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El Universo Elegante El Universo Elegante El Universo Elegante El Universo Elegante: Superstrings, Dimensiones Ocultas, y la Búsqueda para la última Teoría Brian Greene El prólogo Durante los últimos treinta años de su vida, Albert Einstein buscado implacablemente para una así llamado teoría unificada del campo – una teoría capaz de describir las fuerzas de naturaleza dentro de un solo, todo armazón envolvente, coherente. Einstein no estaba motivado por las cosas que a menudo asociamos con empresas científicas, como tratar de explicar esto o ese pedazo de datos experimentales. En lugar de eso, él fue conducido por una creencia apasionada que la comprensión más profunda del universo revelaría su admiración más verdadera: La simplicidad y el poder de los principios en los cuales se basa. Einstein quiso clarificar los funcionamientos del universo con una claridad nunca antes de logrado, permitirle todos nosotros temer su pura belleza y su elegancia. Einstein nunca se dio cuenta de este sueño, en gran parte porque la cubierta estaba en contra de él: En su día, un número de características esenciales de materia y las fuerzas de naturaleza fueron ya sea incógnita o, en el mejor de los casos, pobremente entendieron. Excepto durante los últimos el medio siglo, los físicos de cada generación nueva – firmemente a través de los ataques y los principios, y los desvíos de abajo ciega callejones – han estado fundamentándosese en los descubrimientos de sus predecesores pedazo conjuntamente uno alguna vez abatanador entendiendo de cómo opera el universo. Y ahora, bastante después de que Einstein articuló su búsqueda para una teoría unificada pero subió vacío dado, los físicos creen finalmente han encontrado un armazón para coser estas compenetraciones conjuntamente en un todo libre de irregularidades – una teoría sola que, en principio, es capaz de describir todos los fenómenos físicos. La teoría, la teoría de la supercuerda, es el tema de este libro. Escribí El Universo Elegante en un intento para hacer las compenetraciones notables emergente de la vanguardia de investigación de medicamentos accesible para un espectro ancho de lectores, especialmente esos sin entrenarse en las matemáticas o medicamentos. El público directo enseña teoría de la supercuerda que he dado durante los últimos años, he presenciado un anhelo extendido para entender qué investigación actual le pone alrededor de las leyes fundamentales del universo, cómo requieren estas leyes uno monumental reestructurar de nuestra concepción del cosmos, y lo que desafía está por delante en la búsqueda en curso para la última teoría. Espero eso, explicando los logros principales de medicamentos volviendo a Einstein y Heisenberg, y describiendo cómo sus descubrimientos grandiosamente han florecido a través de los grandes adelantos de nuestra edad, este libro lega ambos enriquezca y satisfaga esta curiosidad. Yo también espero que El Universo Elegante será de interés para los lectores que tienen algún fondo científico. Pues los estudiantes de ciencia y los maestros, esperamos este libro cristalizará una parte del foundational material de medicamentos modernos, algo semejante como la relatividad especial, la relatividad general, y la mecánica cuántica, al transportar la excitación contagiosa de investigadores cerrando la plana adentro en la teoría bastante unificada buscada. Para el lector ávido de ciencia popular, he tratado de explicar muchos de los avances estimulantes en nuestra comprensión del cosmos que ha salido a relucir durante los últimos la década. Y para mis colegas en otras disciplinas científicas, espero que este libro dará un sentido honesto y simétrico de por qué cuerda File:///C /Program %20Files/Shareaza/Downloads/brian greene _ - _ el universe.txt _ elegante (1 de modulación de fase 267)6/12/2004 5:27:44 File:///C /Program %20Files/Shareaza/Downloads/brian greene _ - _ el universe.txt _ elegante Los teóricos son tan entusiastas acerca del progreso haciéndose en la búsqueda para la última teoría de naturaleza. La teoría Superstring lanza una red ancha. Es un tema amplio y profundo que dibuja en muchos de los descubrimientos centrales en medicamentos. Desde que la teoría unifica las leyes de lo grande y de la parte pequeña, las leyes que gobiernan medicamentos fuera para los alcances más lejanos del cosmos y hasta la mota menor de materia, hay muchas avenidas por cuál pueden acometer el tema. En lo he elegido enfocar la atención nuestro evolucionar la comprensión de espacio y el tiempo. Encuentro así de ser un camino especialmente para el desarrollo absorbente, uno que corta una ringlera sustanciosa y fascinante a través de las compenetraciones nuevas esenciales. Einstein mostró el mundo que El espacio y el tiempo se comportan en las formas asombrosamente poco familiares. Ahora, el borde