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Maio - 2017 Francisco Jânio Cavalcante UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA DEPARTAMENTO DE FÍSICA TEÓRICA E EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FÍSICA EVOLUÇÃO DO ÍNDICE DE FREIO MAGNÉTICO PARA ESTRELAS DO TIPO SOLAR FRANCISCO JÂNIO CAVALCANTE NATAL (RN) MAIO - 2017 FRANCISCO JÂNIO CAVALCANTE EVOLUÇÃO DO ÍNDICE DE FREIO MAGNÉTICO PARA ESTRELAS DO TIPO SOLAR Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física do Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Física. Orientador: Dr. Daniel Brito de Freitas NATAL (RN) MAIO - 2017 UFRN / Biblioteca Central Zila Mamede Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte Cavalcante, Francisco Jânio. Evolução do índice de freio magnético para estrelas do tipo solar / Francisco Jânio Cavalcante. - 2017. 166 f. : il. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física. Natal, RN, 2017. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Daniel Brito de Freitas. 1. Rotação estelar - Tese. 2. Freio magnético - Tese. 3. Distribuição e estatística - Tese. I. Freitas, Daniel Brito de. II. Título. RN/UF/BCZM CDU 524.3 Para Pessoas Especiais: A minha avó, minha mãe e minha namorada Ester Saraiva da Silva (in memorian) Cleta Carneiro Cavalcante Simone Santos Martins Agradecimentos Agradeço ao bom e generoso Deus, quem me deu muitas coisas no decorrer da minha vida. Deu-me compreensão e amparo nos momento de aflição e tristeza, saúde para continuar nesta caminhada. Ofereceu-me sua luz no momento em que a escuridão sufocava meu espírito. Agradeço a minha mãe por ter lutado com todas as forças, traba- lhando com honestidade e dedicação para criar a mim e a meus irmãos. Dedico de todo coração este trabalho a minha avó Ester Saraiva da Silva (in memorian) por ter me incen- tivado e acreditado no meu sucesso. Agradeço de todo coração ao Professor Dr. Daniel Brito de Freitas, por ter sido um orientador compreensivo, generoso, atencioso e por ter me norteado durante todo o período de doutorado. Agradeço a sua infinita paciência durante todo o trabalho que desenvolvemos no decorrer da pós-graduação. Agradeço a meus irmãos Carlos Eduardo, Sílvia Renata, Léo Jaime e Antônio Jair Cavalcante que sem- pre me apoiaram nos momentos difíceis de minha vida e torcem sempre pelo meu sucesso. Gostaria de prestar meus sinceros agradecimentos aos meus amigos e colegas Rafael Al- meida, Deivid Matias, Flávio Roberto, Antônio Neto, Abnadab Bia Campos, Johnnathan Queiroz e Junior Maciel que me apoiaram, aconselharam-me e estiveram ao meu lado durante minha vida acadêmica. Aos meus colegas de turma de graduação Ademar José, Thiago Targino, Gislana Pereira, Leonardo Linhares e Marcos Vinícius pelo apoio, ami- zade e discussões. Agradeço também aos meus colegas e amigos que conquistei durante o curso de Doutorado, os quais foram fundamentais para que este trabalho se consoli- dasse Leonardo Linhares, Dgerson, Heydson Henrique, Gislana Pereira, Mateus Bruno, Geny Paola, Humberto, Carlene, Antônio Marques, Maria Liduina, Madson Rubens, Ce- sar Filho, Claudivan, Sérgio Murilo, Bruno Lustosa, Nyladih e Rizia Rodrigues. Agradeço a todas as pessoas que de forma direta ou indireta contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. Tenho enorme gratidão para com todos os funcionários e professores do Depar- tamento de Física Teórica e Experimental (DFTE) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, que trabalharam de forma dedicada para que concluísse o doutorado. Agra- deço aos membros do grupo de Astronomia da UFRN, que através de reuniões e discus- sões contribuíram de forma valiosa para o aprimoramento de conhecimentos nesta área i tão fascinante. Tenho enorme gratidão para com minha namorada Simone Martins, por ela ter começado um novo ciclo em minha vida, por ao seu lado viver momentos especi- ais. Ao professor Dr. José Ronaldo Pereira da Silva por quem tenho uma enorme gratidão e apreço, pois foi com quem iniciei os meus primeiros passos nesse campo de pesquisa durante a graduação. Também agradeço ao Prof. Dr José Renan de Medeiros por ter me acolhido junto ao grupo de pesquisa da UFRN. Ao prof. Dr Bruno Leonardo pela su- pervisão durante o período de Mestrado. À prof.a Maria Cecília Bezerra Falcão Morais pela correção gramatical deste trabalho. À Coordenação de Pessoas de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo apoio financeiro. Dedico este trabalho com todo amor e carinho a minha querida mãe e a minha avó, sem as quais não teria conseguido chegar ao atual estágio. Dedico este trabalho ao Professor Dr. Daniel Brito de Freitas. Muito obrigado pelos escla- recimentos e paciência durante todo este tempo. E ao meu irmão e companheiro Carlos Eduardo Marques de Lima. ii “ Conheço muitos que não puderam, quando deviam, porque não quiseram quando podiam. ” (François Rabelais) Evolução do índice de freio