April 2010 THE VANGUARD Journal of the Military Intelligence Corps Association

Feature: LTC Thomas Knowlton Biography Revisited www.micorps.org THE VANGUARD MICA Scholarships Volume 15, Number 2 The 2009 Military Intelligence Corps Association scholarship Publisher campaign recently concluded. Once again, this year, all of the submitted COL Larry D. Bruns, USA, Retired application packets were well prepared and extremely competitive. Editor All applicants should be justifiably proud of their achievements. We John DellaGiustina (LTC, Ret) wish all of you the very best in your future academic endeavors and Editorial Mail encourage you to apply for the scholarship again in 2010. P.O. Box 13020, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85670-3020 We extend our congratulations to the following individuals who Email: [email protected] were selected for receipt of a Military Intelligence Corps Association Website: http://www.micorps.org scholarship for 2009: Purpose: THE VANGUARD is the official Bethany N. Carson, Spanish Fork, UT journal of the Military Intelligence Corps Association (MICA) for its members and Rayleen M. Lewis, Grovetown, GA sponsors. The quarterly journal serves as a professional forum for sharing Michelle N. Cruikshank, Boston, MA knowledge, preserving history, and Sara A. Erway, Galesburg, MI honoring civilian and military members of the Corps. Aaron M. Saunders, Springfield, VA Disclaimer: All rights reserved. The opinions expressed in THE VANGUARD are those of the authors and do not The MICA Scholarship Program provides scholarships for individuals necessarily represent the position of the pursuing undergraduate degrees or technical certificates. Scholarships MICA. The content does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. may be used for attendance at regionally accredited colleges, universities Department of the Army or other U.S. or state approved vocational schools/technical institutions. Government organizations. Who is Eligible? Applicants must be a current individual member of Submissions: Submit articles, MICA or a family member of such. Family members are considered a photographs, and other material to the Editor, THE VANGUARD, at spouse, children, or immediate relative living with or supported by the [email protected]. Please provide qualifying MICA member. contact information, a description of Applicants must be pursuing their first undergraduate (Associates the material, and a short biography with each submission. THE VANGUARD or Bachelors) degree or a technical certification. Applicants already reserves the right to accept, reject, or possessing an undergraduate degree or seeking a graduate degree are edit any submissions at its discretion. not eligible. Articles, photographs, and other material from THE VANGUARD may be Previous Scholarship recipients may compete for subsequent reproduced, if they are not restricted scholarships. by law or military regulations, provided proper credit is given and the Editor has How to Apply given specific prior permission for each Complete instructions and application forms are located on the MICA reproduced item. website at www.micorps.org. Information on MICA membership is also Change of Address: Please log in available on this website. using your MICA membership username and password at www.micorps.org. Applications must be mailed and postmarked no later than 15 May There in the User Menu you will find 2010. Late or incomplete applications will be returned to the applicant a Your Information link where you can replace your address of record for without consideration. MICA. Send Completed Application to: Postmaster: Send address changes to MICA, P.O. Box 13020, Fort Huachuca, MICA AZ 85670-3020. Attn: MICA Scholarship Chairman PO Box 13020 Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85670-3020 – 2 – Notes from the President MICA National Will begin with some unpleasant and unfortunate business we have Executive Committee been grappling with over the past few months. The MICA Board President terminated our previous Executive Director because he failed to follow COL Larry D. Bruns, USA, through on his contractual responsibilities. We found numerous Retired instances where he stated that membership and other actions were [email protected] completed only to find out later that they were not. We are reviewing the last six months of paperwork trying to determine what was and Vice President what was not accomplished. We are correcting errors, extending Mr. William F. Morgan, Jr. membership benefits, and tracking award nominees so that they get [email protected] their due recognition. We believe we have addressed most lapses. If Secretary you have a membership or award issue please let me know and I will address it immediately. Mr. Christopher L. Friend [email protected] I personally apologize to each member of MICA for this situation and Treasurer commit to you that I will not let it happen again. vacant Lisa Camberos is our new Executive Director. She has put in long days to correct the situation and is very committed to addressing any For information on issue the membership brings to our attention. During her short tenure, memberships, chapters, she has reduced the backlog of actions and improved the turnaround scholarships, and awards, time on all new actions. If you have the opportunity, please tell her please contact: thank you. She has done a marvelous job under trying and difficult Executive Director circumstances. Mrs. Lisa Camberos Recently, MICA lost one of our most generous benefactors, supporter, [email protected] and member. CSM Doug Russell passed away in December. His obituary is in this edition. If you knew or ever met CSM Russell he was a true gentleman and greatly influenced our profession. The CSM Doug Russell award is a MICA scholarship that provides a cash award to the Intelligence Non-Commissioned Officer of the Year. Sergeant Michael Contents Cessna of the 715th MI BN, 500 MI BDE is the winner of this prestigious award for 2010. CSM Russell was eulogized in the ceremony and a The MFT in OIF 4 memorial to his contribution now hangs in the Non-Commissioned Zakat - War Funding 7 Officers Academy at Fort Huachuca. Mechanism In this edition you will find a tribute to LTC Thomas Knowlton and Sisler Ceremony 11 Knowlton’s Rangers. Bill Morgan, our National Vice President, has Army Intelligence Heritage Series: captured a great deal of information on our history and in future editions LTC Thomas Knowlton 14 of The Vanguard we will utilize his research to feature parts of that rich Biography Revisited heritage. 1SG Hudson - Leader of 24 Influence CSM Russell Award 26 Larry D. Bruns CSM Russell Remembered 28 National President Night Stalkers Recognized 30 Military Intelligence Corps Association U.S. Flag Flown for MICA 31

– 3 – the objective to determine if there was any more The Multi-Functional Team in actionable information available. Muhammad Operation Iraqi Freedom claimed he was a computer repairman but evidence found in his apartment indicated he was more than a mere computer repairman. Muhammad was By LTC Daniel E. Soller and COL tactically questioned by one of the MFT members Robert P. Walters who confirmed from his passport and identification The IED Technician Raid cards that he was the target they were seeking. His passport was stamped with recent travels to Around 2000 hours on Christmas Eve 2008, Multi- Syria—from where the DTMF boards purportedly Functional Team One (MFT 1), A Company, 163d came. He claimed ignorance to knowing anything MI Battalion embedded with the Scout Platoon about DTMF boards being smuggled into Mosul and of 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry, staged at a combat when pressed agreed that he had purchased some outpost in eastern Mosul were awaiting the signal to boards for unknown individuals. Initially defiant, launch a raid on the bed down location of one the Muhammad eventually warmed up under tactical brigade’s top High Value Individuals (HVI) named questioning as it became apparent that he was not Muhammad. Recent technical reporting indicated going to be released by the coalition forces. He that Muhammad was a key figure in the importation agreed to show the MFT the location of his business in and retooling of dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) another section of Mosul. The MFT bagged, tagged boards used in the construction of Radio Controlled and confiscated the laptop, a desktop computer, five Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIED) in the Mosul communications devices, and numerous drawings area. and circuit boards and exited the apartment with Soon the call came over the radio from an aerial Muhammad. At Muhammad’s business the MFT platform flying overhead: “Target located in the Al found more DTMF boards, computer chips, several Faisalia district.” Soon the Multi-Functional Team boxes of hand drawn circuitry, and sales records. The (MFT) and the Scout Platoon, also known as the MFT catalogued all captured material for exploitation time-sensitive targeting (TST) team, were out the and to serve as evidentiary material, then returned to gate and headed toward the target’s bed down the MFT’s operations base at Contingency Operating location. En route the MFT turned on its vehicle Site Diamondback . mounted technical collection system and picked Immediately upon returning to Diamondback up the target, tracking him to within a few blocks. the MFT began detailed exploitation of the Elements of 1-8 IN established a cordon around the captured material from the initial and subsequent target area while the MFT dismounted and began objectives. Meanwhile, the Scout Platoon turned picking up the target using its dismounted collection Muhammad over to the detention facility where systems. Shortly the TST and MFT stopped before HUMINT Collection Team (HCT) 640 was standing the front gate of the two-story apartment building by to conduct interrogations of Muhammad over where Muhammad lived. The 1-8 IN Scouts placed the next 24 hours. MFT 1 conducted exploitation C4 charges on the gate and door of the apartment of five communications devices, media exploitation building blowing them wide open. The TST entered (MEDEX) of a laptop, several CDs, and an external Muhammad’s apartment and secured it from top to hard drive, and documentation exploitation (DOCEX) bottom. Muhammad and his family were home but of five identification cards, a passport, several boxes did not resist and were not injured. of hand drawn circuitry, and business records. MFT After the apartment was secured the MFT 1 completed its initial exploitation of Muhammad’s entered. The MFT conducted Site Exploitation captured material by 1400 hours on Christmas Day (SE) of Muhammad’s home and discovered a where it forwarded all intelligence to 1-8 IN and communications device and a laptop hidden in his then passed the remaining material over to the Mosul couch. The team also discovered numerous hand Documentation and Media Exploitation (DOMEX) drawn circuit designs and DTMF boards. The team for uploading into national data bases. MFT 1 MFT conducted initial exploitation of the items on published a final MFT Report of this mission in MNF-

