Literature in Mainland : A Content Analysis Douglas W. Cooper in mainland China has seen substantial development since 1979. Library edu­ cation and professional activities, organizations, and communications have been spurred by the establishment of the China Society of Library Science, a number of library science journals, and international exchanges. This study analyzes the library literature published in three of the mainland's journals for a recent volume year (1985) and characterizes the profession and its scholarly communication. It also compares these writings with reports about the current li- brary scene in China published in the West and concludes that library science in the P.R. C. has yet to be adequately developed.

umerous recent reports in the China today, the authors thought it useful literature suggest that the li­ to compare reports published in the West brary world in mainland China with writings from the mainland library is recouping the losses it suf­ science journal literature. In order to do fered during the and this, several journals recently published in is making great strides toward catching up mainland China were chosen for analysis. with library science in the West. During First, however, a brief sketch of the ·pro­ this period of increased East-West con­ fession's governance may help to put the tacts and exchanges, the mainland is play­ following discussion into perspective. ing host to many Western librarians who Mainland China's State Council gov­ are visiting and librarians to see erns all libraries through the Ministry of and hear firsthand how the profession is Culture's Administrative Bureau of Li­ doing.1 Several mainland librarians have brary Service. Coordination of the various published reports in Western journals on types of libraries on the mainland is cur­ the professional scene in China. 2 Overseas rently accomplished through individualli- _"' Chinese are also taking a closer look at the brary centers, such as National Li­ mainland's libraries3 and their role in in­ brary, which is responsible for all public ternationallibrary cooperation. 4 Two such libraries, and the China Academy of Sci­ writers recently have shed light on aspects ences, which is responsible for all science of librarianship on the mainland, survey­ libraries that are not a part of the Institute ing library education and the profession's. of Science and Technology Information scholarlY- production in library science Center (ISTIC). Prior to 1985, coordination journals.5 was accomplished through the Ministry of In order to arrive at a better understand­ Education, which is responsible for educa­ ing of librarianship as it is practiced in tional institutions at all levels. 6 (Through

Douglas W. Cooper is Reference Librarian at the Chinese of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong. This paper was presented in a somewhat different form at the 1986 Library Cooperation and Development Semi­ nar in Taiwan, August 17-18, 1986. Thanks are due to T. H. Chow, librarian of New College, Chinese University of Hong Kong, for his indispensable help in coding items in the journals analyzed and to C. F. Lee, sublibrarian at the University Library, Chinese University, for his suggestions about journals to consider.

194 Library Literature 195 action taken at the sixth National People's Since 1981, some twenty-four groups Congress, the Ministry of Education be­ have toured the Chinese University li­ came part of the Education, Science, Cul­ brary, and many have also stopped at the 7 ture, and Public Health Committee. ) The University of Hong Kong. State Council also governs the State Com­ Puring this period, mainland China has mission of Science and Technolo?l and, developed its program of library educa­ through it, the activities of ISTIC, a na­ tion and its professional activities, organi­ tional information center with a staff of zations, and communications. A number more than twelve hundred. 9 of important national conferences have been conducted-for example, those held RECENT DEVELOPMENTS at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Since 1979, the impetus for library de­ (CAS) in November 197814 and at the Min­ velopment in mainland China appears to istry of Education in December of the have come from a combination of indige­ same year, 15 and two offered in 197916 and nous efforts and foreign professional in­ 1980 by the newly formed China Society of fluence. One of the first exchanges of pro­ Library Science, in conjunction with the fessional know-how occurred in United States Information Agency.17 The September 1973 directly on the heels of Ministry of Education and the Ministry of the Communique of 1972, when Culture each called national meetings in a ten-member Chinese library delegation September and November 1981, 18 and the toured libraries in the United States. This National Standards Bureau met during visit was followed by a stream of Ameri­ the same period.19 can librarians to the mainland.10 During It was during this period of intense ac­ the next decade, mainland library groups tivity that the China Society of Library Sci­ hosted delegations from the United ence (CSLS) was created. The idea for the States, Australia, the Philippines, Thai­ society devel

