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Geology and Mineralogy This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp Volume 3-Chapter 1 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY Minnesota Environmental Quality Board Regional Copper-Nickel Study Authors: Robert J. Stevenson* Peter J. Kreisman Nancy P. Sather Prepared under the direction of: Peter J. Kreisman Robert H. Poppe David L. Veith *Please contact Peter J. Kreisman regarding questions or comments on this chapter of the report. TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 3-Chapter 1 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY PAGE 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1 1 .1.1 Scope and Purpose • •• 1 1.1.2 Summary ••••• •• II 2 1.2 GENERAL GEOLOGY OVERVIEW 4 1.3 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY 13 1.3.1 Glacial History and Physiography •• 14 1.3.2 Nature of Surficial Materials • 19 1 .3.3 Construction Materials • 22 1.3.4 Soils II 26 1.4 BEDROCK GEOLOGY 40 1.4.1 Petrology II e II • 40 1.4.2 Structure and Engineering Properties 0 .... 49 1.4.3 Mineralogy and Chemistry .. • .. • .. • .. S3 1.4.3.1 Sulfide Mineralogy 5'4 1.4.3.2 Sulfide Chemistry 60 1.4.3.3 Non-Sulfide 64 1.4.3.4 Non-Sulfide Chemistry 66 1.4.3.5 Mineral Fibers 67 PLEASE NOTE: At this point, Chapters 1 and 2 of Volume 3 are being issued as a combined document. The introduction to Chapter 1 deals also with the results of Chapter 2, and the reference list at the end of Chapter 2 serves both chapters. In the final printing, each chapter will stand by itself with separate introductions and lists of references. A NOTE ABOUT UNITS This report, which in total covers some 36 chapters in 5 volumes, is both inter- national and interdisciplinary in scope. As a result, the problem of an appropriate and consistent choice of units of measure for use throughout the entire report proved insurmountable. Instead, most sections use the system of units judged most common in the science or profession under discussion. However, interdisciplinary tie-ins complicated this simple objective, and resulted in the use of a mix of units in many sections. A few specific comments will hopefully aid the reader in coping with the resulting melange (which is a reflection of the international multiplicity of measurement systems): 1) Where reasonable., an effort has been made to use the metric system (meters, kilograms, kilowatt-hours, etc.) of units which is widely used in the physical and biological sciences, and is slowly becoming accepted in the United States. 2) In several areas, notably engineering discussions, the use of many English units (feet, pounds, BTUls, etc.) is retained in the belief that this will better serve most readers. 3) Notable among the units used to promote the metric system is the metric ton, which consists of 2201 pounds and is abbreviated as mt. The metric ton (1000 kilogram~) is roughly 10% larger (10.25%) than the common or short ton (st) of 2000 pounds. The metric ton is quite comparable to the long ton (2240 pounds) commonly used in the iron ore industry. (Strictly speakin~, pounds and kilograms are totally different animals, but since this report is not concerned with min~ng in outer space away from the earth's surface, the distinction is purely academic and of no practical importance here). 4) The hectare is a unit of area in the metric system which will be encountered throughout this report. It represents the area of a square, 100 meters on a side (10,000 mL ), and is roughly equivalent to 21h acres (actuallv 2.4710 acres). Thus, one square mile, which consists of 640 acres, contains some 259 hectares. The attached table includes conversion factors for some common units used in this report. Hopefully, with these aids and a bit of patience, the reader will succeed in mastering the transitions between measurement systems that a full readin~ of this report requires. Be comforted bv the fact that measurements of time are the same in all systems, and that_.all economlC units are expressed in terms of United States dollars, eliminating the need to convert from British Pounds, Rands, Yen, Kawachas, Rubles, and so forth! Conversions for Common Metric Units Used in the Copper-Nickel Reports 1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet = 1.094 yards 1 centimeter (em) = 0.3937 inches 1 kilometer (km) = 0.621 miles 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 sq. meters = 2.471 acres 1 square meter (m2) = 10.764 sq. feet = 1.196 SQ. yards square kilometer (km2) 100 hectares = 0.386 sq. miles gram (g) 0.037 oz. (avoir.) 