– 4 – I’s Combined Information Data Network Exchange his associates for immediate targeting. This rapid (CIDNE) database so future operations could exploitation of actionable intelligence allows the benefit from the lessons learned and intelligence supported assault force to get inside the insurgents’ obtained. Muhammad was eventually transferred to decision cycle. the theater detention facility at Bucca after having Either on the objective or upon returning to been interrogated in Mosul. His capture led to the its base, the MFT will exploit captured media and disruption of an important insurgent network in material (Exploit) and disseminate intelligence northern Iraq and Al Qaeda in Iraqi (AQI) lost a key while simultaneously conducting analysis with the facilitator in its quest to control Mosul. supported BCT’s ACE to find subsequent targets. Then the FFFEAD cycle repeats itself. Well trained The MFT in the Battlefield Surveillance Brigade and aggressive teams can turn targets faster than the enemy can react. The preceding vignette illustrates how the MFT when properly trained, equipped, and employed can In practice the MFT is typically organized with a conduct targeting in a kinetic environment. This MFT technical targeting element that is used to precisely was one of five assigned to the 163d MI Battalion, locate the target; a HUMINT team that is used to 504th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (BfSB). The conduct tactical questioning or field interrogations 504th BfSB deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom on the objective; and an exploitation element that 09-11 with ten Multi-Functional Teams (MFTs) as per exploits virtually any type of storable media or its MTOE. material in the target’s possession. By design the MFT is very adaptable to a variety of missions. The MFT Each MFT is authorized 12 Soldiers and is comprised is normally in direct support to a maneuver element, of 35M human intelligence collectors, 35L counter- whether that is a brigade, battalion, company, or ODA intelligence agents, 35N signal intelligence analysts, team, and its operations are seamlessly synchronized 35P voice intercept analysts, and is led by a 35D all- with the maneuver element’s designated strike source intelligence lieutenant. element (also sometimes called a time sensitive Typically the MFTs use the Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, targeting element or TST). Analyze, and Disseminate (F3EAD) targeting model The Security Agreement Operating Environment and combine HUMINT, SIGINT, and exploitation capabilities into one cohesive team at the action level During OIF 09-11, the 504th BfSB noted a marked to more efficiently target and exploit insurgents. The reduction of targeting missions as MNC-I increasingly MFT conducts target analysis in conjunction with a handed off key security tasks to the Government of Brigade Combat Team (BCT) Analysis and Control Iraq. This commenced with the implementation of Element (ACE) to identify the target’s pattern of life the Security Agreement on 1 January 2009 when (Find). Once identified, the MFT accompanies we began conducting all missions by-, with-, or the assault force and pin-points the target with through- Iraqi Security Forces. Most of Iraq saw this precision technical location equipment (Fix). After downward trend in targeting except for some areas the supported assault element secures the objective in Baghdad and in Mosul. However, by the 30 June (Finish) the MFT goes to work conducting site 2009 deadline to cease all coalition operations in exploitation on the objective (Exploit). The first task is the cities, our MFTs had already started adapting to positively identify (PID) the target through tactical to the new “non-kinetic” operating environment. questioning (TQ). The interrogator conducting TQ is MFT tasks were increasingly focused on providing armed with other information found on the objective support to ISF and to providing passive support to during the initial triage of pocket litter, documents, coalition operations. Below are lists of typical MFT and various media. That information enables the tasks used in the kinetic and non-kinetic operating certified interrogator to transition from TQ to tactical environments. interrogation taking full advantage of this period of As one would expect in full spectrum operations detainee vulnerability at the point of capture. The the lists are mutually inclusive. Progressively, our desired end state is for the detainee to provide MFTs executed an expanded set of tasks as we information compromising the current location of transitioned from kinetic to non-kinetic environments; – 5 – MFT kinetic targeting tasks: focused targeting emphasis and imagination can be extremely effective in “turning” targets or supporting Technical Target Location the commander’s priorities. The MFT MTOE is as Technical survey follows. Site exploitation (SE) Tactical Questioning (TQ) 1 x 35D 1LT Section Leader Field or combined interrogations 1 x 35M SFC Sr. HUMINT Collect. Sgt. Document Exploitation (DOCEX) 1 x 35L SSG Counter Intel. Sergeant Media Exploitation (MEDEX) 1 x 35M SSG HUMINT Collect. Sgt. Cellular Exploitation (CELLEX) 1 x 35N SSG SIGINT Sergeant Combined targeting with ISF 2 x 35M SGT HUMINT Collector 2 x 35P SGT Crypotologic Linguist MFT non-kinetic targeting tasks: 2 x 35M SPC HUMINT Collector Technical Key Leader Engagement support 2 x 35M PFC HUMINT Collector Fixed facility interrogations The 163d MI Battalion operated with 351M Military Source Operations HUMINT warrant officers leading two of its five Combined HUMINT Engagement Program teams. The HUMINT warrant officers provided those Exploitation training of ISF teams with improved HUMINT collection expertise HUMINT training of ISF that became particularly important as impact of the Fixed facility / combined interrogations Security Agreement limited kinetic operations. We Border security exploitation support recommend retaining 35Ds as team leaders, but Routine exploitation support HUMINT and SIGINT warrant officer expertise will become increasingly important to MFT operations nonetheless, the number of strictly kinetic targeting as this capability matures. We also temporarily missions decreased significantly. In other words our augmented two teams in the Mosul area in the MFTs were still capable of and did execute many weeks leading up to the 30 June deadline with 35F of the tasks on the “kinetic targeting” task list while All-Source Analysts in order to improve the teams’ simultaneously conducting an increasing number of efforts to integrate SIGINT and HUMINT for target tasks on the “non-kinetic” list. packet development. Although there will always be an argument for all source analytical capability in the The MFT is versatile. It is tailored for specific MFTs, fielding All-Source Analysts in MFTs becomes missions and can work with a variety of organizations. a resourcing and prioritization matter. During our deployment, 163d MI Battalion’s MFTs worked with conventional infantry and cavalry Appendix B of Field Manual-Interim 3-55.1 The formations, special operating detachments, military Battlefield Surveillance Brigade (BfSB)1 contains training teams, long range surveillance platoons, and a small but important section on the future of with military police. The MFT even worked with MFTs and the integration of HUMINT and SIGINT Iraqi Army units, although operational security was at the lowest tactical level. The closing section of of prime importance during these missions. When Appendix B describes the duties and responsibilities not conducting targeting missions, the MFT was of the MFT Support Element (MFTSE). The MFTSE sometimes used to train the Iraqi Army in rudimentary concept emerged with the first deployment of MFTs exploitation and HUMINT missions. In a few to OIF. The MFTSE embodies the staff component cases the MFT supported the Combined HUMINT for the integration of MFT SIGINT and HUMINT Engagement Program with the Iraqi Security Forces. targeting functions. Those functions include technical oversight of MFT reporting, technical collection force modernization, coordination with The MFT Organization supported commands, limited target analysis, and The MFT MTOE provides the supported the development of best practices. The 163rd MI commander a robust mixture of intelligence Battalion established a similar section in the battalion collection specialists and when combined with a S3 section during OIF 09-11 but called it the Multi-Disciplined Management Team (MDMT). Its – 6 – functions were essentially the same as the MFTSE but successfully proved its value to the supported MDMT seemed to be a better description of what commanders across the Operational Environment. the section did. When coordinating with BCTs or the The ten BfSB MFTs routinely demonstrated the corps staff we oftentimes found that no single entity ability to bring key intelligence and exploitation skills claimed ownership for the MFT. Because the MFT to the objectives with the supported assault forces contained a HUMINT component, an exploitation and reduce the intelligence cycle from one or two component, and a SIGINT component, several staff days to 30 or 40 minutes. This rapid exploitation entities claimed responsibility for parts of the MFT, but and intelligence analysis on the objective allowed never for the whole. So, the MDMT at the battalion supported commanders to move faster than the was the coordinating section for the various –INTs enemy, get inside his decision cycle, and to seize and that comprised the MFT. Our MDMT contained at maintain the initiative. MFTs are the future of tactical its core a SIGINT-trained HUMINT technician and a military intelligence collection and exploitation. senior HUMINT NCO with other Soldiers in the S3 1U.S. Army Armor Center, Field Manual – Interim providing support. In the future we see a need for a (FM-I) 3-55.1 (Draft), The Battlefield Surveillance single entity, like a combined HUMINT operational Brigade (BfSB) (Ft. Knox, Kentucky, March 2009), management team (OMT) and cryptological support B-10 - B-11. team (CST) to perform the MDMT/MFTSE functions within the BCT and within the BfSB MI battalion. About the Authors. LTC Daniel E. Soller commanded the 163d MI Battalion in their recent deployment to Conclusion OIF 09-11. COL Robert P. Walters commanded the During the Operation Iraqi Freedom 09-11 combat 504th BfSB during OIF 09-11. rotation, the BfSB Multi-Functional Team concept – 7 – merchandise)9 and rates varying from 2 ½ percent to ZAKAT: A Warfare Funding 10 percent depending on wealth, local conditions and Mechanism interpretations of applicable law.10 Disbursement. Disbursement of zakat may be made By William Gawthrop by the Imam appointing the zakat collector, the zakat 11 This article examines zakat, commonly thought to collector himself, or directly by those from whom the 12 be charitable alms giving, as an asymmetrical warfare zakat would be normally collected. Zakat should be funding mechanism. distributed in the locality from which the revenue was collected. Excess funds may be transferred to another Zakat: A Pillar of Islam location only if all the eight categories have been adequately resourced.13 It is recommended that zakat 1 Zakat is one of the five Pillars of Islam and as a distribution, and possibly attending accounting of the commonly perceived source of charitable alms giving, distribution, be concealed.14 may escape the critical analysis necessary for fully understanding Islamic warfare funding. This article Categories of disbursement. There are eight obligatory provides background for analysts to comprehend the categories of disbursement for Zakat: the poor; those genesis of the money stream related to the funding of short of money; zakat workers; those whose heart are to Islamic terrorist, insurgent, and supporting activities. be reconciled; those purchasing their freedom; those in debt, those fighting for Allah; and travelers needing “The meaning of Zakat is ‘to increase and to become money.15 pure’. Because the payment of Zakat leads to an increase in wealth and considered a reason for its cleansing, this Those Fighting for Allah. Zakat is obligated to pay obligation has been named Zakat by the Sharia (Islamic those participating in Islamic military operations if their Law). Zakat was declared an obligation in the year 2 salary has not been provided for by other means. Fighters H.(624 AD), prior to the proclamation of the ruling (irregulars, volunteers, etc)16 may be paid with zakat concerning fasting.”2 funds to purchase weapons, vehicles, clothing, expenses and the expenses associated with travel from their home The authority and basis for zakat is found in the to the fighting and their return home.17 Additionally, Quran, Surat 9 At-Taubah, 60: zakat may be used to defray some expenses of the fighter’s family during this period.18 As-Sadaqat (here it means Zakat) are only for the Fuqara (poor), and Al-Masakin (the poor) and those Interpretations according to various schools of employed to collect (the funds); and to attract the Islamic Law hearts of those who have been inclined (towards Islam); and to free the captives; and for those in debt; and in While zakat is rooted in the two primary sources Allah’s Cause (i.e. for Mujahidin-those fighting in a holy of Islamic Law, the Quran and the haddith, the topic battle), and for the wayfarer (traveler who is cut off from is subject to interpretation. Within the Sunni tradition, everything); a duty imposed by Allah. And Allah is All the four major schools are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi, and Knower, All Wise.3 Hanbali. Within the Shia tradition, two major schools are the Jarafi and Zaydi tradition. Each legal tradition has Zakat is traditionally thought to be, as the third variant interpretations with regard to the basic provisions pillar of Islam, simply charitable almsgiving. It is on Zakat. considerably more. “Zakat is rather a social welfare institution supervised by the state and an organized tax The Hanafi (Sunni) view. Fighters who do not have administered by a specific governmental body.”4 Zakat sufficient funds for mounts (vehicles) and expenses may is both a divine duty and a source of revenue and has be eligible for zakat if the financial shortage adversely its own fiscal mechanism.5 As such, zakat is “a legal affects their ability to fight. Additionally, sadaqa19 obligation and a particular kind of charity” that is a may be paid to fighters even if they are able to earn “pure right of God.”6 Contributions are obligatory with and income “since working would deter them from punishments awaiting in the physical world and the fighting.”20 hereafter for evasion.7 The Maliki (Sunni) view. Food, arms, and equipment Collections. Zakat is payable by all Muslims who are may be paid by sadaqa and this includes supporting sane, reached the age of puberty and have “zakatable” operations against those invading Muslim lands.21 property. It is not required of non Muslims.8 The tax “Zakat can be given to fighters and border guards and is levied annually on two kinds of wealth: manifest to buy war equipment, such as weapons and horses. (crops, cattle, property) and hidden (gold, silver, Fighters may take zakat even if they are rich, since they