magnético para estrelas do tipo solar por Francisco Jânio Cavalcante Submetida ao Departamento de Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte em 26 de maio de 2017, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Física. Resumo O presente trabalho é baseado nos efeitos do freio magnético para a evolução da perda de momento angular e, consequentemente, a relação entre rotação estelar e idade. Em geral, essa taxa de perda definida por dJ=dt depende da velocidade angular Ω na forma dJ=dt Ωq, onde q é um parâmetro da mecânica estatística não-extensiva. No contexto da / rotação estelar, esse parâmetro está diretamente relacionado com o índice de freio. Para q igual à unidade, o cenário da saturação do campo magnético é recuperado. Tal aborda- gem foi proposta e investigada por de Freitas e De Medeiros para estrelas de campo não saturadas. Nesta tese, propomos uma nova abordagem não-extensiva para a evolução da rotação estelar com base no modelo Reiners e Mohanty. Desenvolvemos uma versão não- extensiva do torque de Reiners e Mohanty, e comparamos com o modelo proposto por de Freitas e De Medeiros, usando uma amostra de velocidade v sin i para 16000 estrelas F e ∼ G de campo. Como resultado, mostramos que os modelos de Kawaler e Reiners-Mohanty exibem fortes discrepâncias em relação ao domínio de validade do índice entrópico q. Es- sas discrepâncias são principalmente devido à sensibilidade com o raio estelar. Os nossos resultados também mostraram que o modelo de Kawaler modificado é consistente dentro de um amplo alcance de massa, enquanto o modelo Reiners e Mohanty é restrito a massas menores do que as de estrelas de tipo espectral G6 da Sequência Principal. Também dedicamos parte desta tese para estudar o comportamento evolutivo do índice de freio magnético para estrelas fora da sequência principal. Nessa abordagem, consideramos que o índice de freio sofre uma variação ao longo da evolução da estrela, ou seja, não é uma constante, mas depende do efeito de I_. Assim, justificamos o fato de as estrelas gigantes do tipo G serem regidas pela mesma lei de Skumanich. No entanto, iv devem ser corrigidas em um fator. Nesta tese, mostramos que esse fator é devido à não- conservação do volume da estrela, que se torna mais evidente em estágios evolutivos mais tardios, como é o caso das gigantes. Constatamos que o efeito da variação do momento de inércia (dI=dt) é mais importante quando se considera que o volume da estrela não é conservado. Palavras-chave: rotação estelar, freio magnético, distribuição e estatística. v Evolution of the magnetic brake index for solar-type stars by Francisco Jânio Cavalcante Submitted to the Department of Physics of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte on May 26, 2017, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D in Physics. Abstract The present work is based on the effects of the magnetic brake for the evolution of the loss of angular momentum and, consequently, the relation between stellar rotation and age. In general, this loss rate defined by dJ=dt depends on the angular velocity Ω in the form dJ=dt Ωq, where q is a parameter of non-extensive statistical mechanics. In the context / of stellar rotation, this parameter is directly related to the brake index. For q equal to unity, the magnetic field saturation scenario is recovered. Such an approach was proposed and investigated by de Freitas and De Medeiros for unsaturated field stars. We propose a new non-extensive approach to the evolution of stellar rotation based on the Reiners and Mohanty model. We have developed a non-extensive version of the Reiners and Mohanty torque, and compared with the model proposed by de Freitas and De Medeiros, using a velocity sample v sin i for 16000 F and G field stars. As a result, we show that ∼ the Kawaler and Reiners-Mohanty models exhibit strong discrepancies in relation to the domain of validity of the entropic index q. These discrepancies are mainly due to the sensitivity of the stellar rotation on the stellar radius . Our results also showed that the modified Kawaler model is consistent within a wide mass range, while the Reiners and Mohanty model is restricted to masses smaller than that of a G6 Main Sequence star. We also devoted part of this thesis to studying the evolutionary behavior of the magnetic brake index for stars outside the Main Sequence. In this approach, we consider that the brake index undergoes a variation along the evolution of the star, that is, it is not a constant, but depends on the effect of I_. Thus, we justify the fact that G-type giant stars are governed by the same Skumanich law. However, they must be corrected by one factor. In this thesis, we show that this factor is due to the non-conservation of the volume of the vi star, which becomes more evident in later evolutionary stages, as is the case of the giants.
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