Traveling Cortical Netwaves Compose a Mindstream
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Eye Fields in Ocular Decision Making Contrasting the Roles of The
Contrasting the roles of the supplementary and frontal eye fields in ocular decision making Shun-nan Yang and Stephen Heinen J Neurophysiol 111:2644-2655, 2014. First published 26 March 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00543.2013 You might find this additional info useful... This article cites 42 articles, 19 of which can be accessed free at: /content/111/12/2644.full.html#ref-list-1 Updated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at: /content/111/12/2644.full.html Additional material and information about Journal of Neurophysiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/jn This information is current as of July 30, 2014. Downloaded from on July 30, 2014 Journal of Neurophysiology publishes original articles on the function of the nervous system. It is published 12 times a year (monthly) by the American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20814-3991. Copyright © 2014 by the American Physiological Society. ISSN: 0022-3077, ESSN: 1522-1598. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/. J Neurophysiol 111: 2644–2655, 2014. First published March 26, 2014; doi:10.1152/jn.00543.2013. Contrasting the roles of the supplementary and frontal eye fields in ocular decision making Shun-nan Yang1,2 and Stephen Heinen2 1Vision Performance Institute, College of Optometry, Pacific University, Forest Grove, Oregon; and 2Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, California Submitted 29 July 2013; accepted in final form 25 March 2014 Yang SN, Heinen S. Contrasting the roles of the supplementary and specified by the motion stimulus (Britten et al. -
Practicerelated Changes in Neural Activation Patterns Investigated Via
r Human Brain Mapping 000:000–000 (2012) r Practice-Related Changes in Neural Activation Patterns Investigated via Wavelet-Based Clustering Analysis Jinae Lee,1 Cheolwoo Park,1 Kara A. Dyckman,2,3,4 Nicole A. Lazar,1 Benjamin P. Austin,5 Qingyang Li,6 and Jennifer E. McDowell2,3,4* 1Department of Statistics, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia 2Department of Psychology, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia 3Department of Neuroscience, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia 4The Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, Georgia 5UW Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and theDepartment of Veterans Affairs (VA) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA 6Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, 445 Park Ave, New York, NY 10022, USA r r Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and specifically, activation changes across time associated with practice-related cognitive control during eye movement tasks. Experimental design: Participants were engaged in antisaccade performance (gener- ating a glance away from a cue) while fMR images were acquired during two separate test sessions: (1) at pre-test before any exposure to the task and (2) at post-test, after 1 week of daily practice on antisac- cades, prosaccades (glancing toward a target), or fixation (maintaining gaze on a target). Principal obser- vations: The three practice groups were compared across the two test sessions, and analyses were conducted via the application of a model-free clustering technique based on wavelet analysis. This se- ries of procedures was developed to avoid analysis problems inherent in fMRI data and was composed of several steps: detrending, data aggregation, wavelet transform and thresholding, no trend test, prin- cipal component analysis (PCA), and K-means clustering. -
Supplementary Eye Field Encodes Reward Prediction Error
2950 • The Journal of Neuroscience, February 29, 2012 • 32(9):2950–2963 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Supplementary Eye Field Encodes Reward Prediction Error NaYoung So1 and Veit Stuphorn1,2 1Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, and 2Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 The outcomes of many decisions are uncertain and therefore need to be evaluated. We studied this evaluation process by recording neuronalactivityinthesupplementaryeyefield(SEF)duringanoculomotorgamblingtask.Whilethemonkeysawaitedtheoutcome,SEF neurons represented attributes of the chosen option, namely, its expected value and the uncertainty of this value signal. After the gamble result was revealed, a number of neurons reflected the actual reward outcome. Other neurons evaluated the outcome by encoding the difference between the reward expectation represented during the delay period and the actual reward amount (i.e., the reward prediction error). Thus, SEF encodes not only reward prediction error but also all the components necessary for its computation: the expected and theactualoutcome.ThissuggeststhatSEFmightactivelyevaluatevalue-baseddecisionsintheoculomotordomain,independentofother brain regions. Introduction ent evaluative stages can indicate whether a brain area contains all In most real-life decisions, the outcomes are uncertain or can the neuronal signals sufficient to compute RPE signals. change over time. The values -
Eye Fields in the Frontal Lobes of Primates
Brain Research Reviews 32Ž. 2000 413±448 www.elsevier.comrlocaterbres Full-length review Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates Edward J. Tehovnik ), Marc A. Sommer, I-Han Chou, Warren M. Slocum, Peter H. Schiller Department of Brain and CognitiÕe Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, E25-634, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Accepted 19 October 1999 Abstract Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortexŽ. DMFC ; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to as the frontal eye fieldŽ. FEF . This review documents the similarities and differences between these eye fields. Although the DMFC and FEF are both active during the execution of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, the FEF is more dedicated to these functions. Lesions of DMFC minimally affect the production of most types of saccadic eye movements and have no effect on the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. In contrast, lesions of the FEF produce deficits in generating saccades to briefly presented targets, in the production of saccades to two or more sequentially presented targets, in the selection of simultaneously presented targets, and in the execution of smooth pursuit eye movements. For the most part, these deficits are prevalent in both monkeys and humans. Single-unit recording experiments have shown that the DMFC contains neurons that mediate both limb and eye movements, whereas the FEF seems to be involved in the execution of eye movements only. -