– 8 – are given it because they are fighting for the sake of Implications Allah and not because of poverty. Spies can also be given Zakat is an institutionalized and enduring fundraising zakat, even if they are unbelievers.”22 mechanism within Islam that is capable of raising The Shafi’I (Sunni) view. Because there are eight considerable sums of money on an annual basis. Rough, obligatory categories of disbursement for zakat, the conservative, calculations for potential zakat funds Shafi’I s hold that one eighth of the total proceeds of annually available for warfighting within a geographic zakat can go to the fighter.23 area can be determined by computing 2.5 percent of the GDP-per capita of the employed labor force and dividing Zakat may be paid to fighters who do not receive the product by eight (8). For Iraq, the annual warfare pay from the government because their sacrifice is funding through zakat may be estimated at about $97 greater “than salaried soldiers and deserve to be given million,30 while for Afghanistan it is estimated at $47 what helps them undertake this duty, even if they are million.31 rich.”24 Recommended Intelligence Collection Priorities. Nonfighters may be paid with zakat funds if they Some recommended Unclassified Intelligence Collection defend or guard the fighters or “prevent unbelievers from Priorities on Zakat and operations funding include the attacking them.”25 following:

“Fighters can be given their expenses and clothing for “What is the annual zakat potential for a the period from the time they leave to fight until the time geographical area?” they come back, even if they stay at border points for a long period. … A fighter may also be given money to “How is zakat collected in an area of operations?” buy a horse, weapons, and other tools of war (and) what “Who are the collectors?” he buys becomes his permanently.”26 “Where and how are the Zakat funds banked until The Hanbali (Sunni) view. Zakat can be expended on distributed?” two kinds of people: those who need zakat and those who are needed by the Muslims, such as fighters, people “Who has the distribution authority?” whose hearts are to be reconciled, and people in debt as a result of their efforts in mediating between disputing “To whom are the distributions being made?” groups.27 Endnotes Zakat may be used to pay volunteer fighters (who 1 The Five Pillars are Testimony of Faith (Kalikma); Prayer (Salat); receive no regular salary) and border guards and Almsgiving (Zakat); fasting (Sawm) and Pilgrimage (Hajj). Ali, purchase of equipment. Maulana Muhammad, The Religion of Islam, A Comprehensive Discussion of the Sources, Principles and Practices of Islam, The Ja’fari (Shia) view. “ ‘In the cause of Allah’ Lahor, Pakistan.(1936). Passim. See also al-Misri, Ahmad ibn includes everything that benefits Muslims or brings them Zaqib. Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic closer to Allah, such as pilgrimage, fighting and building Sacred Law, Aman Publications, Beltsville, MD: (1994) p. 808. irrigation systems. Some Ja’faris say it (In the Cause of 28 2 Al-Sanani, Muhammad bin Ismail, Bulugh Al-Maram: Allah) only relates to jihad.” Attainment of the Objective According to Evidence of the Ordinances. Darussalam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2002. p. 191. The Zaydi (Shia) view. Zaydi scholars contend that zakat should not be spent for coffins or building mosques 3 Khan, Dr Muhammad Muhsin and Dr Muhammad Taqi- but expenditures for fighting and that which brings a ud-Din Al-Hilali, Interpretation of the Meanings of the Nobel Muslim closer to Allah are permissible.29 Quran in the English Language, Dar-us-Salam Publications, Riyadh-Saudi Arabia: (1996), Sura 9:60, p. 280. This is a Comments on the Sunni and Shia views. verbatim quote taken from a pre-9-11 Saudi translated English version of the Quran. The debate in the Jafari and Zaydi Shia tradition 4 al-Qardawi, Yusuf, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, Dar is not so much whether zakat funds “In the cause of Al-Tawwa, Ltd, London: (1999) p.474 Allah” can be expended for war fighting but whether 5 Azmi, Sabahuddin. Islamic Economics. Goodword Books, the term (In the cause of Allah) includes non-fighting New Delhi: (2002) p. 69. Currently, one of the better references expenditure categories. The holdings of the four Sunni for understanding the mechanisms associated with Zakat is schools and the two Shia schools of law demonstrates Yusuf al-Qardawi’s Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, Dar that expenditure of zakat on warfighting is not only Al-Tawwa, Ltd, London: (1999). permissible, but obligatory. 6 Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, UK: (2003), p. – 9 – 222 and 448. “Firstly, acts that exclusively consist of the right need.” See Ibn Sallam, The Book of Revenue, p. 528. of God, such as acts of devotion and worship, include salah 19 Al-Mawardi, The Ordinances of Government. p,127. “The and jihad, which are the pillars of religion and are necessary two terms sadaqa and zakat are synonyms for one and the for the establishment of an Islamic Order. These, which are same thing, indicating the only mandatory claim on a Muslim’s often referred to as huquq Allah al-khalisha, or ‘pure Rights of property.” See also al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam As-Sultaniyyah: The God’, occur in eight varieties: (a) rights of God, which consist Laws of Islamic Governance. p. 168. exclusively of worship, such as professing of faith (iman), 20 al-Qardawi, Yusuf. Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, salah, zakah, the pilgrimage and jihad. …” See also: Lippman, Dar Al-Tawwa, Ltd, London: (1999) p. 407. Matthew, Islamic Criminal Law and Procedure: An Introduction. Prager, New York 1988, p. 97, which identifies zakat as a legally 21 al-Qardawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, p. 408. enforceable obligation. 22 Ash-Sharh al-Kabir with Hashiyat ad-Dusuqi, Vol 1, p.497 7 al-Qardawi, Yusuf, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, p. 23 al-Qardawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, p. 411. 27-29. 8 al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic 24 Tuhfat al-Muhtaj, with Sharh al-Minhaj, vol 3, p. 96, and Sacred Law, p. 246. Nihayat al-Muhtaj, vol 6, p. 155-56. 9 Abu’l Hasan al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam As-Sultaniyyah: The 25 Al-Umm, Vol 2, p. 60. Laws of Islamic Governance. Ta-Ha Publishers, London (1966). p. 168 26 Ar Rawda, Vol 2, p 326-327. 10 Ibn Rushd, The Distinguished Jurist’s Primer, Vol 1. Garnet Publishers, Reading: (2000). p. 282-323 27 al-Qardawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, p. 412 11 al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam As-Sultaniyyah: The Laws of Islamic 28 al-Qardawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, p. 414- Governance, p. 185 415 12 al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam As-Sultaniyyah: The Laws of Islamic Governance, p. 186 29 al-Qardawi, Fiqh az-Zakat: A Comparative Study, p. 415 13 Azmi, Islamic Economics, p. 124. See also al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam As-Sultaniyyah: The Laws of Islamic Governance, p. 30 World Fact Book, 2009. Iraq: GDP – per capita $4000 182-183 multiplied by 2.5% = $100 multiplied by a workforce of 14 Ibn Sallam, The Book of Revenue, p. 522. “ (1812) He said 7.74 million = $774 million divided by the 8 categories of Abd al-Rahman related to us from Sufyan from Aby Hashim disbursement (assuming equal apportionment among the from Ibrahim and al-Hasan, and both said: ‘Distribute it among categories) = $96,750,000 available annually for expenses the prescribed beneficiaries, but keep it concealed.’” associated with warfighting. 15 Bakhtiar, Laleh. Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium 31 World Fact Book, 2009. Afghanistan: GDP – per capita of the Major Schools, Kazi Publications, Chicago: (1969), p. 238-241. See also, Ibn Sallam, The Book of Revenue, Garnet $1000 multiplied by 2.5% = $25 multiplied by a workforce Publishing, Reading, UK: (2003), p. 525, 526. of 15 million = $375 million divided by the 8 categories of disbursement (assuming equal apportionment among the 16 Azmi, Islamic Economics, p. 123 categories) = $46,875,000 available annually for expenses 17 Al-Mawardi, The Ordinances of Government, Garnet associated with warfighting. Publishing, Reading, UK: (1996), p,137. “The seventh share, going towards the cause of God Almighty, must be paid to William Gawthrop is a frequent contributor to The Vanguard Muslim fighters according to what they need in their Holy War. If they are to remain stationed in border towns, they must be paid the cost of the outward journey and as much as possible of their boarding expenses, but those destined to come back upon completion of their mission should receive the cost of the return trip.” For a discussion on the distribution of zakat see also Azmi, Islamic Economics, p.122-124; al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam As-Sultaniyyah: The Laws of Islamic Governance. p. 182. 18 al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law, p. 272. See also, Bearman, P.J., Thomas Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, and W.P. Heinrichs, eds. The Encylcopaedia of Islam, Vol XI, Brill, Leiden: (2002) p. 416. There is historical precedence for a further delineation of divisions with his category. “One-fourth …will go to those soldiers to whom it is regularly assigned. The temporary soldiers and the poor will get another fourth (each). One-fourth of it will go to the war veteran in God’s cause who is faced with dire – 10 – may be asking why an Army Intel guy is standing in Remarks at the Knowlton Award front of you today at the retirement ceremony for Ceremony for Lieutenant Colonel a distinguished United States Air Force Fighter Pilot. Jim and his family share a special bond with the Jim Sisler, U.S. Air Force Army, that link is through Jim’s Father, a posthumous Congressional Medal of Honor awardee and one of Good afternoon, my name is COL Scott Berrier. the the MI Corps’ most revered Intelligence Heroes. I serve as the III Corps G2 and am the Army’s senior In fact there’s a very famous building at Ft Huachuca Military Intelligence officer here at Ft Hood. I’m where all Army Intelligence Soldiers have attended accompanied today by Sergeant Major Mark Lawson, training over the past three decades. That building is the III Corps Senior Intelligence Sergeant. Today we Sisler Hall, named in honor of Jim’s Dad. are representing the Army’s MI Corps. So today, we honor Jim’s service in the United Our purpose here today is to honor the service States Air Force – and MI leadership across the Army and sacrifices of Lt Col Jim Sisler and his family. You thought it was important we do this. We are about – 11 – to present a special award to Jim, it’s called the against British forces operating in the northeast and Knowlton Award. It’s been in existence since 1995 he was cited for bravery at the battle of Bunker Hill. and it recognizes professional excellence in military General George Washington promoted Knowlton to intelligence career fields or unique support to the the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and gave him a larger Army Intelligence. Jim and his family will always command informally known as “Knowlton’s Rangers”. This unit was essentially a mobile light infantry force have a unique relationship with the Army’s MI Corps and conducted reconnaissance and strike operations and Ft Huachuca, so this award is fitting and timely. against British forces. On September 16, 1775, The Award is sponsored by the Military Intelligence Knowlton’s Rangers engaged a superior British Force Corps Association (also known as MICA) and its at Harlem Heights, New York. During the melee that board unanimously voted to give Jim this honor. ensued, Thomas Knowlton rallied his troops, led from the front, and was unfortunately killed in action. On A little information about the Award itself; it September 17th, 1776, General Washington cited is named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas “The bravery and Gallantry of COL Knowlton and Knowlton, a revolutionary war hero and our first the grave loss to the Army and Nation”. combat intelligence leader. Thomas Knowlton was Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton lived born in 1740 and enlisted to fight in the French and a warrior’s life, and in that, has much in common Indian war in 1755. Later in 1775, Thomas Knowlton with the warrior we honor today. It is our privilege was commissioned as a Captain in the Connecticut to bestow the Knowlton Award to Lt Col Jim Sisler, Militia and commanded a Company under Colonel United States Air Force. William Prescott. Knowlton’s outfit was given very SGM Lawson, would you please post the order. risky intelligence and reconnaissance missions

