Proposed Extension to Gibbon’s Quay Storm Outfall, , County Archaeological Assessment

Prepared by: John Cronin & Associates Burnside St. Oran’s Road Co. Donegal F93 RW84

On behalf of: RPS , ,

May 2019

Executive Summary

This report presents the results of a desk-based assessment of known and potential archaeological constraints in the vicinity of a proposed pipe outfall at Gibbon’s Quay, Kinsale, Co. Cork (Figure 1).

The proposed works are still in the design phase but will generally comprise the installation of an approx. 40m long outfall pipe that will extend from an existing outfall within the quayside to beyond the Low Water Mark within a subject area shown on Figure 2 of this report. Indicative plan and section drawings of the potential extent of the proposed outfall works at the time of writing are presented in Appendix 2. Construction of the outfall shall involve dredging of the sea bed to create a trench to contain the pipework and a concrete surround. Following installation of the pipework, surround and armour, the trench shall be backfilled with dredged material.

The study area reviewed for this desk-based study comprised the subject site and an area extending for 500m in all directions from its boundary. There are no designated archaeological sites within the subject site or within its close environs and the nearest recorded example is an 18th century Custom House (CO112-058----) located approx. 115m to the north. The subject site is located within an area of Kinsale developed during the 18th century and is located c.440m to the south of the zone of archaeological notification surrounding the medieval core of the town (CO112-034001-). There are no designated architectural heritage structures within the subject site or its close environs.

The report notes the potential for the presence of unrecorded archaeological remains and artefacts within the area of the proposed development and recommends that an underwater archaeological survey of the subject site, licensed by the National Monuments Service, be undertaken.

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Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 5 2 METHODOLOGY ...... 7 3 CONTEXT ...... 8

3.1 LEGAL AND PLANNING CONTEXT ...... 8 3.2 GENERAL HISTORICAL CONTEXT ...... 9 3.3 RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE ...... 10 3.4 THE EXCAVATIONS DATABASE ...... 11 3.5 REVIEW OF CARTOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOGRAPHIC SOURCES ...... 13 3.6 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED WORKS...... 17 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 18

4.1 CONCLUSIONS ...... 18 4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 18 5 REFERENCES ...... 19

5.1 CONSULTED PUBLICATIONS ...... 19 5.2 CONSULTED WEBSITES ...... 19 APPENDIX 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY DESCRIPTIONS ...... 20 APPENDIX 2: INDICATIVE SCHEME DRAWINGS ...... 22

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List of Figures

FIGURE 1 SITE LOCATION (OSI LICENCE NO. SU0003319 © OSI/GOVERNMENT OF ) ...... 5 FIGURE 2 EXTENT OF SUBJECT SITE INDICATED BY RED LINE (SOURCE: CLIENT) ...... 6 FIGURE 3 RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS WITHIN C. 500M OF SUBJECT SITE ...... 11 FIGURE 4 EXTRACT FROM BARTLETT’S 1625 MAP OF KINSALE ...... 13 FIGURE 5 EXTRACT FROM 18TH CENTURY MAP OF KINSALE ...... 14 FIGURE 6 DRAWING OF KINSALE IN 1750 ...... 14 FIGURE 7 EXTRACT FROM 6-INCH OS MAP (OSI LICENCE NO. SU0003319) ...... 15 FIGURE 8 EXTRACT FROM 25-INCH OS MAP (OSI LICENCE NO. SU0003319) ...... 16 FIGURE 9 LATE 19TH CENTURY PHOTOGRAPH OF STUDY AREA ...... 16

List of Tables

TABLE 1 DESIGNATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN C. 500M OF SUBJECT SITE ...... 10 TABLE 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WITHIN ENVIRONS OF SUBJECT SITE ...... 12

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1 Introduction

John Cronin & Associates have been commissioned by RPS Cork to compile this desk-based archaeological study of the location of a proposed pipe outfall at Gibbon’s Quay, Kinsale, Co. Cork (Figure 1). The subject site is located between the RNLI Kinsale Lifeboat Station and the Trident Hotel and comprises a general area of proposed works provided by the client for assessment, which is hereafter referred to as the ‘subject site’ (Figure 2).