cortante que la investigación tiene, integró sus descubrimientos en un universo cuántico con numerosas dimensiones ocultas enroscados en la tela del cosmos – las dimensiones cuya geometría esplendorosamente entrelazada puede fluir negrita la llave para una cierta cantidad de las preguntas más profundas alguna vez posó. Aunque una cierta cantidad de estos conceptos son sutiles, veremos que pueden ser asido analogías prácticas directas. Y cuando estas ideas son comprendidas, proveen una perspectiva sorprendente y revolucionaria en el universo. A todo lo largo de este libro, he tratado de quedarme cerca de la ciencia mientras dándole al lector una comprensión intuitiva – a menudo a través de la analogía y la metáfora – de cómo han alcanzado los científicos la concepción actual del cosmos. Aunque evito idioma técnico y las ecuaciones, por los conceptos radicalmente nuevos complejos el lector puede necesitar hacer una pausa a veces, para cavilar sobre una sección aquí o considerar cuidadosamente una explicación allí, para seguir la progresión de ideas completamente. Algunas secciones de Parte IV (Enfocando la atención en los desarrollos más recientes) es otro poquito de extracto que el resto; He cuidado prevenir al lector acerca de estas secciones y proveer con una estructura el texto a fin de que pueden ser examinadas rápidamente o saltadas con impacto mínimo en el flujo lógico del libro. He incluido un glosario de términos científicos para un recordatorio fácil y asequible de ideas introducidas en el texto principal. Aunque el más lector informal puede tener el deseo de saltarse las apostillas completamente, el lector más diligente encontrará en las amplificaciones de notas de puntos hechos en el texto, aclaraciones de ideas que han sido simplificadas en el texto, así como también algunas excursiones técnicas para esos con entrenamiento matemático. Debo gracias a muchas personas para su ayuda durante la escritura de este libro. David Steinhardt leyó el escrito con esmero y generosamente proveyó compenetraciones editoriales bien definidas y ánimo invaluable. David Morrison, Ken Vineberg, Raphael Kasper, Nicholas Boles, Steven Carlip, Arthur Greenspoon, David Mermin, Michael Popowits, y Shani Offen leyeron el escrito estrechamente y le ofrecieron sugerencias y reacciones detalladas que grandemente realzaron la presentación. Otros que leen todo o parten del consejo manuscrito y ofrecido y ánimo son. Adeudo especial gracias a Raphael Gunner para, entre muchas otras cosas, sus críticas penetrantes en una anterior etapa de escribir eso ayudó a moldear la forma global del libro, y para Robert Malley para su ánimo cortés pero persistente para traspasar pensando acerca del libro y para poner "la pluma a papel". Steven Weinberg y Sidney Coleman ofrecieron asistencia y consejo valioso, y es agradable admitir File:///C /Program %20Files/Shareaza/Downloads/brian greene _ - _ el universe.txt _ elegante (2 de modulación de fase 267)6/12/2004 5:27:44 File:///C /Program %20Files/Shareaza/Downloads/brian greene _ - _ el universe.txt _ elegante Mawhinney, Pam Morehouse, Pierre Ramond, Amanda Salles, y Eero Simoncelli. Estoy endeudado para Costas Efthimiou para su ayuda en el hecho inspeccionando y la referencia encontrando, y para convertir mis bocetos iniciales en dibujos a pluma de los cuales Tom Rockwell creó – con la paciencia de un santo y un ojo artístico magistral – las figuras que ilustran el texto. También le doy a Andrew Hanson y Jim Sethna las gracias por su ayuda en preparar unos cuantos de las figuras especializadas. Para acordar ser entrevistado y prestar sus perspectivas personales en temas diversos cubiertos agradezco a Howard Georgi, Sheldon Glashow, Michael Green, John Schwarz, John Wheeler, Edward Witten, y, otra vez, Andrew Strominger, Cumrun Vafa, y Gabriele Veneziano. Estoy encantado de admitir las compenetraciones penetrantes y las sugerencias invaluables de Angela Von Der Lippe y la sensibilidad bien definida para detallar de Traci Nagle, mis editores en W. W. Norton, ambos significativamente realzaron la claridad de la presentación. También agradezco a mis agentes literarios, John Brockman Y Katinka Matson, para su guía docta en shepherding el libro de principio para la publicación. Para generosamente soportar mi investigación en medicamentos teóricos para más que una década y una mitad, agradecidamente reconozco a la Fundación Nacional de las Ciencias, el Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, y el U.S. Department de Energía. No sorprende quizá que los míos que la investigación ha canalizado a la teoría de la supercuerda de impacto tienen en nuestra concepción de espacio y el tiempo, y adentro un par de los posteriores capítulos que describo una cierta cantidad de los descubrimientos en los cuales tuve la fortuna para participar.
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