– 12 – Biography of First Lieutenant George K. Sisler, U.S. Army

Birth: September 19, 1937 Death: February 7, 1967 Vietnam veteran. Recipient of the Congressional Medal of Honor, Bronze Star, and the Purple Heart. First Lieutenant George K. Sisler was the first member of the Military Intelligence Branch to receive the Medal of Honor. He was a member of the 5th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces in Vietnam. On February 7, 1967, He was the platoon leader/advisor to a special United States/Vietnam exploitation force. While on patrol deep within enemy dominated territory, his platoon was attacked from three sides by a company sized enemy force. Lieutenant Sisler quickly rallied his men, deployed from a better defensive position, called for air support, and moved among his men to encourage and direct their efforts. Learning that two men were wounded and unable to pull back the perimeter, he charged from the position through intense enemy fire to assist them. He reached the men and began carrying one of them back to the perimeter, when he was taken under more intensive firing his weapon and throwing grenades. This automatic weapons fire by the enemy. Laying down singularly heroic action broke up the vicious assault his wounded comrade, he killed three onrushing and forced the enemy to begin withdrawing. Despite enemy soldiers by firing his rifle and silenced the the continuing enemy fire, he was moving about the enemy machine gun with a grenade. As he returned battlefield directing air strikes upon the fleeing force the wounded man to the perimeter, the left flank of when he fell mortally wounded. The light medium the position came under extremely heavy attack by speed Naval ship USNS Sisler is named after him. the superior enemy force and several additional men Listed on the Vietnam Wall: Panel 15E Row 007 of his platoon were quickly wounded. Realizing the For his heroic actions and giving of his life in need for instant action, to prevent his position from combat, First Lieutenant Sisler was the first Soldier being overrun, he picked up some grenades and from the Military Intelligence Branch awarded the charged single-handedly into the enemy onslaught, Congressional Medal of Honor.

– 13 – married Anna Keyes in 1759 and at the end of 1762 Army Intelligence Heritage Series: left the militia to spend 13 years building a successful LTC Thomas Knowlton Biography farm and becoming involved in local politics. In and Sources Revisited 1775 he would answer the call to arms at the start of the American Revolution, commanding a company from Connecticut with two of his sons and his older By W. F. Morgan, Jr. brother, Daniel, joining forces with the newly formed Continental Army outside of Boston. Frederick, his Editor’s Introduction. The Military Intelligence oldest son, would fight alongside his father until his Corps recognizes Lieutenant Colonel Thomas death at the Battle of Harlem Heights. Knowlton as one its early leaders for his bravery in action during the Revolutionary War. But many French and Indian War: MICA members likely do not know much detail about Making of a Ranger Thomas Knowlton. Most know that General George Washington directed him to organize and lead the first Thomas Knowlton began his military career official Ranger unit in the Continental Army in 1776 during the French and Indian War enlisting as a to conduct tactical reconnaissance and intelligence private on the rolls of Captain John Slapp’s 3rd gathering missions against the enemy. From Knowlton’s Company, 1st Connecticut Regiment in 1757. He Rangers, Captain Nathan Hale volunteered to conduct would serve under the command of John Durkee spy missions against British forces in New York City, and Israel Putnam before ending his initial service in giving his life for his country. LTC Knowlton was killed December of 1762. During this time he established in action leading his unit during the Battle of Harlem a reputation for solid judgment, courage under fire, Heights in the same campaign in September 1776. being instinctively clever, and having a firmness and The loss of this experienced, dynamic, and able leader presence of mind in the face of danger. was significant to the young Continental Army. For his The British were involved in military operations in gallant exploits and leadership of tactical intelligence several theaters around the world during the French forces, MICA designated LTC Knowlton as the MI and Indian War, but lacked sufficient troops and Hero and named its distinguished professional award resources to support its expansion of the colonies for him. The Knowlton Award recognizes individuals west of the Appalachian Mountains or to secure the who contribute significantly to the promotion of vast area where they had already laid claim. To assist Army Intelligence. In this first feature installment of them they depended upon colonial governments to our Intelligence Heritage series, the Evolution of Army raise and employ regiments of militia. The colonies Intelligence: Through 178 Campaigns,W.F. Morgan, raised and mustered these forces but they were paid Jr. provides a thorough account of the heroic life and by British funds and under the control of British military career of Thomas Knowlton. military units. They supported operations against the French, primarily acting as scouts and guides between British forts and settlements often conducting The Beginning of an Intelligence Legend reconnaissance to locate and engage enemy units, Thomas Knowlton was born on November 22, encampments, and settlements. 1740, the sixth of eight children and the third of four The militia regiments wanted men capable of sons of William and Martha Knowlton. Eight years later learning Indian methods of warfare and possessing his father would move the family from Massachusetts the courage to conduct daring reconnaissance to Ashford, Connecticut, where he had purchased a missions. They were looking for Soldiers who were 400 acre farm. His father was both a skilled carpenter vigorous and of strong constitution, able to make and farmer. Thomas also became a farmer, when long marches, endure the hardship of woodsmen, he was not serving in one of the regiments of the and be ever ready to outwit the enemy. In addition Connecticut militia, joining John Durkee and Israel to these duties, they sometimes ventured to hostile Putnam on missions in the French and Indian War strongholds, surprised straggling enemy parties and and an expedition to Havana. and then taking up did their best to create havoc for the French and their arms for his beliefs in the American Revolution. He allies. 1 – 14 – the Battle of Wood Creek on August 8, 1758. Wood Creek was a critical waterway for moving forces and supplies from Fort Stanwix to Lake Oneida and on to British’s forts and settlements in the vicinity of Lake Ontario. Private Knowlton had been sent out as part of a scouting party supporting John Durkee’s company. Their mission was to find and capture the French and Indian stragglers in the woods in the vicinity of Wood Creek. On the first day they found and took possession of a recently occupied French encampment, which showed signs of the enemy’s intention to return. After a few days waiting and no action, they embarked on a search for the enemy. The scouting party and Durkee’s company were with a unit of British soldiers advancing single file through a forested area when they were ambushed in thick undergrowth by a group of French and Indians. The only indication of the enemy’s position was from the smoke of their muskets. Movement nearby attracted Kowlton’s attention and he spotted an Indian crawling from the undergrowth. He immediately shot and killed the Indian, reloaded his Each regiment had one or two companies of musket, and then sprang forth to secure his scalp. rangers. Each company had its own uniform, but the As Thomas reached the body, several Indians came Connecticut Provincial Rangers were uniformed in into the small clearing around the path surrounding a short green coat, with a hunter’s smock, buckskin him. Knowlton boldly, wasting no time, shot and breeches, green or brown leggings. For headwear bound over the nearest warrior, causing the others they wore a green Scots bonnet but were also issued a leather cap. Many were accustomed to the Scots bonnet and preferred it for wear. The men were usually lightly dressed serving as quick reaction forces, scouts, and intelligence collectors. Unlike other companies they did not go into winter quarters, fighting year round attacking French supply convoys in the cold northeastern winters. They were known as provincial rangers and often operated independent of the main British Army forces. Private Thomas Knowlton would gain his early military experience in the same regiment as Captain John Durkee and Major Israel Putnam, both, who had trained and served with Roger’s Rangers. Battle of Wood Creek Knowlton’s first encounter under Captain John Durkee occurred during – 15 – to hesitate just long enough for him to escape to the There are few details of the unit’s actions, but safety of his comrades, though through a shower of the Connecticut 1st Regiment suffered most of their rounds. 2 casualties from disease and the hot tropical Cuban The fight was intense with both sides losing weather during and after the siege. Less than 100 cohesiveness and most individuals engaging the men would return home in November of 1762. But enemy independently for survival. About that time, the officers and soldiers who returned to Connecticut Knowlton and a Frenchman entered a small clearing. shared an immense quantity of prize money. They raised their weapons, fired, and missed. Thomas The Revolutionary War quickly rushed his enemy as he was drawing a knife, During the Revolutionary War both General grabbed him around the waist and attempted to Washington and Major General Putnam identified throw him to the ground. The much larger and more Thomas Knowlton as their favorite officer and wrote powerful Frenchman threw Knowlton instead, but about the significance of his loss after the Harlem CPT Durkee entered the clearing forcing the French Heights battle. Knowlton was a sounding board to soldier to surrender. Knowlton and Durkee started to both in matters of battle planning and the conduct of the rear with their prisoner but when he sprang from special operations. On several occasions his actions their grasp trying to escape, his flight was stopped by served to lift the morale and rally the troops to action. a shot from Knowlton’s gun. As the war started, then COL Putnam, MAJ Captain Durkee and Private Knowlton’s column Durkee, and others had watched Knowlton grow had retreated leaving them to exfiltrate to regain having fought alongside him. They had first-hand the shelter of friendly troops. The two ran in several knowledge of his courage, sound judgment, daring directions, through enemy fire, before finally rejoining and habit of leading from the front. Although it their unit. was over 12 years since Thomas Knowlton had last Seventeen year old Private Thomas Knowlton was taken up arms, now, as he was approaching his 35th recognized for valor at Wood Creek and promoted to birthday, he would join and be chosen Captain of the Sergeant. Before the war ended he was commissioned 5th Connecticut Militia Company of 200 men from a lieutenant seeing action in several more battles. Ashford, Connecticut. The men selected him based on his experience and reputation from the French Havana Expedition and Indian War. The men of the company were In June 1762, 917 men of the Connecticut without uniforms and carried a mixture of muskets 1st Regiment accompanied two other provincial and shotguns. Many were experienced woodsmen regiments setting sail from New York harbor for and several were French and Indian War veterans. Havana, Cuba. Lieutenant Colonel Israel Putnam, His unit initially joined the Army forming near Boston the acting regimental commander and his force as part of the Connecticut 3rd Regiment of COL Israel would join the British expedition, led by Lord Putnam, soon to be selected for Major General. Albermarle, against Spain in Havana. Half the British Expeditionary Army already there were ill Battle of Bunker Hill with Yellow Fever and many had died. The arrival of the provincials gave Lord Albermarle the forces he In June 1775 the American forces were a mixture required to storm Morro Castle. of men from the northeast colonies and some were veterans of the French and Indian War. Many of the After the British attacked and captured Morro officers had been granted a commission as the result Castle on July 30th , their next objective was to seize of raising a company or regiment. The Army was in the City of Havana. Work then began to position need of men with leadership skills and Major General 45 British artillery batteries. On August 11th , they Putnam wanted his best in battle as he led American initiated a heavy artillery barrage on the city silencing forces into their first major force on force engagement the Spanish defenses within six hours. Two days later with the British Army on the Charlestown Peninsula. the Spanish surrendered the city and all the ships in the harbor and at the west end of the island.