Functional MRI, DTI and Neurophysiology in Horizontal Gaze Palsy with Progressive Scoliosis
Neuroradiology (2008) 50:453–459 DOI 10.1007/s00234-007-0359-1 FUNCTIONAL NEURORADIOLOGY Functional MRI, DTI and neurophysiology in horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis Sven Haller & Stephan G. Wetzel & Jürg Lütschg Received: 19 August 2007 /Accepted: 14 December 2007 /Published online: 24 January 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract suspected HGPPS, any technique appears appropriate for Introduction Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis further investigation. Auditory fMRI suggests that a (HGPPS) is an autosomal recessive disease due to a mutation monaural auditory system with bilateral auditory activations in the ROBO3 gene. This rare disease is of particular interest might be a physiological advantage as compared to a because the absence, or at least reduction, of crossing of the binaural yet only unilateral auditory system, in analogy to ascending lemniscal and descending corticospinal tracts in the anisometropic amblyopia. Moving-head fMRI studies in the medulla predicts abnormal ipsilateral sensory and motor future might show whether the compensatory head move- systems. ments instead of normal eye movements activate the eye- Methods We evaluated the use of functional magnetic movement network. resonance imaging (fMRI) for the first time in this disease and compared it to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) Keywords Functional MRI . HGPPS . ROBO3 tractography and neurophysiological findings in the same patient with genetically confirmed ROBO3 mutation. Abbreviations Results As expected, motor fMRI, somatosensory evoked BAEP brainstem auditory evoked potentials potentials (SSEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) were BOLD blood oxygenation level dependent dominantly ipsilateral to the stimulation side. DTI tractography DTI diffusion tensor imaging revealed ipsilateral ascending and descending connectivity in fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging the brainstem yet normal interhemispheric connections in the FEF frontal eye field corpus callosum. -
Sounds, Spectra, Audio Illusions, and Data Representations
Sounds, spectra, audio illusions, and data representations Edoardo Milotti, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste Introduction to Signal Processing Techniques A. Y. 2016-17 Piano notes Pure 440 Hz sound BacK to the initial recording, left channel amplitude (volt, ampere, normalized amplitude units … ) time (sample number) amplitude (volt, ampere, normalized amplitude units … ) 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.002 -0.004 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 time (sample number) amplitude (volt, ampere, normalized amplitude units … ) 0.004 0.002 0.000 -0.002 -0.004 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 time (sample number) squared amplitude frequency (frequency index) Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) Fourier Transform A single blocK of data Segmented data Fourier Transform squared amplitude frequency (frequency index) squared amplitude frequency (frequency index) amplitude of most important Fourier component time Spectrogram time frequency • Original audio file • Reconstruction with the largest amplitude frequency component only • Reconstruction with 7 frequency components • Reconstruction with 7 frequency components + phase information amplitude (volt, ampere, normalized amplitude units … ) time (sample number) amplitude (volt, ampere, normalized amplitude units … ) time (sample number) squared amplitude frequency (frequency index) squared amplitude frequency (frequency index) squared amplitude Include only Fourier components with amplitudes ABOVE a given threshold 18 Fourier components frequency (frequency index) squared amplitude Include only Fourier components with amplitudes ABOVE a given threshold 39 Fourier components frequency (frequency index) squared amplitude frequency (frequency index) Glissando In music, a glissando [ɡlisˈsando] (plural: glissandi, abbreviated gliss.) is a glide from one pitch to another. It is an Italianized musical term derived from the French glisser, to glide. -
Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex
Distributed Hierarchical Processing Daniel J. Felleman1 and David C. Van Essen2 in the Primate Cerebral Cortex 1 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, and 2 Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 In recent years, many new cortical areas have been During the past decade, there has been an explosion identified in the macaque monkey. The number of iden- of information about the organization and connectiv- tified connections between areas has increased even ity of sensory and motor areas in the mammalian ce- more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of rebral cortex. Many laboratories have concentrated the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and their efforts on the visual cortex of macaque monkeys, with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for whose superb visual capacities in many ways rival storing and representing large amounts of information those of humans. In this article, we survey recent on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these progress in charting the layout of different cortical data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the areas in the macaque and in analyzing the hierarchical cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on the visual relationships among these areas, particularly in the Downloaded from system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are visual system. predominantly or exclusively visual in function, plus an The original notion of hierarchical processing in additional 7 areas that we regard as visual-association the visual cortex was put forward by Hubel and Wiesel areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. -
Graduate Neuroanatomy GSBS GS141181
