DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical Yields from Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of CCA-Treated Wood

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical Yields from Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of CCA-Treated Wood United States Department of Agriculture Chemical Yields Forest Service from Low-Temperature Forest Products Laboratory Pyrolysis of CCA-Treated Research Paper Wood FPL–RP–652 Qirong Fu Dimitris S. Argyropolous Lucian A. Lucia David C. Tilotta Stan T. Lebow Abstract Acknowledgment Low-temperature pyrolysis offers a feasible option for This project was supported by a grant from the Advanced wood-waste management and the recovery of a variety of Housing Research Center. useful chemicals. The effect of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative on the yield and composition of Contents various pyrolysis products was investigated in the present Page research. A novel quantitative 31P nuclear magnetic reso- nance (NMR) spectroscopy methodology has been devel- Introduction ..........................................................................1 oped to quantify levoglucosan and levoglucosenone from Management Options for Reuse .......................................1 the pyrolysate of CCA-treated and untreated wood. The CCA treatment of wood had a notable effect on the charac- Low-Temperature Pyrolysis .............................................2 teristics of the carbohydrate-derived degradation products Experimental ........................................................................2 of tar. In particular, yields of the important pharmaceutical precursors levoglucosan and levoglucosenone were elevated Materials ..........................................................................2 by 3 and 4.5 times, respectively, when compared with those Pyrolysis Apparatus .........................................................3 from untreated wood. Phosphoric acid has proven to be an efficient catalyst to favor levoglucosenone formation. The Gas Chromatography Analysis ........................................3 pyrolysis of CCA-treated wood in the presence of phos- 31P NMR Analysis of Tar .................................................3 phoric acid gave rise to high yields of levoglucosenone, demonstrating the potential for a new pathway in the ratio- Metal Analysis .................................................................3 nal use of CCA-treated wood waste. Pretreatment of wood Pyrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose ...........................3 with metal compounds has demonstrated that K2Cr2O7 and CuSO4 salts promote the formation of levoglucosan. The Impregnation Studies with Phosphoric Acid ....................3 CrO3 treatment was found to favor the formation of levog- lucosenone. A kinetic study of the pyrolysis of CCA-treated Materials for the Metal Salt Study ...................................3 wood by thermogravimetric analysis has shown that CCA Pretreatment of Wood with Metal Compounds ................4 components have a significant influence on the thermal de- Gravimetric Analysis .......................................................4 composition behavior of CCA-treated wood and accelerate the weight loss of wood and the oxidation of the char. Results and Discussion ........................................................4 Keywords: CCA, treated wood, disposal, low-temperature 1. Quantification of Tar Products from pyrolysis, tar, levoglucosenone Pyrolysis of CCA-Treated Wood and Untreated Wood ...........................................................4 January 2009 2. Pyrolysis of CCA-Treated Wood in the Presence of Phosphoric Acid .......................................7 Fu, Qirong; Argyropolous, Dimitris S.; Lucia, Lucian A.; Tilotta, David C.; Lebow, Stan T. 2009. Chemical yields from low-temperature pyrolysis 3. Understanding Pyrolysis of Wood of CCA-treated wood. Research Paper FPL-RP-652. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Pretreated with Metal Compounds ...............................8 18 p. 4. Use of TGA to Follow the Thermal A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Decomposition of CCA-Treated Wood ......................12 Madison, WI 53726–2398. This publication is also available online at www.fpl.fs.fed.us. Laboratory publications are sent to hundreds of libraries Conclusions ........................................................................14 in the United States and elsewhere. The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the References ..........................................................................15 University of Wisconsin. The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) of any product or service. The USDA prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orienta- tion, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program informa- tion (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimi- nation, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250–9410, or call (800) 795–3272 (voice) or (202) 720–6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Chemical Yields from Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of CCA-Treated Wood Qirong Fu, Graduate Student Dimitris S. Argyropolous, Professor Lucian A. Lucia, Associate Professor David C. Tilotta, Associate Professor Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Stan T. Lebow, Research Forest Products Technologist U.S. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin Introduction metals loss compared with combustion. The recombination and agglomeration of metals in the residue char allows the Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) preservatives, introduced use of dry separation (pneumatic centrifugal separation) to in the 1930s, have been the main chemical formulation used recover the metals, which makes the metal recycling process for pressure-treated wood. The most commonly used CCA more feasible. formulation, CCA Type C, has an actives ratio of 47.5% The existing and emerging technologies for managing CCA- CrO3, 18.5% CuO, and 34.0% As2O5 (AWPA 2007). Each of the components of CCA preservative serves a specific treated wood waste include recycling and recovery, chemi- purpose: copper is an effective fungicide and arsenic is an cal extraction, bioremediation, electrodialytic remediation, effective insecticide, whereas chromium serves to prevent and thermal destruction (Helsen and others 2005). Many corrosion and bind the chemical preservative to the wood additional technological options to manage waste of CCA- (Lebow 2006). As recently as 2001, CCA was used in about treated wood are summarized below, all of which have their 98% of the pressure-treated wood produced for residential limitations and problems. uses. Management Options for Reuse Prior to 2004, CCA-treated wood was widely used for many With the management option of reusing CCA-treated wood, outdoor applications, including utility poles, decks, fence the barriers are that wood waste is bulky and inefficient to posts, boat docks, and wooden playgrounds. However, an transport and contaminated sawdust may be generated. This agreement between CCA manufacturers and the U.S. Envi- option could be good for industrial products but it is of lim- ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) has largely limited the ited potential for residential treated products. current uses of CCA-treated wood to non-residential appli- Refining CCA-Treated Wood for Recycling cations (Lebow 2004). The need for strategies for disposing of residual CCA-treated wood remains, however, because Wood-Based Composites industry experts estimate that 75 billion board feet of CCA- Presently the market is not in favor of using CCA-treated treated boards are in current use nationwide (EPA 2003). wood in conventional wood composite manufacturing. Efficient recycling of decommissioned CCA-treated wood We also have questions about safety for workers and the remains a challenging problem in the United States. environment. Environmentally friendly recovery or disposal technologies, yyWe need to address the issue of using metal-containing or both, need to be developed for the large amounts of future and contaminated wood and the loss of ownership of CCA-treated lumber waste. Although CCA-treated wood treated wood. (The product should be identified as one can currently be placed in approved landfills in most regions containing treated wood.) of the United States, landfill disposal does not produce any yyLandfill disposal is only deferred, not avoided. benefit from either the wood fiber or preservative elements. yyCCA tends to interfere with adhesives. Burning CCA-treated wood for energy production is one possible option, but this option faces challenges because it Biodegradation by Fungi generates toxic gases (Marutzky 1990, Wilkins and Mur- With our current technology, biodegradation by fungi as an ray 1980, Dobbs and others 1978). Conventional pyrolysis option for refining CCA-treated wood for recycling is not systems (fixed bed, batch, or
