Online Resources for Stable Isotope Laboratory Education and Training and Ecological Applications
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Good Practice Guide for Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, FIRMS (2011)
Good Practice Guide for Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Good Practice Guide for Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry First Edition 2011 Editors Dr Jim Carter, UK Vicki Barwick, UK Contributors Dr Jim Carter, UK Dr Claire Lock, UK Acknowledgements Prof Wolfram Meier-Augenstein, UK This Guide has been produced by Dr Helen Kemp, UK members of the Steering Group of the Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Dr Sabine Schneiders, Germany Spectrometry (FIRMS) Network. Dr Libby Stern, USA Acknowledgement of an individual does not indicate their agreement with Dr Gerard van der Peijl, Netherlands this Guide in its entirety. Production of this Guide was funded in part by the UK National Measurement System. This publication should be cited as: First edition 2011 J. F. Carter and V. J. Barwick (Eds), Good practice guide for isotope ratio mass spectrometry, FIRMS (2011). ISBN 978-0-948926-31-0 ISBN 978-0-948926-31-0 Copyright © 2011 Copyright of this document is vested in the members of the FIRMS Network. IRMS Guide 1st Ed. 2011 Preface A few decades ago, mass spectrometry (by which I mean organic MS) was considered a “black art”. Its complex and highly expensive instruments were maintained and operated by a few dedicated technicians and its output understood by only a few academics. Despite, or because, of this the data produced were amongst the “gold standard” of analytical science. In recent years a revolution occurred and MS became an affordable, easy to use and routine technique in many laboratories. Although many (rightly) applaud this popularisation, as a consequence the “black art” has been replaced by a “black box”: SAMPLES GO IN → → RESULTS COME OUT The user often has little comprehension of what goes on “under the hood” and, when “things go wrong”, the inexperienced operator can be unaware of why (or even that) the results that come out do not reflect the sample that goes in. -
Progress and Challenges in Using Stable Isotopes to Trace Plant Carbon and Water Relations Across Scales
Biogeosciences, 9, 3083–3111, 2012 www.biogeosciences.net/9/3083/2012/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bg-9-3083-2012 © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Progress and challenges in using stable isotopes to trace plant carbon and water relations across scales C. Werner1,19, H. Schnyder2, M. Cuntz3, C. Keitel4, M. J. Zeeman5, T. E. Dawson6, F.-W. Badeck7, E. Brugnoli8, J. Ghashghaie9, T. E. E. Grams10, Z. E. Kayler11, M. Lakatos12, X. Lee13, C. Maguas´ 14, J. Ogee´ 15, K. G. Rascher1, R. T. W. Siegwolf16, S. Unger1, J. Welker17, L. Wingate18, and A. Gessler11 1Experimental and Systems Ecology, University Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany 2Lehrstuhl fur¨ Grunlandlehre,¨ Technische Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany 3UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany 4University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia 5College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 COAS Admin Bldg, Corvallis (OR), USA 6Center for Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 7Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) PF 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany 8CNR – National Research Council of Italy – Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy 9Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Systematique´ et Evolution (ESE), CNRS AgroParisTech – UMR8079, Batimentˆ 362, Universite´ de Paris-Sud (XI), 91405 Orsay Cedex, France 10Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany 11Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry Leibniz-Zentrum fur¨ Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF) e.V., Eberswalderstr. -
Stable Isotope Methods in Biological and Ecological Studies of Arthropods
eea_572.fm Page 3 Tuesday, June 12, 2007 4:17 PM DOI: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00572.x Blackwell Publishing Ltd MINI REVIEW Stable isotope methods in biological and ecological studies of arthropods CORE Rebecca Hood-Nowotny1* & Bart G. J. Knols1,2 Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Wageningen University & Research Publications 1International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Agency’s Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria, 2Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands Accepted: 13 February 2007 Key words: marking, labelling, enrichment, natural abundance, resource turnover, 13-carbon, 15-nitrogen, 18-oxygen, deuterium, mass spectrometry Abstract This is an eclectic review and analysis of contemporary and promising stable isotope methodologies to study the biology and ecology of arthropods. It is augmented with literature from other disciplines, indicative of the potential for knowledge transfer. It is demonstrated that stable isotopes can be used to understand fundamental processes in the biology and ecology of arthropods, which range from nutrition and resource allocation to dispersal, food-web structure, predation, etc. It is concluded that falling costs and reduced complexity of isotope analysis, besides the emergence of new analytical methods, are likely to improve access to isotope technology for arthropod studies still further. Stable isotopes pose no environmental threat and do not change the chemistry or biology of the target organism or system. These therefore represent ideal tracers for field and ecophysiological studies, thereby avoiding reductionist experimentation and encouraging more holistic approaches. Con- sidering (i) the ease with which insects and other arthropods can be marked, (ii) minimal impact of the label on their behaviour, physiology, and ecology, and (iii) environmental safety, we advocate more widespread application of stable isotope technology in arthropod studies and present a variety of potential uses. -
