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Fintech Innovation the Transformation of Financial Servicescover Through Technology Msci.Com THEMATIC INSIGHTS Fintech Innovation The transformation of financial servicesCover through technology msci.com msci.com 1 InsideContents 04 Financial services and disruption Inner 05 The catalysts for fintech disruption 06 The digital wallets opportunity 11 Impact of neural networks and machine learning Left15 Conclusion Fold 2 msci.com msci.com 3 Fintech Innovation The catalysts Financial services for fintech and disruption disruption Financial Services is the second largest sector in the Put simply, financial services companies offer three global economy. It generates trillions in annual revenue fundamental functions8 (i) the securing of savings9, (ii) while commanding some USD 12 trillion1 in equity transfers and transactions across time and space10 and (iii) market capitalization. It is also a sector that might once information generation and risk assessment.11 Each of these have seemed impervious to disruption: protected (as key economic services appears to be experiencing a profound well as constrained) by regulation and dominated by and technologically-driven transformation. incumbents benefitting from seemingly sticky client Historically the financial sector has seemed largely resistant to relationships. disruption — any durable innovation has ultimately reinforced But today one can easily discern change. The US retail the incumbents. The difference today seems to lie in the banking franchises seem to have lost their daily point combination of multiple vectors of disruption. The innovations of contact with their customers,2 credit card franchises we describe below are driven by the growth and development of are losing share to marketplace lenders3 while 50-year- mobile connected devices, artificial intelligence, cloud computing old stock brokerages are seeing lower trading volumes and blockchain technologies. Individually, each one provides a than 5-year-old trading apps.4 Ride-hail companies are mechanism to change a fundamental financial function with a taking deposits.5 Social media giants are attempting substantial efficiency gain. However, their coincident emergence to launch multi-national currencies6 and e-commerce in the same business cycle seems to have amplified the companies are launching loan offerings.7 combined disruptive potential of fintech innovation. Deflationary forces arising from technologically enabled innovation and 1 As of August 31st, 2020. Assumes global listed market capitalization of $92 trillion (per declining cost curves could boost the unit growth, productivity the World Federation of Exchanges) of which 12.9% is attributable to the financial sector. and profitability of successful fintech companies. 2 “Cash App vs. Venmo”, page 16, https://ark-invest.com/white-papers/cash-app-vs- venmo/ 3 https://ark-invest.com/analyst-research/credit-card-industry/ 8 Adapted from Robert Merton’s “A Functional Perspective of Financial Intermediation” which identifies 4 https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/10/robinhood-reports-more-monthly-trades-than-rivals- 6 core functions performed by the financial system. Seehttps://www.jstor.org/stable/3665532?read- charles-schwab-e-trade-combined.html now=1&seq=2 5 https://www.uber.com/us/en/ride/how-it-works/uber-cash/ 9 Maps to Merton’s function 2: “a mechanism for the pooling of funds…” 6 https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/18/facebook-libra/ 10 Includes transfers across space and time (via loans and lending). Maps to Merton’s functions 1 7 https://www.americanbanker.com/news/alibaba-launches-interest-free-financing-for-u-s- and 3: “…a payments system” and “a way to transfer economic resources through time and across small-businesses geographic regions” respectively. 11 Maps to Merton’s functions 4, 5 and 6 which declare that the financial system provides: “a way to manage uncertainty…”, “provides price information that helps coordinate decentralized decision- making”, and a way to resolve conflicts in information asymmetries respectively. 4 msci.com msci.com 5 Fintech Innovation Exhibit 1: The largest financial insitutions globally by number of accounts Source: ARK Invest (2020), Company information for institutions that publish retail customer numbers. rest inni institutions nuer o reti ustoers o The digital Agrictra an o China WeChat Pay Aiay wallets opportunity nstria an Commercia an o China tate o nia an China Constrction an InsideDigital wallets could potentially significantly reduce the cost and friction Citian of concluding transactions and transferring funds; the second of the core na Nationa an InnerBanco antaner financial functions. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 The story starts in 2005. Vodafone saw that African mobile phone Miions o ustoers subscribers were transferring cell phone minutes as a proxy for traditional currency. They collaborated with its local partner, Safaricom, to build an SMS based digital wallet system known as M-Pesa. The commercial launch took On the basis of active accounts, one could 12 https://www.economist.com/special-report/2014/05/08/the-end-of-a- Leftplace in 2007 and by 2013, gross transaction flows through M-Pesa were consider WeChat to be the second largest financial monopoly?frsc=dg%7Cd 12 service provider in the world, trailing only the 13 https://www.fastcompany.com/3065255/china-wechat-tencent-red- equivalent to 43% of Kenya’s GDP. Even on feature phones, digital wallets envelopes-and-social-money provided utility sufficient to capture transaction volume in a country where Agricultural BankFold of China’s 837 million retail 14 https://pay.weixin.qq.com/index.php/public/wechatpay_en customers.15 In third place would be another 15 http://www.abchina.com/en/investor-relations/investment-value/ traditional financial infrastructure was underdeveloped. business-edges/ Chinese digital wallet: Alibaba’s Alipay with 710 16 https://www.fastcompany.com/90543469/jack-mas-ant-group-gears-up- With the worldwide penetration of biometric-ID enabled smartphones, for-what-could-be-the-biggest-ipo-in-history million monthly actives.16 Both surpass Industrial digital wallets (secure stores on digital devices to store funds and facilitate 17 https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company- & Commercial Bank of China, the largest bank by profiles.industrial_and_commercial_bank_of_china_limited. transactions) could be positioned to compete against the largest retail de498c21f26679595d9e8f43c1d63a52.html assets in the world, with its 590 million personal 18 8 trillion Yuan to 347 trillion Yuan https://www.cgap.org/research/ publication/china-digital-payments-revolution http://www. banking franchises. 17 account customers. chinabankingnews.com/2020/03/19/chinas-online-payments- transactions-rise-37-14-yoy-in-2019-mobile-payments-up-67-57/ In 2013 WeChat, an instant messaging app owned by Chinese tech company The potential of digital wallets to transform money 19 GDP is indicative of the final purchase price paid for the good produced, Tencent, launched WeChat Pay, a service that enabled users to send but along the way the underlying raw materials will have been sold to a flows can be seen in Chinese transaction statistics. parts manufacturer who will then on-sell those parts to an assembler, micropayments via the messaging app. By the end of 2013, WeChat Pay had who may provide finished inventory to a wholesaler who then breaks up Mobile payments volumes in China grew from volumes for retailers. 30 million active users. After the end of the Chinese New Year in January USD 1.5 trillion in 2013 (when WeChat Pay first 2014, digital cash gift-giving through the app saw users rise to 100 million.13 launched) to more than USD 50 trillion by 2019, As of the end of 2018, the digital payment service had 800 million monthly roughly 3.5x China’s GDP.18 This mobile volumes active users.14 multiple is indicative of the gobal scope for mobile- based facilitators of transaction flows.19 6 msci.com msci.com 7 Fintech Innovation Exhibit 2: Exhibit 3: Mobile payments as a multiple of China’s GDP (%) Customer acquistion costs for financial products vs. digital wallets (USD) Source: PBoC and Ark Invest Source: ARK Research estimates, 2020 Moie pents s utipe o inese G Custoer Auisition Costs CAC per ustoer or inni produts s diit et 3.5x 1,600 $150 $150 3.0x 1400 0 0 $100 2.5x 1200 0 2.1x 1000 $770 1.6x 800 600 $750 $400 400 $480 200 $350 0.3x $250 0.1x 0 $250 $20 Creit Ban retai Broerage nsrance Consmer igita 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 201 cars checing accont atorms atorms ening aet Gross transactions sum to well in excess Digital wallet providers plan that peer- The lower customer acquisition cost can of the final purchase price and the to-peer transfers enable them to allow digital wallets such as the Cash App frictionless payments enabled by digital amass network-effect-protected high- to profitably offer financial services to lower- wallets only exacerbate this effect. Cash engagement user bases. Such users may balance customers than can be serviced transfers, e.g. the small denominations become advocates for the product, thus by traditional banks. Traditional banks may that friends might exchange after settling on-boarding friends and family. This can lose money on customers with less than a restaurant bill, that would previously lead to inexpensive customer acquisition $6,600 in their deposit accounts while digital have been invisible in transaction flow costs for successful peer-to-peer digital wallets may be able to profitably service statistics now get captured by the digital wallet providers. Square’s Cash App has the same customer with less than USD 150 wallet providers. Online micro-tipping acquired new customers for as little as on deposit.22 Moreover, because the typical and micro-transaction business models USD 20 in promotional spend.20 This peer to peer transfer user accesses her app have emerged where previously they contrasts with traditional US retail banks multiple times a week (compare a traditional were not practically possible. To facilitate that have averaged a little over USD 900 bank customer visit a branch once a month), and encourage such transactions, digital per new customer.21 digital wallets have more opportunities to wallet providers often reduce or eliminate cross-sell customers into other financial transaction charges.
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