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Solid Phosphoric Acid Catalysts Based on Mesoporous Silica For
    Solid phosphoric acid catalysts based on mesoporous silica for levoglucosenone production via cellulose fast pyrolysis J. A. Santander a*, M. Alvarez a, V. Gutierrez b, M. A. Volpe b. a Instituto de Química del Sur, INQUISUR (CONICET-UNS), Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca (8000), Argentina. b Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (CONICET-UNS), Florida 7500, Bahía Blanca (8000), Argentina *Corresponding author, José A. Santander, e-mail address: [email protected], phone number: +54 0291 4595101 ext. 3592 Abstract BACKGROUND: Biochemicals are interesting alternatives for biomass valorization owing to their much higher added value compared to biofuels and energy products. Several methods for the production of valuable chemicals such as levoglucosenone (LGO) via thermochemical processes over solid acid catalysts are being investigated due to their important advantages compared to conventional biomass acid impregnation techniques. The present work explores the synthesis of catalytic materials for the production of this platform molecule. Accepted Article This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1002/jctb.5795 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. RESULTS: Aluminum-loaded SBA-15 mesoporous silica and the corresponding solid phosphoric acid catalysts were prepared, characterized by TEM, FT-IR, MAS NMR, NH3-TPD, N2 adsorption, ICP-AES and titration of “free H3PO4”, and tested in cellulose fast pyrolysis. Post synthesis Al deposition on the silica support produced an increase of bio-oil yield and LGO amount in pyrolysis products.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Solvents: Synthesis, Industrial Production and Applications Novisi K
    Chapter Bio-Solvents: Synthesis, Industrial Production and Applications Novisi K. Oklu, Leah C. Matsinha and Banothile C.E. Makhubela Abstract Solvents are at the heart of many research and industrial chemical processes and consumer product formulations, yet an overwhelming number are derived from fossils. This is despite societal and legislative push that more products be produced from carbon-neutral resources, so as to reduce our carbon footprint and environmental impact. Biomass is a promising renewable alternative resource for producing bio-solvents, and this review focuses on their extraction and synthesis on a laboratory and large scale. Starch, lignocellulose, plant oils, animal fats and proteins have been combined with creative synthetic pathways, novel technolo- gies and processes to afford known or new bio-derived solvents including acids, alkanes, aromatics, ionic liquids (ILs), furans, esters, ethers, liquid polymers and deep eutectic solvents (DESs)—all with unique physiochemical properties that warrant their use as solvation agents in manufacturing, pharmaceutical, cosmet- ics, chemicals, energy, food and beverage industries, etc. Selected bio-solvents, conversion technologies and processes operating at commercial and demonstration scale including (1) Solvay’s Augeo™ SL 191 renewable solvent, (2) Circa Group’s Furacell™ technology and process for making levoglucosenone (LGO) to produce dihydrolevoglucosenone (marketed as Cyrene™), (3) Sappi’s Xylex® technology and demonstration scale processes that aim to manufacture precursors for bio- solvents and (4) Anellotech’s Bio-TCat™ technology and process for producing benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) are highlighted. Keywords: bio-solvents, renewable resources, green chemistry, biorefinery, biomass 1. Introduction Air quality deterioration, environmental, health and safety issues have raised serious concerns over continued processing of fossil-based feedstocks in producing chemical products such as fuels and solvents.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalytic Dehydration of Levoglucosan to Levoglucosenone Using Brønsted Solid Acid Catalysts in Tetrahydrofuran Green Chemistry