Measurement of the Isotopic Composition of Dissolved Iron in the Open Ocean F
Measurement of the isotopic composition of dissolved iron in the open ocean F. Lacan, Amandine Radic, Catherine Jeandel, Franck Poitrasson, Géraldine Sarthou, Catherine Pradoux, Remi Freydier To cite this version: F. Lacan, Amandine Radic, Catherine Jeandel, Franck Poitrasson, Géraldine Sarthou, et al.. Measure- ment of the isotopic composition of dissolved iron in the open ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union, 2008, pp.L24610. 10.1029/2008GL035841. hal-00399111 HAL Id: hal-00399111 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00399111 Submitted on 15 Jul 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Measurement of the Isotopic Composition of dissolved Iron in the Open Ocean 2 3 Lacan1 F., Radic1 A., Jeandel1 C., Poitrasson2 F., Sarthou3 G., Pradoux1 C., Freydier2 R. 4 5 1: CNRS, LEGOS, UMR5566, CNRS-CNES-IRD-UPS, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 18, Av. 6 E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France. 7 2: LMTG, CNRS-UPS-IRD, 14-16, avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France. 8 3: LEMAR, UMR CNRS 6539, IUEM, Technopole Brest Iroise, Place Nicolas Copernic, 9 29280 Plouzané, France. 10 11 Paper published in Geophysical Research Letters (2008) L24610. 12 We acknowledge Geophysical Research Letters and the American Geophysical Union copyright 13 14 This work demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of the measurement of the isotopic 15 composition of dissolved iron in seawater for a typical open ocean Fe concentration range 16 (0.1-1nM). -
Manuscripts When Comparing in Situ Derived Data with Other Methods Was Achieved in the Study of Oerter Et Al
In situ measurements of soil and plant water isotopes: A review of approaches, practical considerations and a vision for the future Matthias Beyer1, Kathrin Kühnhammer1, Maren Dubbert2 1 Institute for Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany & 5 German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), 30655 Hannover, Germany 2 Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg Correspondence to: Matthias Beyer ([email protected]) Glossary bag equilibration method: a methodology to determine water isotope values of water/soil/plant samples which is based on 10 collecting the measurand in air-tight bags which are then filled with a dry gas. Subsequently, the equilibrated vapor is directed to a laser spectrometer and measured. We count this method to 'destructive' sampling here as material needs to be removed from its origin in order to by analyzed. CG model: Craig and Gordon model for isotopic fractionation during evaporation of open water bodies. Widely applied to determine the isotope value of soil evaporation 15 cryogenic (vacuum) extraction: up to date most widely used method for extracting water from soil and plant samples for subsequent analysis of isotope values. In this method the water is extracted by heating the sample thus completely evaporating contained water and collection of the evaporate in a cold-trap destructive sampling: any sampling activity where the material/substrate to be measured is removed from its original place (e.g. collection in vials, bags, etc.) 20 gas permeable membrane: tubular micro-porous membrane material that is permeable for water vapor and allows the air inside to isotopically equilibrate with the surrounding of the membrane gas permeable membrane probes: commercially available or custom-made probes employing gas permeable membranes in situ measurement: A direct measurement of a variable in its original place (e.g. -
Stable Isotope Analyses Differentiate Between Different Trophic Pathways Supporting Rocky-Reef Fishes
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 95: 19-24, 1993 Published May 19 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Stable isotope analyses differentiate between different trophic pathways supporting rocky-reef fishes Carrie J. Thomas, Lawrence B. Cahoon Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USA ABSTRACT: Stable isotope analyses of 5 reef-associated fishes, Decapterus punctatus. Diplodus holbrooki, Rhornboplites aurorubens. Pagrus pagrus, and Haernulon aurolineatum, were conducted to determine the ability of stable isotope analysis to distinguish among the species and the trophic pathways that support them. Analyses of F13C, 615~,and 634~from white swimming muscle yielded significant differences between species. Multiple stable isotope signatures of these 5 species indicated that at least 2 trophic pathways, one planktonic and one benthic, supported these reef-associated species. Variability of isotopic signatures within species was largely a result of collection site differ- ences. 8l3C and 615N values inchcated that all fishes were feeding at similar trophic levels. P4S values proved to be useful supplements to carbon and nitrogen isotope values in separating species by signature. INTRODUCTION sandy areas (Hales 1987, Donaldson 1991). Other fishes, such as Diplodus holbrooki (spottail pinfish), Total primary production on the continental shelf off feed upon benthic macroalgae and associated inverte- North Carolina, USA, is supported by 3 sources: phyto- brates (Hay & Sutherland 1988, Pike 1991). Finally, plankton, benthic macroalgae, and benthic micro- demersal zooplankton feed on benthic microalgae algae. Cahoon et al. (1990) found benthic microalgal (Tronzo 1989).Demersal zooplankton are in turn a food biomass frequently equalled or exceeded integrated item for fishes such as Haemulon aurolineatum phytoplankton biomass across the shelf. -