While the project is still in the design phase the proposed works will comprise the extension of an existing storm outfall in the quayside wall, which was originally constructed as part of the Kinsale Main Drainage Scheme Project, to beyond the Low Water Mark. The outfall shall extend out to Kinsale Harbour in the vicinity of Gibbon’s Quay and it is envisioned that it will extend into the harbour for an approx. distance of 40m. Construction of the outfall shall involve dredging of the sea bed to create a trench for the pipework and a concrete surround. Following installation of the pipework, surround and armour, the trench shall be backfilled with dredged material. A number of indicative plan and section drawings of the proposed outfall are presented in Appendix 2 of this report.

The report outlines the methodology used in the compilation of this study (Section 2) and then provides an archaeological and historical context for the study area, which includes a summary of the relevant legal and planning framework for the recorded and potential elements of the archaeological resource within its environs (Section 3). A summary of conclusions and recommendations is then provided (Section 4).

Figure 1: Location of subject site circled (OSI Licence No. SU0003319 © OSI/Government of Ireland)

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Figure 2: Extent of subject site indicated by red line (source: client)

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2 Methodology

The desktop study assessment was undertaken to establish the archaeological context of the subject site and to identify any known or potential constraints within its environs. The Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) for County Cork, both published by the Archaeological Survey of Ireland, were the principal sources consulted for identifying known archaeological sites. The Record of Protected Structures (RPS) and the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) were also consulted to assess the designated architectural heritage resource within the environs of the subject site.

The following presents an overview of the sources consulted as part of the desktop study:

• Cork County Development Plan 2014: this publication was extensively reviewed for the project assessment. It lists the buildings and structures included in the Record of Protected Structures and it also presents the Council’s policies and objectives designed for the protection of the archaeological and architectural heritage resources within the County.

• Archaeological Inventory of County Cork Volume 2: This publication presents summary descriptions of the recorded archaeological sites within this area of the county. In addition, the current national database (online) resources pertaining to same were accessed: Historical Map Viewer at www.archaeology.ie

• Wreck Viewer: This digital online mapping service is provided by the NMS to facilitate access to their Wreck Inventory of Ireland Database (WIID)

• Excavations Database: This online database contains summary accounts of all licensed archaeological excavations and underwater surveys carried out in Ireland from 1970 to 2018. The database entries for investigations carried within the vicinity of the subject area are provided in Section 3 of this report. Current data was accessed via www.excavations.ie

• Irish Heritage Council: Heritage Map Viewer: This online mapping source is a spatial data viewer which collates various cultural heritage datasets and includes extracts from the National Museum of Ireland’s records of artefact discovery locations as well as datasets provided by, among others, the National Monuments Service, local authorities, the Royal Academy of Ireland and the Office of Public Works. Current data was accessed via www.heritagemaps.ie

• Historical publications and cartographic sources: various published and unpublished sources and historical maps were consulted. The historical maps and other figures are presented within the chapter and a list of consulted publications is provided in Section 5 of this report.

• Aerial Imagery: available online aerial images of the subject area were reviewed.

• National Library of Ireland Photographic Catalogue: This comprises an online catalogue of digitised historic photographs from various collections held within the Library’s archives.

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3 Context

3.1 Legal and Planning Context

The management and protection of cultural heritage in Ireland is achieved through a framework of national laws and policies which are in accordance with the provisions of the Valetta Treaty (1995) (formally the European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage, 1992) ratified by Ireland in 1997; the European Convention on the Protection of Architectural Heritage (Granada Convention, 1985), ratified by Ireland in 1997; and the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003, ratified by Ireland in 2015.

The relevant national legal statutes and guidelines include: • National Monuments Act (1930) (and amendments in 1954, 1987, 1994 and 2004); • Heritage Act (1995); • National Cultural Institutions Act (1997); • Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and Historic Monuments (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (1999); • Planning and Development Act (2000); • Framework and Principles for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Department of Arts, Heritage, and the Islands, 1999)

The administration of national policy in relation to archaeological heritage management is the responsibility of the National Monuments Service (NMS) which is currently based in the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. The National Monuments Act of 1930, and its Amendments, are the primary means of ensuring the satisfactory protection of the archaeological resource. They include a number of provisions that are applied to secure the protection of archaeological monuments. These include the designations of nationally significant sites as National Monuments, the Register of Historic Monuments (RHM), the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP), the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), and the placing of Preservation Orders and Temporary Preservation Orders on endangered sites.