    Green Volume 21 Number 18 21 September 2019 Pages 4827–5132 Chemistry Cutting-edge research for a greener sustainable future rsc.li/greenchem ISSN 1463-9262 PAPER Nelson Cardona-Martínez et al. Catalytic dehydration of levoglucosan to levoglucosenone using Brønsted solid acid catalysts in tetrahydrofuran Green Chemistry PAPER Catalytic dehydration of levoglucosan to levoglucosenone using Brønsted solid acid Cite this: Green Chem., 2019, 21, 4988 catalysts in tetrahydrofuran Oscar Oyola-Rivera, a Jiayue He, b George W. Huber, b James A. Dumesic b and Nelson Cardona-Martínez *a We studied the production of levoglucosenone (LGO) via levoglucosan (LGA) dehydration using Brønsted solid acid catalysts in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The use of propylsulfonic acid functionalized silica catalysts increased the production of LGO by a factor of two compared to the use of homogeneous acid catalysts. We obtained LGO selectivities of up to 59% at 100% LGA conversion using solid Brønsted acid catalysts. Received 8th May 2019, Water produced during the reaction promotes the solvation of the acid proton reducing the activity and Accepted 10th July 2019 the LGO production. Using solid acid catalysts functionalized with propylsulfonic acid reduces this effect. DOI: 10.1039/c9gc01526d The hydrophilicity of the catalyst surface seems to have an effect on reducing the interaction of water rsc.li/greenchem with the acid site, improving the catalyst stability. 1. Introduction fast pyrolysis, at yields of up to 45%.18 The production of LGO has been mainly studied via acid-catalyzed pyrolysis of LGA – Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant carbon and cellulose using acid catalysts.11,15,19 21 Two routes have sources in the world and has the potential of becoming an been proposed for the acid-catalyzed conversion of LGA to important source for the renewable production of commodity LGO.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,018,423 B2 Allgeier Et Al
    USOO90 18423B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,018,423 B2 Allgeier et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Apr. 28, 2015 (54) PRODUCTION OF ALPHA, OMEGA-DIOLS 3,933,930 A 1/1976 Dougherty et al. 4,254,059 A 3/1981 Grey 4400,468 A 8, 1983 Faber (71) Applicant: : du Pets Neo: 4,401,823. A 8, 1983 Arena ompany, Wilmington, DE (US) 4,780,552. A 10/1988 Wambach et al. - 0 5, 112,994 A 5/1992 Koseki et al. (72) Inventors: Alan Martin Allgeier, Wilmington, DE 5,210,335 A 5/1993 Schuster et al. (US); Torren Ryan Carlson, New 5,412,111 A 5/1995 Matsumoto et al. Castle, DE (US); David Richard 5,538,891 A 7/1996 Schneider et al. s 5,696,303 A 12/1997 Darsow et al. Corbin, West Chester, PA (US); 5,981,769 A 1 1/1999 Baur et al. Wathudura Indika Nama De Silva, 6,008,418 A 12/1999 Baur et al. Wilmington, DE (US); Ekaterini 6,087,296 A 7/2000 Harper et al. Koroves.si. Wilmington, DE (US); Carl 5.8 f 1 13s Shayner et al. G E.g. SR DE (SS). 6,403,845 B1 6/2002 PfeffingerOlt et al. et al. oachin C Ritter, Wilmington, 6,407.294 B1 6/2002 Breitscheidel et al. (US); H David Rosenfeld, Drumore, PA 6,433,192 B1 8/2002 Fischer et al. (US); Sourav Kumar Sengupta, 6,462,220 B1 10/2002 Luyken et al. Wilmington, DE (US) 6,593,481 B1 7/2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfonate Ionic Liquid As a Stable and Active Catalyst for Levoglucosenone Production from Saccharides Via Catalytic Pyrolysis
    Catalysts 2013, 3, 757-773; doi:10.3390/catal3040757 OPEN ACCESS catalysts ISSN 2073-4344 www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts Article Sulfonate Ionic Liquid as a Stable and Active Catalyst for Levoglucosenone Production from Saccharides via Catalytic Pyrolysis Shinji Kudo 1,*, Zhenwei Zhou 2, Kento Yamasaki 2, Koyo Norinaga 1 and Jun-ichiro Hayashi 1 1 Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan; E-Mails: [email protected] (K.N.); [email protected] (J.-i.H.) 2 Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan; E-Mails: [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (K.Y.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-92-583-7793; Fax: +81-92-583-7793. Received: 25 July 2013; in revised form: 5 September 2013 / Accepted: 18 September 2013 / Published: 30 September 2013 Abstract: In this study, various types of ionic liquids (ILs) were examined for catalytic activity in the pyrolysis of cellulose for the production of levoglucosenone, which is a valuable and versatile compound for the synthesis of a variety of novel compounds. Cellulose was simply mixed with the ILs and subjected for the pyrolysis, typically at 300 °C, to produce volatile products, including levoglucosenone, separated from the ILs phase. The type of IL anion significantly affected the catalysis, and the use of ILs bearing sulfonate anion resulted in distinguished yields of levoglucosenone and IL recoveries for the reutilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthetic Study of Levoglucosenone