0.0322 Troy oz. kilogram (kg) = 2.205 pounds 1 "metric ton (mt) = 1,000 kilograms = 0.984 long tons 1.1025 short tons cubic meter (~3) 1.308 yd3 = 3,.315 ft3 liter (1) = 0.264 u.s. gallons 1 liter/minute (l/min) = 0.264 u.s. gallons/minute = 0.00117 acre-feet/day 1 kilometer/hour (km/hr) 0.621 miles/hour degrees Celsius (OC) (S/9)(degrees Fahrenheit -3~) Standard abbreviations. ha - hectare ppm - parts per million st - short ton of 2000 lb ppb - parts per billion It - long ton of 2240 lb urn - micron or 10-6 meters mt - metric ton of 2205 lb % ~ percent by weight unless rntpy - metric ton(s) per year otheryJi se noted ELEMENT SY~lBOL ELEMENT SYMBOL ELEMENT SYMBOL Actinium Ac Holmium Ho Rhenium Re Aluminum Al Hydrogen H Rhodium Rh Ameri ci urn Am Indium In Rubidium Rb AntinlOny Sb 'Iodine I Ruthenium Ru Argon Ar Iridium Ir Samarium Sm Arsenic As Iron Fe Scandium Sc Astatine At Krypton Kr Selenium Se Bari urn Ba Lanthanum La Silicon Si Berke1i urn Ba Lav~renci urn Lw Silver Ag Beryl 1i um Be . Lead Pb Sodium Na Bismuth Bi Lithium Li St ronti um Sr Boron B Lutetium Lu Sulfur S Bromine Br . r1aq nes i um Mg . Tantal um Ta Cadmium Cd Manganese Mn Technetium :-t"c Calcium Ca Mendelevium r~d Tellurium Te Californium Cf Mercury Hg Terbi um Tb Carbon C Molybdenum Mo Thall i um Tl Ceri um Ce Neodymium Nd Thori um Th Ces ium Cs Neon Ne Thul ium Tm Chlorine Cl Neptunium Np Tin Sn Chromi urn Cr Ni ekel . Ni Titanium Ti Cobalt Co Ni obi urn Nb Tungsten W Copp~r Cu Nitrogen N' Uranium U Curi urn Cm Nobelium No Vanadium V Dysprosi urn Oy Osmium as Xenon Xe Eisteinium Es Oxygen a Ytterbium Yb Erbi urn Er Palladium Pd Yttrium y Eutopi urn Eu . Phosphorus P Zinc Zn Fermi um Fm Platinum Pt Zirconium Zr Fl.uorine F Plutonium Pu Francium Fr Polonium Po Gadolinium Gd Potassium K Gallium Ga Praseodym i urn Pr Gennani urn Ge Promethium Pm Gold Au Protacti ni urn Pa Ha fni l!Il Hf Radium Ra He 1i urn' He Radon Rn Volume 3-Chapter 1 GEOLOGY AND ~fINERALOGY 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Scope and Purpose Geology is important to any study pertaining to possible mining 1n,a region because this discipline elucidates the nature and fODmation of the earth and the mineral resources in the region. Any regional geology can be divided into 2 categories: regional bedrock geology (region~l distribution of rock types), and regional surficial geology (distribution of material overlying those rock types). Included under the general category of bedrock geology are the subdisciples of structural geology, petrology, and mineralogy. Structural geology deals with the form, arrangement, and internal structure of the rocks and with the analysis of structures. Petrology is the study of the origin and occurrence of rocks and will be discussed with emphasis on the occurrence of the copper-nickel bearing (mineralized) rocks of the Duluth Complex. Mineralogy is the study of the origin, distribution, and composition of the minerals that make up the rocks of the region. This includes valuable ore minerals as well as gangue or waste minerals. After elucidation of the bedrock, surficial, and Duluth Complex geology, the mineral resource potential of these rocks is discussed in Chapter 2. Without an understanding of the resource potential, no projections can be made regarding mine life or even whether or not mining will occur. The following sections are based on information from a variety of sources. The Minnesota Geologic Survey has supplied regional bedrock geology (petrology, structure, and mineralogy). Surficial geology information was obtained through a 1 contract with the U.S. Geological Survey. Fiber generation ~nalysis was per­ formed by the Minnesota Department of Health. Chemical analyses of rock samples were done by Barringer, Ltd. of Toronto, Canada, and the University of Minnesota's Mineral Resources Research Center. Many of the samples for use in the above analyses were obtained from the study region with the assistance of the Minerals Division of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. These samples were geologically characterized by the Minnesota Geologic Survey and subjected to a variety of simulated mining processes at the Mineral Resources Research Center. 1.1.2 Summary The principal results or this and the following chapter include the finding that a large, low-grade resource of copper-nickel sulfide exists in northeastern Minnesota along the basal contact of the Duluth Gabbro Complex. Recent e~timates indicat; the presence of 4.0 X 10 9 mt of resource averaging 0.66% Cu and 0.20% Ni. The principal deposits appear to exist as relatively isolated pockets stretching along the contact from an area just south of Ely, to sites south of Hoyt Lakes, a distance of over 40 mi.
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