Section 2 of the National Monuments Act, 1930 defines a National Monument as ‘a monument or the remains of a monument, the preservation of which is a matter of national importance’. The State may acquire or assume guardianship of examples through agreement with landowners or under compulsory orders. Archaeological sites within the ownership of local authorities are also deemed to be National Monuments. The study area contains one National Monument in state guardianship and this comprises James Fort (Nat. Mon. Ref. 525) which is located approx. 300m to the east of the subject site.

The National Monuments (Amendment) Act, 1994 made provision for the establishment of the RMP, which comprises the known archaeological sites within the State. The RMP, which is based on the earlier Register of Historic Monuments (RHM) and Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), provides county-based lists of all recorded archaeological sites with accompanying maps. All RMP sites receive statutory protection under the National Monuments Act 1994 and the NMS must be given two months’ notice in advance of any work proposed at their locations. There are no recorded archaeological sites within the subject site or within 100m of its boundary.

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The Irish underwater archaeological resource is protected under Section 3 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1987 and includes wrecks over 100 years old and archaeological objects underwater, irrespective of their age or location. Wrecks less than 100 years old and the potential location of wrecks or archaeological objects may also be protected under Section 3 of the 1987 (Amendment) Act by the placement of an underwater heritage order if the wreck, area or object is considered to be of sufficient historical, archaeological or artistic importance to merit such protection. Diving or general interference with any wreck which is more than one hundred years old or an archaeological object which is lying on, in or under the sea bed or on or in land covered by water is prohibited except in accordance with a licence issued by the Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht under Section 3 (5) of the Act. A licence is also needed under the same provisions of the Act to survey a wreck or archaeological object or a wreck that is protected by an underwater heritage order. A licence is, therefore, required to dive, survey or disturb any protected wreck site or for targeted searches for archaeological objects underwater. The Minister may, at her discretion, grant or refuse to grant a licence and may attach appropriate conditions which are legally binding and specified in the licence.

The Development Plan 2014 includes the following policies and objectives in relation to the protection of the archaeological resource: Objective HE 3-1: Protection of Archaeological Sites a) Safeguard sites and settings, features and objects of archaeological interest generally. b) Secure the preservation (i.e. preservation in situ or in exceptional cases preservation by record) of all archaeological monuments including the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) (see www.archeology.ie) and the Record or Monuments and Places as established under Section 12 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act, 1994, as amended and of sites, features and objects of archaeological and historical interest generally. In securing such preservation, the planning authority will have regard to the advice and recommendations of the Department of Arts, Heritage and Gaeltacht as outlined in the Frameworks and Principles for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage. Objective HE 3-2: Underwater Archaeology Protect and preserve the archaeological value of underwater archaeological sites and associated features. In assessing proposals for development, the Council will take account of the potential underwater archaeology of rivers, lakes, intertidal and sub•tidal environments. 12.3.16: Where archaeological materials are found appropriate mitigation measures shall be put in place. Preservation in situ should generally be the presumed

3.2 General Historical Context Kinsale comprises a historic market town and sea-port situated close to the mouth of the with a large secure harbour. The name Kinsale is said to be derived from the Irish, Ceann tSáile, meaning ‘the headland in the sea’. It was also referred to as Fán-na-Tubrid, ‘the fall of the springs’, in some ancient Irish manuscripts. Prior to the arrival of the Anglo-, the area was ruled by native Irish families such as the McCarthys. There is a belief that the settlement initially developed around an early medieval monastic settlement and that the Vikings subsequently established a small port there (Thomas 1992, p.137, 140). In 1177, following the Anglo-Norman conquest, Milo de Cogan was granted an area of land by Henry II which included the Kinsale region. Myles de Courcy married into the de Cogan family and received land to the southwest of Kinsale and in 1223 became Baron of Kinsale.

The Anglo-Norman town of Kinsale developed on the high ground around a market area in front of St Multose’s church. The town was granted its first Charter from Edward III in 1334 and a murage grant for the repair of the town walls in 1348 demonstrates that the settlement had been enclosed by that

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time. In the 16th century the town expanded with the addition of an elongated area to the south, known as Basetown, and the town walls were extended to incorporate this expansion. The original walled area was thereafter referred to as ‘Uppertown’. The medieval town had four gates, World’s End Gate, Nicholas Gate, Friars Gate and Cork Gate. In addition, there was a Water Gate at Short Quay (now Market Street) and at Cramer’s Street which allowed access to the waterfront. The town walls were largely destroyed during the 1690s and further remains were dismantled in the eighteenth century (McSwiney 1938, 83) although three of the wall gates did survive until the end of that century. There are fragmentary standing sections of the northern line of the town wall and these have become incorporated into property boundaries. The subject site is located over 500m to the south of the southernmost portion of the area of the former walled town.