Page 1 Graduate Neuroanatomy GSBS GS141181 Laboratory Guide Offered and Coordinated by the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. This course guide was adatped from the Medical Neuroscience Laboratory Guide. Nachum Dafny, Ph.D., Course Director; Michael Beierlein, Ph.D., Laboratory Coordinator. Online teaching materials are available at https://oac22.hsc.uth.tmc.edu/courses/neuroanatomy/ Other course information available at http://openwetware.org/wiki/Beauchamp:GraduateNeuroanatomy Contents © 2000-Present University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized use of contents subject to civil and/or criminal prosecution. Graduate Neuroanatomy : Laboratory Guide Page 2 Table of Contents Overview of the Nervous System ................................................................................................................ 3 Laboratory Exercise #1: External Anatomy of the Brain ......................................................................... 19 Laboratory Exercise #2: Internal Organization of the Brain ..................................................................... 35 Graduate Neuroanatomy : Laboratory Guide Page 3 Overview of the Nervous System Nachum Dafny, Ph.D. The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS, in turn, is divided into the brain and the spinal cord, which lie in the cranial cavity of the skull and the vertebral canal, respectively. The CNS and the PNS, acting in concert, integrate sensory information and control motor and cognitive functions. The Central Nervous System (CNS) The adult human brain weighs between 1200 to 1500g and contains about one trillion cells. It occupies a volume of about 1400cc - approximately 2% of the total body weight, and receives 20% of the blood, oxygen, and calories supplied to the body. The adult spinal cord is approximately 40 to 50cm long and occupies about 150cc. -
A Locus in Human Extrastriate Cortex for Visual Shape Analysis
A Locus in Human Extrastriate Cortex for Visual Shape Analysis Nancy Kanwisher Harvard University Roger P. Woods, Marco Iacoboni, and John C. Mazziotta Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/9/1/133/1755424/jocn.1997.9.1.133.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 University of California, Los Angeles Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to locate an fusiform gyms) when subjects viewed line drawings of area in human extrastriate cortex that subserves a specific 3dimensional objects compared to viewing scrambled draw- component process of visual object recognition. Regional ings with no clear shape interpretation. Responses were Seen blood flow increased in a bilateral extrastriate area on the for both novel and familiar objects, implicating this area in inferolateral surface of the brain near the border between the the bottom-up (i.e., memory-independent) analysis of visual occipital and temporal lobes (and a smaller area in the right shape. INTRODUCTION 1980; Glaser & Dungelhoff, 1984). Such efficiency and automaticity are characteristic of modular processes (Fo- Although neurophysiological studies over the last 25 dor, 1983). Second, abilities critical for survival (such as years have provided a richly detailed map of the 30 or rapid and accurate object recognition) are the ones most more different visual areas of the macaque brain (Felle- likely to be refined by natural selection through the man & Van Essen, 1991), the mapping of human visual construction of innate and highly specialized brain mod- cortex -
Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves
Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves Paul Rea AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First published 2014 Copyright r 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. -
A Circuit for Pupil Orienting Responses: Implications for Cognitive
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect A circuit for pupil orienting responses: implications for cognitive modulation of pupil size Chin-An Wang and Douglas P Munoz Pupil size, as a component of orienting, changes rapidly in target detection, perception, learning, memory, and de- response to local salient events in the environment, in addition cision making (e.g. [5–12]). to its well-known illumination-dependent modulation. Recent research has shown that visual, auditory, or audiovisual stimuli Changes in pupil size have also been associated with the can elicit transient pupil dilation, and the timing and size of the orienting response [13,14], we refer to these responses as evoked responses are systematically modulated by stimulus orienting-related pupil responses. The presentation of a salience. Moreover, weak microstimulation of the superior salient stimulus initiates a series of responses to orient the colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure involved in eye movements body for appropriate action, including not only saccades and attention, evokes similar transient pupil dilation, and attentional shifts [15,16], but also transient pupil suggesting that the SC coordinates the orienting response dilation [1,17 ,18 ,19 ]. The function of this pupil dila- which includes transient pupil dilation. Projections from the SC tion is thought to increase visual sensitivity [13], although to the pupil control circuitry provide a novel neural substrate empirical evidence to support the argument is lacking underlying pupil modulation -
Repetition Suppression and Its Contextual Determinants in Predictive Coding
cortex 80 (2016) 125e140 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cortex Special issue: Review Repetition suppression and its contextual determinants in predictive coding * Ryszard Auksztulewicz and Karl Friston Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom article info abstract Article history: This paper presents a review of theoretical and empirical work on repetition suppression in Received 8 June 2015 the context of predictive coding. Predictive coding is a neurobiologically plausible scheme Reviewed 27 August 2015 explaining how biological systems might perform perceptual inference and learning. From Revised 7 September 2015 this perspective, repetition suppression is a manifestation of minimising prediction error Accepted 11 November 2015 through adaptive changes in predictions about the content and precision of sensory inputs. Published online 19 January 2016 Simulations of artificial neural hierarchies provide a principled way of understanding how repetition suppression e at different time scales e can be explained in terms of inference Keywords: and learning implemented under predictive coding. This formulation of repetition sup- Repetition suppression pression is supported by results of numerous empirical studies of repetition suppression Predictive coding and its contextual determinants. Mismatch negativity © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC Perceptual inference BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Perceptual learning Egner, 2008). The predictive coding framework provides a 1. Introduction principled explanation of repetition effects in terms of perceptual inference and learning, mediated by changes in The effect of stimulus repetition on neural responses is one of synaptic efficacy (Friston, 2005).