist Leonid Rudakov in his visit here in summer 1976 As Fusion magazine has reported, the Soviet government voluntarily declassified information on its breakthroughs in electron beam research and Rudakov presented this material in meetings before U.S. scientists at U.S. fusion research laboratories in June-July 1976. The U.S. government promptly classified the material Rudakov presented. In response to the FEF's Freedom of Information Act request on the Rudakov files, the Department of Energy released more than 300 pages of heavily deleted material on the Rudakov visit However, the department withheUI-numerous other documents in their entirety, including reports by US scientists on Rudokov's presentations and documents that show British government pressure on the US. to withhold from the public the Soviet research findings. The suit charges that the Department of Energy has used classification to prevent public knowledge of.the advanced stage of fusion research both in the U.S. and Soviet Uniqn for the purpose of protecting the credibility of the department's no-growth and antinuclear policy. The suit conciuoes by stress:ng that the two central issues now before the American public and Congress — energy policy and the deployment of military technology — ca.inot be in­ telligently debated without access to the Rudakov disclosures.

BARDWELL AT CLEVELAND FUSION CONFERENCE Dr Steven Bardwell, director of plasma physics for the FEF, addressed a group of Cleveland students, faculty and business representatives on the scientific aspects of fusion and the classification procedures that stunt scientific research April 5. The conference on the state of fusion energy was hosted by John Carroll University in Cleveland. Sharing the podium with Bardwell was Recce Roth, a scientist with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The speakers fielded questions on why the government is sabotaging fusion research and on the technical aspects of magnetic con­ finement.

LEVITT ADDRESSES LUTHERAN CROUP Dr Morris Levitt, executive director of the FEF spoke at a Special Con­ sultation on Nuclear Energy sponsored by the Division of Church and Society of the Lutheran Church in America in March Held in Madison, Wis., the consul­ tation was convened in response to the railroading of an antinuclear resolution through the National Council of Churches last year by Dr. Margaret Mead and other zero-growth advocates. In contrast to the meeting of the National Council, the consultation featured several dozen nuclear experts who are church members. Dr Levitt's talk, "Energy and Natural Law," reviewed the history of energy development in the universe, and how the antinuclear movement would wipe out the essential feature of humanity — its creativity.

FEF MEMBERS MEET The Fusion Energy Foundation held a membership meeting April 6 in New York City to confirm the organization's board of directors The FEF also welcomed two new members to its board of trustees, Paul W. Lattimore, mayor of Auburn, NY., and Robert Perry, president of the Michigan Banking Association. NUCLEAR NEWS FEATURES FEF TRUSTEE Nuclear News, the magazine of the nuclear industry, featured a short article in its March issue on William Cornelius Hall, president of Chemtree, who was named to the FEF board of trustees in December 1977. Reprinted below are excerpts from the piece. Of all the hard-line pronuclear stands adopted by citizens' groups, industry lobbies, and so forth, none currently appears more fiercely supportive than that of the Fusion Energy Foundation (FEF).... "The one organization that is really influencing the public, in my opinion, is the Fusion Energy Foundation," said Hall in a recent telephone interview. Hall's recruitment may not have been the FEF's only success, but when Hall was named to the FEF board of trustees in December, and agreed to keynote a tech­ nical session at an FEF conference in late January, he became the most prominent nuclear industry executive connected with the group. Chemtree, Hall's company, based in Central Valley, NY., manufactures metallic mortars for use in reactor shields...He is the principal force in his company, and usually has little time for outside interests. But he said he is making time for the FEF. Hall's main concern is to win over the public to nuclear, and he feels that the FEF does a better job of this than does the American Nuclear Society or the Atomic Industrial Forum. "The industry has no clout," he said, adding, "It talks to itself and not to the public." By contrast, he told of a group of FEF members he saw in a Philadelphia train station, contacting passersby.

INTERNATIONAL FUSION JOURNAL of MACA2JNE OF THE FUSION ENFRCY FOUNDATION FUSION ENERGY Published Quarterly by the Fusion Energy Foundation

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Coming in the June issue: Coming in the spring issue:

"Geometry and Causality" "Magnetic Confinement in by Dr. Steven Bardwell Fusion Energy Research" by Dr. Harold Grad

_ FUSION magazine annual subscription NAME.

. International Journal of Fusion Energy CITY. (4 issues)—$35 STATE -ZIP. Make check or money order payable to Fusion Energy Foundation and mail with . FEF special membership order form to FEF. Box 1043. GPO. New York. NY. 10001. For subscriptions (includes 1JFE and FUSION >-S5l) outside the I'.S. and Canada, add $5 each. All subscriptions must be prepaid in IS dollars drawn on a U.S. bank.

64 FUSION No More Human Sacrifices The front cover depicts human sacrifice to the sun as practiced by the Aztecs until the Spanish conquest in 1520. The plan of the modern-day sun worshippers for total dependence on the sun does not call for slicing open chests to pluck out the victim's still-pumping heart as a ritual offering to ensure that the sun will rise. But, if implemented, the Sun Day demands to shut down high-technology industry will claim many more human victims than the tens of thousands sacrificed yearly by the Aztecs. Mankind's survival depends on using 20th century technology to harness the energy-producing process of the sun here on earth —fusion. With the development of controlled thermonuclear fusion power, man will create virtually unlimited energy, enough to guarantee that there will be no more human sacrifices. On the back cover is a photograph of the sun and a solar flare, a huge vortical filament of ionized helium generated by the same high-energy processes that must be mastered to make fusion power a reality. Taken in December 1973 by NASA's Skylab 4, the photo shows one of the most spectacular solar flares ever recorded, spanning more than 367,000 miles across the solar surface.

Front cover: An adaptation from the 16th century Aztec Codex Magliabecchi by Christopher Sloan. Back cover: Courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.