A Spanish force of 3,500 landed in Kinsale in October 1601 and set about holding the walled town until the arrival of O’ Neill’s army from the north. As the English siege forces, under Lord Mountjoy, converged in the hills overlooking the town they began to construct a series of camps and artillery positions that were gradually moved closer to the town as the siege progressed. O’ Neill’s army was defeated during the Battle of Kinsale on 3rd January 1602 and the siege of the town continued until the Spanish forces in the town surrendered on 12th January 1602. The event alerted the English to the strategic importance of the town and led them to build two substantial fortifications, James Fort and Charles Fort, to protect the harbour.

Since the medieval period Kinsale has been an important commercial and fishing port and there are 15th-century references to the town exporting fish to Bristol, Brittany, La Rochelle and Bordeaux. By the 17th century between sixty and eighty fishing boats operated out of Kinsale, catching three to four thousand mackerel a day. Sprats and herring were fished within the harbour while the deeper waters in the open sea provided such fish as cod, mackerel, hake and turbot. The 18th century saw extensive reclamation works in the areas immediately adjacent to the historic town centre. The Long Quay (now Pearse Street) was infilled and the reclamation of Emmet Place, Market Quay and the shoreline to the east of Watergate and Lower Fisher Streets followed. The subject area is situated in a quayside area of Kinsale known as World’s End which started to develop to the south of the medieval core of the town during the early 18th century expansion of the settlement (see Figures 4, 5 and 6 below).

3.3 Recorded Archaeological Resource A study area comprising the subject site and an area extending for 500m in all directions was reviewed as part of the desktop study. There are no recorded archaeological sites located within the subject area while there are seven recorded examples within the surrounding study area (Figure 3). The inventory descriptions of these sites are provided in Appendix 1 of this report. The nearest recorded example to the subject site is an 18th century Custom House (CO112-058----) located approx. 115m to the north. The subject site is located approx. 440m to the south of the Zone of Archaeological Notification surrounding the historic core of Kinsale town. The NMS Wreck Viewer was consulted and does not record any recorded wrecks within the environs of the subject site. However, as noted in Section 3.3 below, a potential late 16th-century ship wreck was uncovered in 2003 during archaeological monitoring of dredging works within the Kinsale Yacht Club marina in the area to the north of the subject site.

Table 1: Recorded archaeological sites within 500m of subject site SMR Classification ITM E ITM N CO112-034008- Almshouse DROMDERRIG (Kinsale By.) 563880 550171 CO112-036---- Bastioned fort OLD-FORT 564584 549703

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SMR Classification Townland ITM E ITM N CO112-058---- Custom house DROMDERRIG (Kinsale By.) 564113 550000 CO112-061---- Fish palace SCILLY 564130 550369 CO112-089---- Mound DROMDERRIG 563759 549884 CO112-093---- Decorated stone DROMDERRIG (Kinsale By.) 563970 550112 CO125-005---- Fulacht fia CASTLE-PARK 564441 549492

Figure 3: Location of recorded archaeological sites within 500m of subject site

3.4 The Excavations Database The Database contains a number of entries for licensed archaeological investigations within the environs of the subject site and these include a number of underwater surveys and monitoring projects within the estuarine area (Table 2). Of particular relevance to the present study are the results of archaeological monitoring of ground works during the construction of the RLNI station within the strand area immediately to the south of the subject site where a range of sub-surface archaeological artefacts ranging from the prehistoric period onward were uncovered (Table 2; Licence 08E0756). The archaeological potential of the harbour area was also highlighted by the discovery of a shipwreck, potentially dating to the late 16th century, during monitoring of dredging works at the Kinsale Yacht Club marina in an area of the harbour to the north of the subject site (Table 2; Licences 03E0380 and 03E0565).The Database also contains an entry describing an archaeological underwater survey, including a magnetometer survey, of two outfall pipes during the Kinsale Main Drainage Scheme and nothing of significance was identified within the survey areas (Table 2; E. Kiernan).