– 16 – British General’s Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne experiences together in the French and Indian War. believed the Americans were a ragged rabble, without The American mission was to fight and repel the central leadership. What they saw of American British attacks up the peninsula under General Howe. military forces making preparations on Breed’s and Knowlton understood how the British would employ Bunker Hill was unkempt civilians, mismatched their troops and prepared the terrain by creating a firearms, and clothes of every description. 3 second fence line parallel to the first and filling the In the late evening and darkness of June 16, 1775, space between with newly mowed grass. The British Thomas Knowlton’s company joined Colonel William artillery from ships would begin at first light when they Prescott’s Regiment on a march to Charlestown realized the Americans were constructing trenches Peninsula. Putman met them at Charlestown Neck. and a redoubt. It would likely be afternoon before Prescott passed Bunker Hill in favor of Breed’s Hill, British troops would begin their attack along the rail as its heights commanded Boston. The men worked fence with General Howe determined to flank the through the night constructing a redoubt. Colonel rebels and cut off their retreat. Prescott directed Knowlton’s men to move down the During the attack that afternoon CPT Knowlton hill and set up a defense north of Breed’s Hill and east ran up and down the line, inspiring his company, of Bunker Hill to tie the defensive positions to the exposing himself to enemy fire, and twice repelling Mystic River. Colonel Reed’s Regiment would fill the a superior British force. The British Grenadiers were gap between Knowlton along the rail fence and the unable to see the ground before them covered by the redoubt occupied by Prescott. Later Colonel Stark’s mowed grass and struggled with the fences and slope Regiment would fill in along the rail fence between of the terrain east of Bunker Hill. This contributed Knowlton and Reed’s forces. significantly to their inability to fire accurately and Putnam had placed CPT Knowlton’s company in advance. Knowlton’s company rested their weapons support of COL Prescott’s regiment as he had the on the fence rail achieving great accuracy with each utmost confidence in the brave CPT based on their shot as entire ranks of advancing British units fell,

– 17 – littering the battlefield with bodies. particular manner pleased, with the resolution The British were finally able to take Breed’s Hill and the party discovered in not firing a Shot; as nothing force an American retreat due more to ammunition betrays greater signs of fear, and less of the soldier, shortages and lack of bayonets. Knowlton and the than to begin a loose, undirected and unmeaning Fire, from whence no good can result, nor any American troops stellar action left a lasting impression 4 on General Howe that affected him throughout his valuable purposes answered. Revolutionary War service. 4 Creation of Knowlton’s Rangers Following the Battle at Bunker Hill, the In August 1776, the American Revolution shifted Continental Congress promoted Knowlton to Major focus from Boston to New York. On August 12, for his gallantry and leadership. The Connecticut 1776, Knowlton was promoted to Lieutenant 3rd Regiment became a Continental Regiment with Colonel. A few weeks later on September 1, and LTC Benedict Arnold promoted to colonel and given after the unsuccessful Battle of Long Island, General command. Major John Durkee was promoted to Washington directed LTC Knowlton to form a special Lieutenant Colonel and became second in command. detachment of rangers of around 130 men selected The regiment remained in camp from July until the from four Connecticut (Colonel Durkee’s, Webb’s, expiration of its term of service in December 1775, Chester’s and Wylly’s) and a Massachusetts regiment when it was reorganized under the same field officers (Colonel Sargent’s). These men were experienced and the men reenlisted for the campaign of 1776. It fighters, brave woodsmen and each had unblemished was re-designated as the 20th Regiment, Continental records. Their assigned detail was to scout for the Foot, and commonly referred to as Arnold’s Regiment. Army between enemy lines, identify enemy positions, LTC John Durkee assumed command when Colonel and report directly to General Washington. Arnold was selected and sent in early autumn to command an expedition against Quebec. During the On 15 September General Washington deployed winter of 1775-1776 and spring of 1776, the 20th them where he thought the British Military would formed part of the Army, positioned near Boston. In land on Manhattan Island along the Harlem River. late February, Major Knowlton assumed temporary Instead the British landed further south at Kip’s and command due to LTC Durkee being absent due to Turtle Bay leaving Knowlton’s Rangers out of the fight. health. Most of the American forces to the south retreated without firing a shot as large numbers of British came Incursion into Charlestown (map on back cover) ashore, angering Washington. On January 8, 1776 General Washington directed General Washington would write early on the next MAJ Knowlton to conduct an attack on Charlestown morning that he was sending out Knowlton’s Rangers. with 200 men. The mission was to burn houses occupied by British officers and take prisoners. To the President of the Congress – September Under cover of darkness, Knowlton led the men 16, 1776. Head Quarters, at Colonel Roger Morris's single file across a narrow mill dam. He organized his House force into three groups to burn the homes and bring I have sent out some reconnoitering parties to gain back prisoners. Without a shot fired or loss of life, he Intelligence if possible, of the disposition of the Enemy was successful in capturing five British Soldiers and and shall inform Congress of every material event by creating havoc in occupied Charlestown. Washington the earliest Opportunity.5 acknowledged and thanked Major Knowlton the next day. Battle of Harlem Heights GENERAL ORDERS - January 9, 1776, Head Before dawn on September 16, 1776 Knowlton’s Quarters, Cambridge Rangers set out across the Hollow Way encountering British pickets at sunrise. Shots were fired and The General thanks Major Knowlton, and the Knowlton pulled his force back to a stone wall, while Officers and Soldiers, who were under his command pursued by the light infantry. The British advanced in last night; for the Spirit, Conduct and Secrecy, with column with Knowlton’s Rangers firing several volleys which they burnt the Houses, near the Enemy's works, before retreating back to American lines to report to upon Bunkers-hill -- The General was in a more General Washington. – 18 – To The President of the Congress – September New England Regiments, to try to get in their rear, 18, 1776. Head Quarters, at Colonel Roger Morris's while a disposition was making as if to attack them House in front and thereby draw their whole attention that way.6 “About the time of the post’s departure with my letter, the Enemy appeared in several large bodies Word of Knowlton’s success engaging the British upon the Plains, about two and a half miles from spread quickly. Washington wanted to take advantage hence; I rode down to our advanced posts to put of the situation and ordered Knowlton and Major matters in a proper situation, if they should attempt Leitch’s three companies from the Virginia Regiment to come on: When I arrived there, I heard a firing to attack the enemy’s rear, while Brigadier Nixon’s which I was informed was between a party of our brigade was making noise to draw the enemy from Rangers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel the woods into the open of the Hollow Way. Leitch’s Knowlton and an advanced party of the Enemy. Our three companies led the way from the “Point of men (LTC Knowlton) came in and informed me, that Rocks” where he and LTC Knowlton had just departed the guess; I immediately ordered three companies of from speaking with General Washington. Washington Colonel Weedon’s Regiment from Virginia, under the watched the force move across the rolling terrain. He command of Major Leitch and Colonel Knowlton with could see the situation unfold with American volleys his Rangers, composed of Volunteers from different fired early at too great a distance. It is unclear which