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1982 Synthetic study of levoglucosenone Maria G. Essig The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Essig, Maria G., "Synthetic study of levoglucosenone" (1982). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 8143. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/8143 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a nu sc ript in w hich c o pyr ig h t sub ­ s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be approved BY th e a u th o r . MANSFIELD L ibrary U n iv e r s it y of Montana nATpi 19R2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A SYNTHETIC STUDY OF LEVOGLUCOSENONE by Maria G. M. Essig B.S., University of California, Irvine, 1979 Presented in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1982 Approved by: Chairman of Examiners DecTn, Graduate Schïïb F -^ / / - ^ ^ Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Cellulose Primary and Secondary
    UNDERSTANDING CELLULOSE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PYROLYSIS REACTIONS TO ENHANCE THE PRODUCTION OF ANHYDROSACCHARIDES AND TO BETTER PREDICT THE COMPOSITION OF CARBONACEOUS RESIDUES By ZHOUHONG WANG A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Biological Systems Engineering DECEMBER 2013 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of ZHOUHONG WANG find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Manuel Garcia-Pérez, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Armando G. McDonald, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Su Ha, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Shyam S. Sablani, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank Dr. Manuel Garcia-Perez for his support and advice during my PhD studies. It’s my great honor to learn from his passion on research and his oversight of my research. I would like to thank my committee members: Dr. Armando McDonald, Dr. Su Ha, and Dr. Shyam Sablani for their kind guidance and continued participation. I would like to thank Prof. Sascha Kersten for the support during my visit to his group (Sustainable Process Technology (original Thermal Chemical Conversion of Biomass), University of Twente, the Netherlands). Thanks to all the members in SPT group (Prof Wim van Swaaij, Prof. Jean-Paul Lange, Prof. van den Berg, Dr. Wim Brilman, Dr. Louis van der Ham, Dr. Guus van Rossum, Dr. BoeloSchuur, Dr. Roel Westerhof, Dr. Michal Gramblicka, Johan Agterhorst, Karst van Bree, Erna Fränzel-Luiten, Benno Knaken, Yvonne Bruggert-ter Huurne, Maria Castellvi Barnes, Laura Garcia Alba, Stijn Oudenhoven, Rens Contact, Ying Du, Xiaohua Li, Jeroen de Graaf, Joram Boegborn, Tim Hilbert, Michiel van Kuppevelt) for the help and joy they kindly offered.
    [Show full text]
  • J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 82 (2008) 140–144
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 82 (2008) 140–144 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaap Understanding the pyrolysis of CCA-treated wood Part II. Effect of phosphoric acid Qirong Fu, Dimitris S. Argyropoulos *, David C. Tilotta, Lucian A. Lucia Organic Chemistry of Wood Components Laboratory, Department of Forest Biomaterials Science & Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The pyrolysis process of chromated copper arsenate-treated wood impregnated with phosphoric acid (2– Received 15 February 2007 6 wt.%) has been investigated using a Kugelrohr short-path distillation apparatus. The presence of Accepted 22 February 2008 phosphoric acid is shown to change the overall pyrolysis kinetics and yields of products resulting in a Available online 7 March 2008 decrease in the amount of volatile products and an increase in the char formation. The yield of levoglucosan was found to decrease in the presence of relatively higher concentrations of phosphoric Keywords: acid, while the yield of levoglucosenone increased.