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Table 2: Licensed archaeological investigations within environs of subject site Licence ref. Description and Author 05E1017 Monitoring was undertaken during dredging works at Kinsale Marina in accordance with a condition of planning permission. No archaeological features or artefacts were identified. Liam Hackett - An underwater assessment was carried out at the site of the two proposed outfall pipes and one pipeline crossing in and around the town of Kinsale in Co. Cork. The work was carried out as a component of the larger Kinsale main drainage scheme. Desktop analysis of the historical and archaeological background to the proposed crossing and outfall sites recorded that all three sites were in historically sensitive areas. The diver and magnetometer surveys did not record the presence of any visible archaeological material or features in development areas. Eoghan Kieran 08E0756; Construction phase monitoring off Adam’s Quay, Kinsale Harbour, Co. Cork, was 08R237; undertaken for Malachy Walsh & Partners on behalf of the Royal National Lifeboat 08D74 Institution (RNLI) during development of the site. This involves the erection of a lifeboat station consisting of a boat hall of 60m2 with training and changing accommodation of 159m2 plus ancillary stores. Monitored excavations and artefact-recovery procedures, including the metal detection of excavated materials, was conducted at the location of the proposed RNLI Kinsale Station. No features of archaeological significance were identified within the area of proposed impact but a varied and important assemblage of artefacts was discovered. As the only section of coastline in Kinsale town maintaining its original configuration, the artefacts recovered reflect the occupation and activities in this geographical area from possibly the prehistoric (flint artefacts) to the modern period with representations from the medieval, post-medieval and early modern periods all represented. A record was made of the stratigraphy within the site area and of the approximate find locations within the area of impact, to contribute to the archaeological record of this geographical location for future reference. David A. McCullough 03E0380 Monitoring was carried out over a nine-week period in March–May 2003 in Kinsale Harbour during dredging and piling operations associated with the extension of the existing Kinsale Yacht Club marina. One previously unknown shipwreck was encountered during the dredging operations. The timbers recovered from the dredger were preserved and the underwater archaeological mitigation was conducted by David McCullough (see 03E0565 below). Modifications were made to the design of the marina extension and the associated dredging programme in order to preserve the wreck in situ. The analysis of the timbers recovered from the dredging operations and from the underwater work is continuing and a sample will be dated dendrochronologically. Rory Sherlock 03E0565 Monitoring by Rory Sherlock of a dredging programme for Kinsale Yacht Club, Kinsale 03D016; Harbour, during March 2003 recovered timber fragments from the seabed, where 03R035 previous geophysical survey had not revealed any significant anomalies (No. 279 above, 03E0380). Subsequent underwater inspection on 4 April 2003 discovered a significant shipwreck at the point from where the timbers were recovered. The wreck had been buried in stiff muds that lie just below the covering sands, the removal of which was the object of the dredging programme. The wreck site was identified over a c. 20m by 20m area and its essential outline recorded. Pottery recovered from the wreck suggests a date of the late 16th century. The site represents an important new shipwreck discovery.

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Licence ref. Description and Author David A. McCullough

3.5 Review of Cartographic and Photographic Sources The following section presents annotated extracts from cartographic sources dating from the 17th century onwards which show the development of the subject site and its environs. A late 19th century photograph, sourced from the National Library of Ireland (www.nli.ie), is also included and presents a view of the subject area and its environs prior to modern developments in the area.

Figure 4: Extract from Bartlett’s 1625 map of Kinsale showing approx. location of the subject site circled. The Kinsale settlement remains confined within the medieval walled town to the north while a ferry point shown in the general area of the subject site suggests that the adjacent section of the estuary channel formed a crossing point to the Ringrone area at that time

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Figure 5: Extract from 18th-century map with approximate location of subject area circled in red (Source: McSwiney 1938). The detail on this source demonstrates that the settlement at Kinsale had expanded outside the medieval core by this time and the streetscape and quayside in the vicinity of the subject site had begun to develop

Figure 6: Drawing of Kinsale in 1750 with World’s End area on the left (Source: JCHAS 1892, Vol. 1, No. 7)