Educationinnovation2015.Pdf
Edited by: Michael Thoennessen, Michigan State University, and Graham Peaslee, Hope College Layout and design: Erin O’Donnell, NSCL, Michigan State University Front cover: Photograph of lead-tungstate scintillator crystals in a support frame for the Primakoff Experiment (PrimEx) in Hall B at Jefferson Lab. Preamble 3 1 Executive Summary 5 2 Education and Workforce 9 2.1 Workforce Development 9 2.2 Graduate and Postgraduate Education 19 2.3 Undergraduate Education 27 2.4 Outreach and K12 37 3 Innovation 43 3.1 Defense and Security 46 3.2 Energy and Climate 49 3.3 Health and Medicine 54 3.4 Art, Forensic, and other Applications 61 Appendix A: Town Meeting Program 72 Appendix B: Town Meeting Attendees 76 Appendix C: Presentation Abstracts 78 Appendix D: Examples of Outreach Activities 135 Ed Hartouni (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) Anna Hayes (Los Alamos National Laboratory) Calvin Howell (Duke University) Cynthia Keppel (Jefferson Lab) Micha Kilburn (University of Notre Dame) Amy McCausey (Michigan State University, conference coordinator) Graham Peaslee (Hope College, co-convener) David Robertson (University of Missouri) Gunther Roland (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Mike Snow (Indiana University) Michael Thoennessen (Michigan State University, co-convener) The town meeting was supported by the Division of Nuclear Physics and the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. We would like to thank Kandice Carter, Jolie Cizewski, Micha Kilburn, Peggy Norris, Erich Ormand, and Warren Rogers for suggestions, proof reading, data compilation, collecting the examples of outreach activities. The DNP NSAC Long Range Plan Town Meeting on Education and Innovation was held August 6–8, 2014 on the campus of Michigan State University in East Lansing, MI. -
Mass Spectrometer Hardware for Analyzing Stable Isotope Ratios
Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, Volume-I P.A. de Groot (Editor) © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 38 Mass Spectrometer Hardware for Analyzing Stable Isotope Ratios Willi A. Brand Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, PO Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Mass spectrometers and sample preparation techniques for stable isotope ratio measurements, originally developed and used by a small group of scientists, are now used in a wide range of fields. Instruments today are typically acquired from a manu- facturer rather than being custom built in the laboratory, as was once the case. In order to consistently generate measurements of high precision and reliability, an extensive knowledge of instrumental effects and their underlying causes is required. This con- tribution attempts to fill in the gaps that often characterize the instrumental knowl- edge of relative newcomers to the field. 38.1 Introduction Since the invention of mass spectrometry in 1910 by J.J. Thomson in the Cavendish laboratories in Cambridge(‘parabola spectrograph’; Thompson, 1910), this technique has provided a wealth of information about the microscopic world of atoms, mole- cules and ions. One of the first discoveries was the existence of stable isotopes, which were first seen in 1912 in neon (masses 20 and 22, with respective abundances of 91% and 9%; Thomson, 1913). Following this early work, F.W. Aston in the same laboratory set up a new instrument for which he coined the term ‘mass spectrograph’ which he used for checking almost all of the elements for the existence of isotopes. -
Ocean Ecogeochemistry a Review
Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2013, 51, 327-374 © Roger N. Hughes, David Hughes, and I. Philip Smith, Editors Taylor & Francis OcEaN EcOgeochemistry: a review KElton w. mcmahon1,2,3, Li Ling HamaDy1 & SImon R. ThorrolD1 1Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS50, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA E- mail: [email protected] (corresponding author), [email protected] 2Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E- mail: [email protected] 3Ocean Sciences Department, University of California-Santa Cruz, SantaCruz, CA 95064, USA animal movements and the acquisition and allocation of resources provide mechanisms for indi- vidual behavioural traits to propagate through population, community and ecosystem levels of biological organization. Recent developments in analytical geochemistry have provided ecolo- gists with new opportunities to examine movements and trophic dynamics and their subsequent influence on the structure and functioning of animal communities. we refer to this approach as ecogeochemistry—the application of geochemical techniques to fundamental questions in popula- tion and community ecology. we used meta- analyses of published data to construct δ2H, δ13c, δ15N, δ18O and Δ14c isoscapes throughout the world’s oceans. These maps reveal substantial spatial vari- ability in stable isotope values on regional and ocean- basin scales. we summarize distributions of dissolved metals commonly assayed in the calcified tissues of marine animals. Finally, we review stable isotope analysis (SIa) of amino acids and fatty acids. These analyses overcome many of the problems that prevent bulk SIa from providing sufficient geographic or trophic resolution in marine applications. we expect that ecologists will increasingly use ecogeochemistry approaches to estimate animal movements and trace nutrient pathways in ocean food webs. -