– 19 – troops fired, but Knowlton’s men were primarily General Washington was faced with either seasoned soldiers, while Leitch and his companies disbanding the rangers or having them accompany were seeing their first action in combat. The result the main force. Colonel Robert Magaw had been left was their units attacked the enemy in the flank and in command at Fort Washington and had requested soon they were being outflanked by the British 42nd that the rangers be left to augment the security of the Highlander Regiment.7 fort. Washington supported the Colonel’s request. On September 19, 1776 Washington wrote: “In On the night of November 2nd, Colonel Magaw’s numbers our loss was very inconsiderable, but the adjutant, Lieutenant William Demont, defected. He fall of Lieutenant Colonel Knowlton of Connecticut, I was quite knowledgeable on the construction of consider it as great, being a brave and good officer.” Fort Washington, its strengths and weaknesses, and 8 An eyewitness account from James S. Martin, an provided a complete report to British General, Lord American Soldier on the battlefield said LTC Knowlton Percy. was mortally wounded and lost his life exposing At some point General Washington recommended himself singly to the enemy. To the end he led by to General Greene that they should evacuate the inspiring others by example. The death of Knowlton fort, its men, and equipment. General Greene knew weighed heavy on General Putnam who had lost a it prevented ships from sailing north on the Hudson great leader and friend. River and also stymied the advance of the British Though Knowlton had fallen, his Ranger’s and troops. Colonel Magaw had a force of 2,000 men American forces throughout the main battle line with the rangers and 900 additional men sent by continued to engage the enemy. After several hours General Greene. of fighting the British forces retreated rapidly back The British would use the information provided by to Morningside Heights and lost about 175 men in the traitor, Lieutenant Demont, in preparing to attack battle. Although British Brigadier General Leslie Fort Washington. On November 15th Colonel Magaw considered the battle insignificant and an American received an order from General Howe to surrender loss, for the American side this was seen as a recovery within two hours or face severe measures. At first from the embarrassment of September 15, when Magaw refused. On the morning of November 16th, so many Americans had retreated without firing a British and Hessian forces formed for battle to attack shot. American General George Clinton said that the fort from all sides, outnumbering Magaw’s force Knowlton’s action had animated the troops giving 3 to 1. The rangers augmenting a force, initially some them new spirit erasing the bad impression that two miles to the south, led by Colonel Cadwalader the retreat of Long Island had left on their minds. were engaged in heavy battle and were fighting hard The realized that they could drive the enemy back to get back to Fort Washington.10 with inferior numbers and many of these American Soldiers would go on to serve honorably to the end The British plan was to initiate with an artillery of the war. barrage followed by four separate attacks with the last led by Lord Percy with a brigade of British and a Fall of Fort Washington and end of Knowlton’s brigade of Hessians in the final assault of the fort. As Rangers the rangers reached the gates of the Fort Washington, Knowlton’s Ranger organization endured for two Colonel Magaw surrendered. The prisoners to more months. Succession of command included four include about 120 rangers were marched to lower officers.Captain Brown commanded the unit from Manhattan and loaded on prison ships anchored in 16 September to 1 October. Major Colburn took New York harbor. Among the prisoners was Ensign command on 1 October but was wounded in action Daniel Knowlton, Thomas’ older brother. Washington soon after and retired on 15 October. Captain Holmes witnessed the surrender from across the Hudson River commanded from 15 October until 16 November at Fort Lee. Thus, an act of treason aided in ending when Colonel Robert Magaw surrendered Fort Knowlton’s Rangers and the fall of Fort Washington. Washington, resulting in the remainder of Knowlton’s Rangers being taken prisoner. 9 As the Army was withdrawing from Manattan, – 20 – AUTHOR’s NOTE. LTC Thomas Knowlton’s life the Connecticut Sons of the American Revolution. and military career are contained in many disparate Writers and historians who have researched aspects sources. They are scattered across the official of Knowlton’s career include Richard Frothingham, writings of American Generals’ George Washington, Barnett Schecter, Samuel Swett and Professor Henry Israel Putnam, Nathanael Greene, and others as well P. Johnston of the College of the City of New York, as British General’s Howe and Leslie. Additional who published an in depth study on the Battle of source information is gleaned from the memories of Harlem Heights. As yet, no single work captures the his descendents, letters from those who served with life and contributions of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas him, files of the Connecticut Historical Society and Knowlton. ENDNOTES and BIBLIOGRAPHY 7. Johnston, Henry P, A.M. Battle of Harlem Heights September 16, 1776. New York, 1897. 1. Livingston, William F. Israel Putnam – Pioneer, Ranger, and Major General. New York, 1901. 8. George Washington Papers Series 4: General Correspondence, August 29, 1776 to November 20, 1776. 2. Harvey, Oscar J. A History of Wikes-Barre Luzerne http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtm-l/gwseries.html County, Pennsylvania. Raeder Press, Wilkes-Barre, 1930. 9. General Orders Headquarters, Harlem Heights, 3. Moore, Frank. Diary of the American Revolution. New September 17, 1776. York, 1859. 10. Schecter, Barnet. The Battle for New York. New York, 4. Frothingham, Richard. The History of the Siege of Boston 2002. and the Battle of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Boston, 1851. 11. Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society. Rolls of Connecticut Men in the French and Indian War 1758-1762 5. General Orders Head Quarters, Cambridge, January 9, – Volume II. Hartford, 1905. 1776. 6. General Orders Headquarters, Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776. LTC Thomas Knowlton’s Chronology new mowed grass that twice thwarted advancing British troops under General Howe November 22, 1740 Born in the town of West Boxford, MA the sixth of eight children and the third of four sons July 1775 Promoted to Major for action at Breed’s Hill 4 1757 Appears on the rolls of Captain John Slapp’s 8th January 8, 1776 Directed by General Washington to Company, 1st Connecticut Regiment command a 200 man force to burn houses occupied by British officers in Charlestown and capture prisoners. Thanked by May 1, 1758 to November 20, 1758 Private in Captain General Washington in General Orders, January 9, 1776 Jedediah Fay’s 10th Company, 3rd Connecticut Regiment August 12, 1776 Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel 8 August 1758 Promoted to Sergeant for valor and bravery during action at Wood Creek September 1, 1776 Knowlton selects 130 men from four Connecticut regiments and one Massachusetts regiment to form 13 October 1759 Sergeant with Major Slapp’s 3rd Knowlton’s Rangers Company, 1st Connecticut Regiment at Ticonderoga September 15, 1776 General Washington employs March 1760 Ensign with Major Slapp’s 3rd Company, 1st Knowlton’s Rangers along the shore of Harlem River, where he Connecticut Regiment expects British to land on Manhattan Island. British land at Kip April 1, 1761 to December 3, 1761 Ensign with Captain and Turtle Bay further to the south7 Robert Durkee’s 10th Company, 1st Connecticut Regiment September 16, 1776 Knowlton sent out at dawn by March 15, 1762 to December 10, 1762 Second Lieutenant General Washington to determine disposition of British Forces. with Captain Hugh Ledlie’s 10th Company, 1st Connecticut • Returns and reports position of enemy to General 11 Regiment under command of LTC Israel Putnam. Washington. General Washington Reinforces with three Virginia June 1762 to November 1762 Participated in Battle of Militia companies to attack enemy in rear Havana supporting British operations to reduce Havana • Major Leitch’s company leads the initial force May 1775 Selected as captain for a militia company • LTC Knowlton fatally wounded 7 from Ashford becoming part of General Israel Putnam’s Connecticut Regiment • COL Joseph Reed removes him by horse from the battlefield June 16-17, 1775 Commanded 200 Connecticut soldiers at Battle of Bunker Hill preparing a barrier of fences, stone and

– 21 – KNOWLTON’S RANGERS Durkee’s Connecticut Continental Regiment Sargent’s Massachusetts Continental Regiment LTC Thomas Knowlton MAJ Andrew Colburn CPT Stephen Brown CPT Lemuel Holmes CPT Thomas Grosvenor 1LT Ephraim Cleveland 1LT Oliver Babcock 1LT Aaron Stratten SGT Nehemiah Holt SGT Benjamin Irish 1LT William Scott SGT William Stuart 2LT Jacob Pope* CPL George Wilson ENS Aaron Cleveland* PVT William Ashcraft SGT Frederick Putnam PVT Roswell Becket SGT John Rains PVT Roger Billings CPL Niles Beckwith PVT James Cheesbrough CPL Josiah Macomber PVT Nathaniel Chesebrough PVT Barna Allien PVT Abner Cole PVT Daniel Conner PVT Nicholas Ashley PVT Joshua Davis PVT William Crowfoot PVT Jabez Dewey PVT Joseph Goodrich PVT Phineas Ellis PVT Daniel Griswold PVT Enoch Greenward PVT Barna How PVT Moses Gun PVT Eliphalet Mason PVT Joseph Hancock PVT John Mores PVT Ammon Harvey PVT Daniel Hitt PVT Aaron Pettibone PVT Joel Jones PVT Levy Proctor PVT Frederick Knowlton PVT William Scott PVT Chales Kelley PVT Israel Sheldon PVT Joseph Lankfort PVT Samuel Silsby PVT John Lay PVT Joseph Spencer PVT Seth Norton PVT John Taylor PVT William Pearce PVT Nathaniel Turner PVT Daniel Sampson PVT Joseph Sheffield PVT Aaron Woodward PVT Reuben Skespicks PVT William Woodward PVT Thomas Skespicks PVT Joshua Wright PVT Joseph Smith PVT Daniel Vanderpole PVT George Wilson