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Figure 7: Extract from 1st Edition 6-inch OS Map (surveyed c.1841) with indicative extent of subject site shown with blue line (OSI Licence No. SU0003319, © OSI/Government of Ireland). The area is labelled ‘Gibbon’s Quay’ and the ferry route during low tides extends to the adjacent quayside to the north. The are no structures indicated within the subject area which is shown as encompassing an area of strand to the east of a public road on the quayside and then extends out into an open area of the channel

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Figure 8: Extract from 25-inch OS map (surveyed c. 1897) with indicative extent of subject site shown with blue line (OSI Licence No. SU0003319, © OSI/Government of Ireland). This map shows clearer detail on the development of the area during the late 19th century with a quay and slipway present to the north and a smaller quay further to the south. A faint outline of an existing docking area is shown extending southwards into the subject area while the strand to the east of the roadside remains undeveloped

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Figure 9: Late 19th century photograph of World’s End area showing quay structures and ancillary buildings with strand area in the subject site indicated with an arrow (Source: Eblana Collection (1870-90) www.nli.ie)

3.6 Summary of Proposed Works While the proposed outfall is still in the design phase, it is envisioned that it will comprise the installation of an approx. 40m long outfall pipe which will extend from an existing quayside outfall to beyond the Low Water Mark within the subject area shown on Figure 2 of this report. Indicative plans and sections of the potential extent of works are presented in Appendix 2 of this report. The construction of the outfall shall involve dredging of the sea bed in order to excavate a trench to contain the pipework and a concrete surround. Following installation of the pipework, surround and armour, the trench shall be backfilled with dredged material.

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4 Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1 Conclusions There are no recorded archaeological sites located within the subject site or within 115m of its boundary. It is located approx. 440m to the south of the Zone of Archaeological Notification surrounding the historic core of Kinsale town and is within an area developed during the 18th century expansion of the settlement outside the medieval walled town. It is concluded that the proposed development will have no predicted impacts on the recorded archaeological resource.

Although there are no recorded archaeological sites within the environs of the subject site, it is located within an area proven to be of archaeological potential. This is attested to by the discovery of a range of archaeological artefacts, ranging from prehistory onwards, during the construction of the adjacent RLNI station (see Table 2 above). The discovery of a shipwreck of potential late 16th century date during dredging works at the Kinsale Yacht Club marina in an area further to the north also demonstrates the archaeological potential of the harbour area.

While the adjoining quayside areas have been developed the reviewed cartographic sources indicate that the subject site has comprised an undisturbed area since at least the 19th century. The proposed works will require the excavation of a trench to contain the outfall pipe extension and this will have the potential to result in direct, negative impacts on any unrecorded archaeological features or artefacts that may exist along its route.

4.2 Recommendations Given the discovery of a range of archaeological artefacts dating from prehistory onwards during archaeological investigations at the location of the RNLI station directly to the south and the remains of a potential late 16th-century shipwreck in the area of the harbour further to the north, it is recommended that an a pre-construction underwater archaeological survey, combining a licensed metal-detecting survey, within the subject area shown on Figure 2 of this report be carried out by a suitably qualified underwater archaeologist. This survey will be required to investigate whether any submerged, unrecorded archaeological remains exist within the environs of the pipe outfall extension. The appointed archaeologist will consult with the Underwater Archaeological Unit (UAU) of the NMS as part of the licensing process and will also consult with the UAU to agree any further mitigation measures arising from the survey results, e.g. excavation, recording, monitoring. It is recommended that the survey should be undertaken well in advance of the proposed works in order to allocate adequate time should further mitigation measures be required by the UAA.

It should be noted that the above recommendation may be subject to the approval of the UAU and Cork County Council who may require ancillary or alternative mitigation measures.

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5 References

5.1 Consulted Publications

Lewis, S. (1837) A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, Vol 1. London: Lewis & Co. McSwiney, P. (1938) ‘Eighteenth century Kinsale’, Journal of the Cork Archaeological and Historical Society Ser. 2, Vol. 43, No. 158, page(s) 75-95 Mulcahy, M. (1966) Ceann Sáile Láidir, Acfuinneach, Teann: A short History of Kinsale. Cork Historical Guides Committee. Power, D. et al (1994) Archaeological Inventory of County Cork. Volume 2: East and South Cork. Dublin: Stationery Office Thomas , A. (1992) The Walled Towns of Ireland. Irish Academic Press. Thuillier, J. (2001) History of Kinsale, A Field Study Approach. Ireland: self-published. Zajac, S., Cronin, J., Kiely, J. (1995) Urban Archaeological Survey of County Cork. Archaeological Survey of Ireland, OPW.