Ocean Primary Production
Learning Ocean Science through Ocean Exploration Section 6 Ocean Primary Production Photosynthesis very ecosystem requires an input of energy. The Esource varies with the system. In the majority of ocean ecosystems the source of energy is sunlight that drives photosynthesis done by micro- (phytoplankton) or macro- (seaweeds) algae, green plants, or photosynthetic blue-green or purple bacteria. These organisms produce ecosystem food that supports the food chain, hence they are referred to as primary producers. The balanced equation for photosynthesis that is correct, but seldom used, is 6CO2 + 12H2O = C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2. Water appears on both sides of the equation because the water molecule is split, and new water molecules are made in the process. When the correct equation for photosynthe- sis is used, it is easier to see the similarities with chemo- synthesis in which water is also a product. Systems Lacking There are some ecosystems that depend on primary Primary Producers production from other ecosystems. Many streams have few primary producers and are dependent on the leaves from surrounding forests as a source of food that supports the stream food chain. Snow fields in the high mountains and sand dunes in the desert depend on food blown in from areas that support primary production. The oceans below the photic zone are a vast space, largely dependent on food from photosynthetic primary producers living in the sunlit waters above. Food sinks to the bottom in the form of dead organisms and bacteria. It is as small as marine snow—tiny clumps of bacteria and decomposing microalgae—and as large as an occasional bonanza—a dead whale. -
Stable Isotope Diagrams of Freshwater Food Webs
NOTES AND COMMENTS 2293 i.e., m, = d,ls,, where d, is the number of deaths during mortality rates, which have been described above, are the time interval i, and s, is the number of survivors approaches that can enable very short periods of time at the midpoint of the time interval i. to be identified when mortality risks differ substantially Gehan ( 1969) has derived an equation which enables between sets of plants. Although for the field ecologist the variance of the midpoint age-specific mortality to inferences about the causes of plant death will always be determined: be easier than proof, the ability to compare mortality rates over very short time intervals will allow more accurate interpretation of the causes of mortality and Var[m,] = (:/ {1 - ( ~')l promote a sharper understanding of the tolerance lim its of species in the field. d, . where q, = -, I.e., s, Acknowledgments: This work was undertaken while K. D. Booth was in receipt of a Science and Engineering 2 , (m,)' 2 {. ( m,' ) } Research Council studentship. We gratefully acknowl Var[m,] = T 1 - . 2 edge the helpful comments of four referees, including David Pyke and Dolph Schluter. This formula may be used to calculate 95% confidence intervals around m, values (Fig. 1), aiding the com Literature Cited parison of survivorship patterns in the cohorts (Lee Gehan, E. A. 1969. Estimating survival functions from the 1980). When this procedure is applied to the data of life table. Journal of Chronic Diseases 21:629-644. Pyke and Thompson ( 1986), the analysis shows that Lee, E. T. -
Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques for Marine Pollution Monitoring
NUCLEAR AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES FOR MARINE POLLUTION MONITORING A. Introduction The greatest natural resource on the Planet, the World Ocean is both the origin of most life forms and the source of survival for hundredsth of millions of people. Pollution of the oceans was an essential problem of the 20 century that was associated with the rapid industrializationst and unplanned occupation of coastal zones It continues to be a concern in the 21 century. The most serious environmental problems encountered in coastal zones are presented by runoff of agricultural nutrients, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants, such as pesticides and plastics. Oil spills from ships and tankers continually present a serious threat to birds, marine life and beaches. Also, many pesticides that are banned in most industrialized countries remain in use today, their trans-boundary pathway of dispersion affecting marine ecosystems the world over. In addition to these problems, ocean dumping of radioactive waste has occurred in the past, and might occur again, with authorised discharges of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities into rivers and coastal areas contributing to the contamination of the marine environment. A trans-boundary issue, marine pollution is often caused by inland economic activities, which lead to ecological changes in the marine environment. Examples include the use of chemicals in agriculture, atmospheric emissions from factories and automobiles, sewage discharges into lakes and rivers, and many other phenomena taking place hundreds or thousands of kilometres away from the seashore. Sooner or later, these activities affect the ecology of estuaries, bays, coastal waters, and sometimes entire seas, consequently having an impact on the economy related to maritime activities.