    [Show full text]
  • Selectively Production of Levoglucosenone from Cellulose Via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis
    Selectively Production of Levoglucosenone from Cellulose via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Qian Le Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Liqun Jiang ( [email protected] ) Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8541-7539 Zengli Zhao Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Research Article Keywords: Levoglucosenone, Magnetic solid acid, Catalytic fast pyrolysis, Cellulose Posted Date: March 12th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-280794/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Selectively production of levoglucosenone from 2 cellulose via catalytic fast pyrolysis 3 Le Qiana,b, Liqun Jianga,*, Zengli Zhaoa 4 aCAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and 5 Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, 6 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China 7 bNano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 8 215000, China 9 10 *Corresponding author: Tel: +86-020-87057721 Fax: +86-020-87057737 11 E-mail: [email protected] 12 13 Abstract 14 Levoglucosenone (LGO) has a wide range of utilization in the field of organic synthesis. Magnetic 15 solid acid (Fe3O4/C-SO3H600) was used in fast pyrolysis of cellulose to produce LGO. It was 16 demonstrated that the catalyst could promote the pyrolysis of cellulose to produce LGO, but the 17 yield was affected by the pyrolysis temperature and the relative amount of catalyst. The yield of 18 LGO reached 20.0 wt% from catalytic fast pyrolysis of cellulose at 300 °C, which was 19 significantly higher than that from cellulose (0.3 wt%).
    [Show full text]
  • Differentiation of Acids in Their Effects on Pretreatment
    Markedly different decomposition temperature and products of biomass pyrolysis at low temperature – differentiation of acids in their effects on pretreatment Peifang Yan, Xiumei Liu, Zhanwei Xu, and Zongchao Conrad Zhang* State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China. *E-mail: [email protected]. Dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS Table S1. Characterization of raw and acids pretreated biomass. Entry Samples Cell-wall components (wt.% dry basis)a Ultimate analysis (wt.% dry basis) Cellulose Hemicell. Lignin Ash Others N C H S O 1 Pine 40.9 23.0 27.5 0.7 7.9 0.26 49.4 6.4 0.40 43.8 2 Pine_ H3PO2 38.9 21.0 24.2 0.3 6.8 0.19 49.3 6.6 0.02 44.0 3 Pine_ H3PO4 38.3 20.8 25.7 0.2 6.5 0.21 49.2 6.7 0.06 44.1 4 Pine_ HCl 36.4 10.9 19.3 0.1 1.5 0.20 49.5 6.5 0.10 43.9 5 Poplar 41.5 19.4 23.7 0.8 14.6 0.30 49.4 6.5 / 44.1 6 Poplar_ H3PO2 41.4 20.0 20.1 0.2 10.7 0.31 48.7 6.8 / 44.4 7 Poplar_ H3PO4 40.6 19.0 21.3 0.1 13.7 0.25 49.0 6.8 / 44.1 8 Poplar_ HCl 39.7 7.3 10.1 0.2 2.1 0.21 47.2 6.7 / 46.0 a: Cell-wall compositions, corrected for the measured solid recovery rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles and Was Predominately Oxygenated (OOA)
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10219–10241, 2011 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10219/2011/ Atmospheric doi:10.5194/acp-11-10219-2011 Chemistry © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics Origins and composition of fine atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California D. R. Worton1,2, A. H. Goldstein1,3, D. K. Farmer4,5, K. S. Docherty4,5,*, J. L. Jimenez4,5, J. B. Gilman4,6, W. C. Kuster6, J. de Gouw4,6, B. J. Williams7, N. M. Kreisberg2, S. V. Hering2, G. Bench8, M. McKay1,**, K. Kristensen9, M. Glasius9, J. D. Surratt10,***, and J. H. Seinfeld11 1Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA 2Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, CA, 94710, USA 3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA 4Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA 5Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA 6NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA 7Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA 8Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA 9Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark 10Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA 11Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA *now at: Alion Science and Technology, EPA Office of Research and Development, EPA Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA **now at: California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA ***now at: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA Received: 1 June 2011 – Published in Atmos.
    [Show full text]
  • Lignin-Derived Carbon and Nanocomposite Materials for Energy Storage Applications
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering 2019 LIGNIN-DERIVED CARBON AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS Wenqi Li University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.002 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Li, Wenqi, "LIGNIN-DERIVED CARBON AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering. 68. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/68 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]