5.2 Consulted Websites www.archaeology.ie (National Monuments Service) https://www.archaeology.ie/underwater-archaeology/wreck-viewer (National Monuments Service) www.excavations.ie (Excavations Database) www.heritagemaps.ie/WebApps/HeritageMaps/index.html (Heritage Council) www.nli.ie (National Library of Ireland)

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Appendix 1: Archaeological Inventory Descriptions (source Archaeological Inventory of County Cork: Volume 2)

SMR Classification Description CO112-034008- Almshouse Known as Southwell Gift Houses. Built 1682 by Sir Robert Southwell for eight old people. A 3-bay, 2-storey gable-ended house flanked by rows of single-storey houses with dormer windows. Restored in recent years (Garner 1980, 69). CO112-036---- Bastioned fort On highest part of promontory which projects on W side of Kinsale harbour. Map of 1587 (Hayes-McCoy 1964, 25) shows tower named 'Castle Parks' here which was 'a small structure of no great strength' (ibid.); this was occupied and further strengthened by Spanish in 1601 (O'Sullivan 1916, 47). After Battle of Kinsale work began, in Feb. 1602, on 'pentagonal bastioned work designed by Paul Ives' (Kerrigan 1980, 15) but not completed until Oct. 1604 (Hayes-McCoy 1964, 33) at cost of £675 (O'Sullivan 1916, 99). In need of repairs by 1611 when defences improved and inner fort built (Gowen1979, 257); repaired again in 1677 (ibid., 257-9). Captured by Williamite forces in October 1690 (see CO125-034----; Kerrigan 1980, 15; Gowen 1979, 259). Defences described in detail by Gowen (ibid., 259-63): five earthen bastions on angles of a pentagon, linked by straight curtain walls, enclose an area c. 100m x c. 120m. External ditch evident on W, N and E sides (max. Wth 15m). Landward bastions (to SW) larger than other three; part of stone facing survives on this side. Mid-way along S curtain are remains of gate-house and revetment for drawbridge. Centrally placed within is square fort, enclosing area c. 30m x c. 40m, with demi- bastions on each corner. Wall pierced by gun loops and backed by earthen banks. Inside are two diametrically opposed towers with gun loops, between which are three gabled buildings forming a quadrangle. From ditch at NE corner of inner fort, covered way leads to vaulted sally port beside NE bastion of outer fort, then NE to blockhouse (CO112-083---) on shoreline. Fort is a national monument (no. 525) in state guardianship. CO112-058---- Custom house Built in early 18th century as Custom House. House of L-shaped plan with 5 bay, 2-storey front; central three bays form shallow breakfront. Gibbs surround to round-headed front doorcase. Two bays added to left with archway at ground level. Interior has 'good eighteenth-century, raised fielded-panel shutters', shouldered architraves and panelling CO112-061---- Fish palace Went (1946, 140) records site of pilchard press at Scilly in Kinsale. No visible surface trace. 1842 OS 6-inch map shows two parallel rectangular structures (long axes NE-SW) in area known locally as "the palace"; ruined residential structure may be remains of these. Immediately to SW, ruined rectangular 2- storey, 11-bay structure (long axis N-S) to SW, date plaque inscribed "1840", is known locally as "fish factory".

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SMR Classification Description CO112-089---- Mound In pasture, atop E-W ridge known as Compass Hill, overlooking Kinsale to NE. Low, roughly circular mound (15m N-S; 16m E-W; H 0.5m); very faint depression on NE side (wth c. 15m; running c. 40m to field fence). Marked as 'the mound upon the Hill' on 1601 map (O'Neil 1940, facing 111); used as observation post and firing platform by Spanish during siege of Kinsale in 1601. O'Neil (ibid.) suggests this 'appears to be a round barrow' but current visible form too eroded to identify original form. CO112-093---- Decorated stone No description CO125-005---- Fulacht fia According to local information, stone-lined trough of fulacht fiadh uncovered during construction of housing estate. No visible surface trace.

Proposed Extension of Existing Pipe Outfall, Kinsale, Co. Cork Archaeological Assessment Report | 21 Appendix 2: Indicative Scheme Drawings

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