– 22 – Webb’s Connecticut Regiment Chester’s Connecticut Regiment 1LT Abner Bacon ADJ Thomas Fosdick ENS Daniel Knowlton CPT Nathan Hale SGT Perese Ainsworth 1LT Jesse Grant SGT Abijah Read ENS Benoni Shipman PVT Philip Abbott SGT Stephen Hempstead PVT Abner Adams PVT John Adams SGT David Thorp PVT Timothy Cady SGT Samuel Laes PVT John Cooks PVT David Beauel PVT Rufus Downing PVT Roger Blaisdel PVT Jedediah Dyer PVT James Bugbee PVT Rufus Hibbert PVT John Hobbs PVT Thomas Cook PVT Edward Hughes PVT Zephaniah Cummings PVT Pender Jenison PVT Hull Curtiss PVT Luman Long PVT Benjamin Devenport PVT Aden Marcy PVT Thomas Fargo PVT John Miner PVT Richard Parsons PVT Elihu Grant PVT Jacob Pettibone PVT Samuel Hale PVT Thomas Stone PVT Thomas Herdike PVT John Trarveret PVT Timothy Hodges PVT Josiah Underwood PVT Elisha Howel PVT Hezekiah Wadsworth PVT John Waid PVT William Jones PVT Philip Williams PVT Elisha Judson PVT William Woodward PVT Elisha Peck Wyllys’ Connecticut Continental Regiment PVT Samuel Peck ENS Thomas Hender PVT Samuel Robbins SGT John Benton PVT Asa Barns PVT Samuel Smith PVT Oliver Burnham PVT Richard Chamberlain Hitchcock’s Rhode Island Continental Regiment PVT Seth Done ENS Ebenezer West PVT Samuel Fails PVT Thomas Holmes PVT Timothy Hubbert PVT Levy Latimer PVT Simeon Linsey PVT Elisha Taylor

– 23 – at home. I needed a leader who could fill the role of mother and the role of leader equally. I found that leader in First Sergeant Hudson.

When I first met her, I did not know what to make of First Sergeant Hudson. I knew only that she was my incoming First Sergeant, we would be working together very closely, and she had very big shoes to fill. My outgoing First Sergeant was a very well respected, seasoned First Sergeant, and my mentor. He spoke very highly of her but I had not yet made a determination. I soon discovered she was a single parent, and not only was she my First Sergeant; she was the role model for whom I was looking. She not only filled the shoes of her predecessor, she made them bigger. She quickly became the standard by which I have judged many senior females.

Leader of Influence- 1SG Leslie First Sergeant Hudson had a very calm and easy manner about her. She was meticulously organized, Hudson and seemed to take everything in stride. She handled confrontation very well. She epitomized professionalism. By SSG Jacqueline L. Sargent She was true to herself, which I thought was a very The title of “leader” is not given, it is earned. The admirable quality. She was not afraid to say what was power to lead lies within the ability of the leader to on her mind but had a certain tact when doing so. She convince his or her subordinates to follow. To be a never missed a training opportunity. At one point, after “leader” is not only to have certain admirable qualities, a meeting with the new Brigade Command Sergeant but to implement those qualities with the right individual Major, she told me that I should never be afraid to speak at the right time. To lead is to perfect a balance of up, relating her recent experience as an example. She communication, knowledge, discipline, direction, said if I had the energy to complain about a policy, I and guidance between leader and subordinate. The should do so to the person who set the policy and I influence of a leader often surpasses the expectation might learn something, or effect a change, otherwise I of the leader as subordinates accept that influence into was uselessly complaining. their own philosophy and convey it to others. A leader is First Sergeant Hudson told me routinely that I should studied by each of his or her subordinates; any and every be replaceable. She said if I could not be replaced, I action is closely scrutinized, evaluated, and judged. In was not doing my job and training subordinates correctly. this fashion, subordinates choose their leader. It seems She would insist I not call a platoon sergeant or squad that, in the Army, the right leader will be there at just the leader while they were in training to ask a question. time one needs them. She said they should have trained their replacement or I was a junior NCO when I chose that leader. Her subordinates. I learned this was not only a method to name was First Sergeant Leslie Hudson. At the time, I teach the leader the importance of communication, but was looking for a strong female role model. I had begun also a way to empower junior leaders to take action in to think the majority of females left the service before the absence of orders. I have adopted this philosophy as making the senior ranks. I had several strong male my own, much to the chagrin of my subordinates. leaders, who definitely had an impact on me, but at the First Sergeant Hudson taught me the importance time, I needed a female leader to emulate. I needed to of time management. She often kicked me out of the see that it was possible for me to succeed in the Army office right at 1700, making me do push-ups if I was a while also enjoying my two kids. I felt caught between minute late. She lectured me, stating, “Nobody is going my commitment to my children and my military to die if that power-point presentation is not finished responsibilities. I felt pressure from society to leave the right now. You might get counseled if it’s not finished, Army and stay at home with my kids, after all, we are an but if you work on it all night, you’ll get counseled for Army at war, and why take chances with a deployment? lack of time management, so you might as well go home As I looked at my peers, many were leaving the service and spend that time with your kids.” Sure enough, the to have their families, saying the demands of the Army next morning I would be pushing to finish an incomplete were too much for their kids. For a time, I felt I was presentation but learned a valuable lesson. I learned it stripping my kids of their mother. Most of all, I felt was possible to balance work and family life. guilty for working in a demanding field instead of staying – 24 – Another thing about First Sergeant Hudson that I’ve taken First Sergeant Hudson’s influence and stuck with me was she always admitted her faults and incorporated it into my own leadership style. I can not weaknesses. She consistently asked her subordinates for claim to run marathons, or the many accomplishments feedback, both positive and negative, in order to help she’s achieved, however, I constantly strive to know her improve as a leader. She asked me several times if and improve my weaknesses. I ask my subordinates for I would handle a certain situation differently, and if so, feedback, both positive and negative. I encourage my how I would handle it. Sometimes she would present Soldiers, as she did me. I encourage organization and a scenario to me and ask my opinion. She empowered time management skills in my Soldiers. I am known to me to be a leader, and allowed me to make mistakes say (in garrison) “Nobody will die if that spreadsheet in leading. There were times when she knew what the is not finished today.” I have had several Soldiers tell end result of my actions would be, but allowed me to me they have incorporated these teachings in their make the mistake so I could learn from it. She pushed leadership styles. me to new levels. When I told her I had completed all of the boards I needed in my career, she sent me to the First Sergeant Hudson earned the title of “leader”. NCO of the Quarter board. When I completed that, She knew when to coach, when to provide guidance, she signed me up for another. When I told her I did not and when to say nothing. She was an influential think I could handle it, she told me I would find a way, leader whose teachings have spread through me, her if I was organized and used my time management skills. subordinate, to other Soldiers. She showed me I could She always presented a new challenge. When I tried balance work and family life. She showed me how to to protest that the challenge was impossible, she would strive for excellence, and to push myself beyond that simply say “I did it.” I could not argue. She completed which I thought I was capable. She was the example of a Bachelor’s degree and was working on her Masters. leadership I needed. To me, she was the right leader at She was a marathon runner. She was a First Sergeant, just the time I needed her. responsible for more Soldiers than I had, and she was a single parent. She mentored, coached, and taught me I SSG Sargent was the Outstanding Writer in the Senior was capable of more than I thought. Leaders Course 10-002 that graduated on 24 February 2010 at the MI NCO Academy.

– 25 – The 2010 CSM Douglas Russell Award Ceremony

Once a year, the CSM Doug Russell Award is presented to one outstanding Military Intelligence Noncommissioned Officer who, throughout the year, stands a cut above his or her peers through meritorious service to the Military Intelligence Corps. As support to the Global War on Terror continues to demand more and more from the MI NCO, and the rigors of war become increasingly dangerous, only the strongest Noncommissioned Officers will succeed. Today's Army Intelligence NCO Corps is the strongest NCO Corps in the world. They are experts in their field, mentors, and fearless leaders. himself amongst his peers and has exceeded the Our Nation relies on their knowledge and expertise expectations our Nation has come to demand to train the next generation of Soldiers and protect from our NCO Corps. A Soldier's Soldier and solid our Countries freedom. leader, SGT Cessna has set the highest standards This year's CSM Doug Russell Award is being for all to emulate. His experience, motivation and presented to SGT Michael Cessna. Throughout expertise are unmatched! His "mission first" attitude this past year, SGT Cessna has distinguished and constant pursuit of excellence is reflected in his tactical and technical proficiency. A consummate professional, SGT Cessna always places the mission and the welfare of his Soldiers first. Having true understanding of his role as an MI Noncommissioned Officer, SGT Cessna embraces his responsibilities and demonstrates loyalty to his Soldiers, Leaders and the Army. He embodies the Be, Know, Do style of leadership and is respected by all who serve with him. The 2010 Command Sergeants Major and Sergeants Major Conference is proud to be the first to congratulate SGT Cessna for his outstanding achievement. Always out Front – Army Strong! Gerardus Wykoff Command Sergeant Major, U.S. Army MI Corps and USAICOE & Fort Huachuca

– 26 – Michael D. Cessna, Sergeant 2010 CSM Douglas Russell Award Recipient

SGT Michael D. Cessna joined the Army as a Cryptologic Linguist (35P) in 2003. Following basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, MO, SGT Cessna completed the Basic Korean Course at the Defense Language Institute/ Foreign Language Center (DLIFLC) and the Basic Korean Cryptologic Course at Goodfellow Air Force Base, TX in 2005. His first assignment was with Delta Troop, 2-14 Cavalry Squadron as part of a Signals Intelligence platoon integrated with a RSTA squadron at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. In March of 2006, SGT Cessna completed the GISA 2000 SIGINT course at downrange to young Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Fort Meade, MD, and was selected by his chain- Marines bound for cryptologic support missions in of-command to perform tactical SIGINT overwatch Iraq and Afghansitan. at Fort Lewis, WA, learning the latest techniques, SGT Cessna is a graduate of Waynesville (OH) tactics, procedures of the forward-deployed 4th High School, and a 2000 graduate of The Ohio State Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division. University, where he majored in English Literature SGT Cessna deployed as lead reporter with 2nd with a minor in Italian. SGT Cessna spent the final Brigade, 25th Infantry Division’s SIGINT Platoon to year of his collegiate studies at the University of Iraq from November 2007 to February 2009. During Urbino, Italy, where he studied the Italian language his OIF deployment, SGT Cessna was involved and and the Italian political system. Prior to joining the played a key role in the successful targeting and Army in 2003, SGT Cessna worked as a reporter/ capture of over 50 enemy insurgents and High writer in Columbus, OH, and as a travel advisor for Value Individuals (HVIs). His timely delivery of STA Travel in the company’s branch offices in Los accurate actionable intelligence and expert analysis Angeles, Glasgow, and Columbus. SGT Cessna is and in-depth reporting enabled many successful married to Akiko (Miyamoto) Cessna and have two precision intelligence-driven operations in support children, Kaisei Marley and Claire Shigeta of counterinsurgency operations northwest of Baghdad and led to General Petraeus’ recognition of his unit for the impact they had on defeating the local insurgence . As a direct result of his efforts, the platoon was awarded the coveted NSA Director’s Cup for the best tactical SIGINT unit in 2008 among all the services conducting cryptologic support missions in Iraq. Since his return from Iraq, SGT Cessna has continued to serve with distinction as the Cryptologic Support Team Training NCO at NSA/CSS Hawaii. An outstanding NCO, he has received kudos and recognition from his students and superiors for his natural ability to pass on his lessons learned

– 27 – Obituary of Douglas S. Russell, CSM Russell Military Biography

CSM, U.S. Army (Retired) Command Sergeant Major Douglas S. Russell retired from the U.S. Army after 32 years of service. He then LUNENBURG Massachusetts. Douglas S. Russell, 86, of Eastern Avenue, formerly of Wilmington, Ayer, Fort served 14 years as director of Non Commissioned Officers Devens and Washington, DC, died Friday, December and Enlisted Affairs, and as director of Retiree Activities 11, 2009 at the Veterans Administration Hospital, West in the Association of the U.S. Army in Washington D.C. At Roxbury. the time of his passing, he held the position of President of the American Military Society. CSM Russell also served Mr. Russell was born in Wilmington, July 8, 1923, as: Secretarial Appointee on the VA Advisory Committee a son of Marvin O. and Flora E. (Phinney) Russell. He on Women Veterans (1998-2001), an honorary member grew up in Wilmington and was a 1941 graduate of of the Fort Devens, Massachusetts Retiree Council, an Wilmington High School. honorary member of the Fort McCoy, Wisconsin Retiree In 1943 Mr. Russell entered the United States Army Council, an honorary member of the AMEDD Regiment, and began a lifelong career of military service to his an esteemed member of the Military Intelligence Corps, country. He served in the armed forces during WWII, a member of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company the Korean Conflict as well as two tours of duty in Military Advisory Board, a co-chairman of the Army Chief Vietnam. In 1975, after 32 years of service, Mr. Russell of Staff’s Retiree Council in Washington D.C. (1976-1980 retired from the United States Army with the rank of and 1984-1988), a member of the Board of Directors Command Sergeant Major. During his distinguished of the Washington D.C. USO, and a member of the VA military career he was awarded The Bronze Star, The Legion of Merit, The Meritorious Service Medal and Advisory Committee on Women Veterans (1993-1997). numerous other commendations. CSM Russell’s military assignments included: Germany; France; Southeast Asia; Fort Dix, New Jersey; Gloucester, He then moved to Washington, DC where he Massachusetts; Korea; Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana; became the Director of Enlisted Services for the AUSA, a position he held from 1979 to 1993. From 1995 until his Fort Gordon, Georgia; Vietnam; Dover, New Jersey; death he held the position of President of The American and Fort Devens, Massachusetts. His awards and Military Society also in Washington, DC. decorations: Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious service Medal, Army In 1999 the annual CSM Doug Russell Award was Commendation Medal with third Oak Leaf Cluster, created to recognize the outstanding achievements of Good Conduct Medal – Ninth Award, World War II soldiers within or on behalf of the Military Intelligence Community. Victory Medal, Armed forces Expeditionary Medal, National Defense Service Medal with first Oak Leaf Throughout his career with the military, Mr. Russell Cluster, Philippine Liberation Ribbon with Bronze and his family moved frequently, although much of their Service Star, Asiatic-Pacific Medal, Army Occupation time was spent in Fort Devens and Ayer. In 1988 he moved to Washington, DC and returned to this area 5 Medal, Vietnam Service Medal, Vietnam Campaign years ago. Medal with 60-Device, Vietnam Cross of Gallantry, Army Outstanding Civilian Service Award, and the He is survived by two sons and daughters in law; Knowlton Award. Stanley D. and Kathy Russell of Voorheesville, NY, James R. and Kathy Russell of Townsend; two daughters, Jean In1986, CSM Russell was installed as an honorary Russell of Devens, Noreen and Donald Elliot of Florida graduate of the United States Sergeants Major Academy and his former wife, June B. (Tims) Russell of Devens. He during Class 27 graduation ceremonies. also leaves six grandchildren and 1 great grandchild. He was the brother of the late Marvin Russell of California, Jean Foley and Esther Russell both of Wilmington. He was a member of the Friendship Lodge of Masons in Wilmington as well as the Lunenburg American Legion Post. Burial will be in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. Memorial contributions may be made to the Disabled American Veterans, PO Box 14301, Cincinnati, Ohio 45250.

– 28 – – 29 – Past Winners of the CSM Night Stalkers Recognized for Douglas Russell Award Intelligence Contributions By Kimberly Tiscione, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment 2001 – SGT Deborah L. Sills, (SOAR) Public Affairs MOS 98C, HHOC, 205th MI FORT CAMPBELL, Kentucky. (USASOC News Service, Battalion, 500th MI Group. 15 Dec 2009) - Two Night Stalkers were recognized for their contributions to the military intelligence field during a ceremony on December 10, 2009. 2002 – SPC Ario Sanchez, Chief Warrant Officer 4 Clinton D. Rolan and MOS 96D, HHC, 75th Ranger Staff Sgt. James L. Pooler, both from 1st BN, 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), were Rgmt. presented with the Knowlton Award from the Military Intelligence Corps Association. 2003 – CPL Andrew C. Rapp, This honor, named after LTC Thomas Knowlton, MOS 97B, GSC, 3rd SFG considered to be the first American intelligence professional, is highest that MICA bestows. Recipients (ABN). are nominated and selected for making significant contributions to the military intelligence field. 2004 – SPC Daniel R. Sheldon, "This award is often presented when Soldiers retire," MOS 96B, HHC, 75th Ranger said MAJ Gregory Keeney, the Battalion intelligence officer. “We felt it was important to recognize their Rgmt. individual contributions to the branch now, among the people they directly support." 2005 – SGT Amber Bennett, Rolan was recognized for his excellence in MOS 97E, B Co. 1st STB, 1st counterintelligence support and development of operations, training, security and personnel systems BCT, 10th MTN Div. while working in a joint environment during his tenure with the Battalion. 2006 – SGT Sarah Patterson, Pooler was recognized for his exceptional intelligence analysis in a joint operational environment, by providing MOS 97E, HHC 524 MI Bn, timely, accurate, precise and relevant information 504th MI Bde, Korea. to senior leaders and planners in support of special operations aviation missions worldwide. 2007 – SGT Steven M. Heigh, In the award nomination packets, Keeney described both Soldiers as having built upon a legacy of MI MOS 97E, 163rd MI Bn, 504th professionals that surpassed barriers in an effort to MI Bde. lash joint, national, and theater level intelligence capabilities with the task force commander's intelligence requirements. 2008 – SGT Todd Burnap, "This was a great opportunity to recognize these MOS 35M, 1st SFG (ABN). Soldiers for the critical support they provide to the special operations aviation and overall contributions to the team," he said. "Intelligence support at every level, 2009--SGT Christopher W. including with the 160th SOAR is critical to the success Jones, MOS 35M, A Co, 524 MI of every mission." Bn, 501st MI Bde, Korea. Night Stalkers Don't Quit!

– 30 – Letter Presenting the American Flag flown on Combat Outpost in Afghanistan to MICA

Military Intelligence Corps Association (MICA) MICA is the national professional fraternal PO Box 13020 association­ of the US Army Military Ft. Huachuca AZ 85670 Intelligence Corps. The objectives of MICA are to: • Preserve history February 4, 2010 • Educate leaders Dear MICA, • Honor professionals I joined MICA when I was deployed to Afghanistan. • Share knowledge When I was overseas we had the opportunity to fly a flag • Provide support programs on the base and to dedicate it to a specific person or an organization. Awards Program The Knowlton Award recognizes select I took the opportunity to fly various flags for individu­als who have contributed significantly organizations that I felt were worthy. I ended up flying a flag to honor MICA. to Military Intelligence The Golden Rose Award recognizes a spouse I sent many of these flags home piecemeal in whose volunteer service contributes to mission numerous packages (about 30) along with personal items. I have been extremely busy with numerous ac­complishment personal, professional, and academic pursuits since Scholarship Program I have returned stateside. Therefore, I am just now starting to go through the numerous boxes that I sent MICA provides scholarships for members and home. I am now sending you the flag that I flew when their families I was overseas. I do apologize for the delay. I was too busy in Afghanistan to make a special trip to the Museum Program post office located on another base to mail each flag MICA supports the MI Museum individually. I ended up just packing the flags with my is a non-profit organization personal items that I was sending home piecemeal, MICA whenever, the postal unit would come to our base to do Join online at www.micorps.org mail operations.

I hope that you enjoy the flag. The flag specifically dedicated to MICA is a gift to your organization. This is Check your Mailing Label just my way of contributing to the MICA. Please check your mailing label with every Sincerely, issue of The Vanguard. Your membership renewal date is shown next to your name. Thomas C. Lawrence You can easily renew online by logging SFC, U.S. Army into the member area at www.micorps. org. The login area tells you how to reset FLAG FLOWN ON SEPTEMBER 13, 2008 IN a lost password. When you login, the JALALABAD, AFGHANISTAN BY THE NANGARHAR Your Information link on the User Menu PROVINCIAL RECONSTRUCTION TEAM (PRT), takes you to a form which allows you to OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) view and update your membership contact information, see your expiration date, and renew online using a credit card.

– 31 – Thomas Knowlton leads raid into Charlestown MA, January 8, 1776

NONPROFIT ORG THE VANGUARD US POSTAGE PAID Military Intelligence Corps Association P.O. Box 13020 SIERRA VISTA, AZ Fort Huachuca, AZ 85670-3020 PERMIT NO. 154