Gongzuo (Library and Information Seroices) in vices (1980- , bimonthly), has been 1980. The Shanghai Municipal (Public) Li­ called ''one of the most important journals brary began its nationally read Tushguan in the field. " 29 It is issued by the library of Zazhi (Library Journal) in 1982. In addition, the prestigious Academia Sinica in Beijing many regional and provincial library soci­ (also known as the China Academy of Sci­ eties began issuing their own journals. By ences). Appropriately, it publishes more 1981, there were an estimated fifty library articles concerned with science and tech­ science journal publishing, 24 a figure that nology than do the other two journals se­ has remained more or less constant lected. since. 25 The third, Library Journal (1982- , quarterly), ranks just behind the others30 METHODOLOGY in national importance and coverage of a This study attempts to determine some broad range of topics. It is issued by the of the topics of concern to members of the Shanghai Municipal Library, one of the profession in mainland China and charac­ largest public libraries in mainland China terizes the nature of professional writing and long one of its most important and in­ appearing in several mainland journals. fluential cultural, publishing, and library Some characteristics of the library profes­ centers.31 Library Journal publishes a large sion itself are inferred from these concerns number of very short articles, including and writings. The types of items appear­ many bibliographical studies of classical ing in the issues of three leading journals Chinese works. published in the most recent volume year Since their inception, both the Bulletin available (1985) were coded and tabulated and Library and Information Services have in order to gain a clearer impression of provided contents pages in English as well what library science is like in mainland as in Chinese. (In 1985, the Bulletin began China today. To complete the picture, this publishing English-language summaries study refers occasionally to reports pub­ of its articles.) Presumably this is done to lished elsewhere that give differing im­ facilitate inclusion in international index­ ·pressions. ing and abstracting services. Several criteria were used for choosing This study codes each item in each issue the three journals for analysis: (1) national for the volume year of all three journals reputation; (2) status of the issuing body using two categories. These categories or agency; (3) appeal to a national (and, for were devised in order to determine both two of the three, an international) audi­ subject matter and what might be called ence; and (4) availability and influence. rhetorical modes or journal categories. Although circulation figures for the three While the categories used for this analysis journals chosen were not readily avail­ may not be entirely adequate to character­ able, comments in several recent articles ize fully the items reviewed, they do serve support their choice.26 to indicate a number of noteworthy fea­ All three journals chosen have relatively tures, both in form and content. long publication histories compared with other mainland Chinese library science DISCUSSION journals. Further, all three emanate from One early authority on content analysis large and well-established corporate orga­ discussed several uses of the method that nizations with national support, thus as­ seem particularly suited to this study. He suring at least quasi-official sanction. suggested that it could be used to look at The first journal chosen, the Bulletin of such aspects as focus of attention, the the China Society of Library Science stage of development of scholarship, sty­ (1979- , quarterly), has been referred listic features, and comparisons of com­ to as ''the most important library journal munication content with statements of in China' ' 28 and is the national organ of the professional objectives. 32 The following society. Long, serious, and often official discussion will focus on each of these as­ articles appear in its pages. pects, summarize findings of the analysis, The second, Library and Information Ser- and, whenever possible, cite relevant ob- Library Literature 197 servations published in the West. among the nation's population. Many au­ thors view the ultimate function of li­ Focus of Attention braries as empirical: Will they help with the "four modernizations"? Will they Perhaps the most revealing use of the help the nation catch up with other devel­ content analysis method is what it tells us oping nations? For example, a series of ar­ about the focus of attention of the journals ticles appeared in the Bulletin in 1983 .and we chose for our study. Heavy, moderate, 1984 that dealt with the dissemination of and slight attention paid to certain broad Marxism in mainland China and the role topics were revealed that permit compari­ libraries play in it. A recent article in that sons to be made with reports published journal dealt with, as the title indicates, elsewhere about the professional con­ how "Teaching and Publicizing Patriot­ cerns of mainland China's librarians. The ism and Scientific Communism Consti­ most heavily discussed topics were li­ tute an Important Task for University and braries and society, the library profession, College Libraries" (no.3:36 [1985]). How­ technical services, and library resources ever, the shift in emphasis in government (see table 1). policy from ideology to modernization All three journals place great emphasis since the end of the Cultural Revolution33 on the official role of libraries in society. is not yet fully reflected in journal content. Articles such as "Problems of the Li­ The library profession itself also comes brary's Social Status" (Library Journal, in for extensive discussion in these jour­ no.4:3-7 [1985]) occur often, as do items nals as well as in the Western library concerned with the role of libraries in fos­ press. A new generation of librarians pro­ tering proper ideological perspective duced since the Cultural Revolution is be-

TABLE 1 SUBJECTS

Bulletin Library& Library ofCSLS Info. Service Journcil Total Libraries and Society 15 10 18 43 Lib. Profession 13 8 26 47 Mgmt./Admin. 6 13 11 30 Technical Services 6 20 19 45 acquisitions processing cataloging 11 7 18 classification 4 6 10 20 computer use 1 1 2 4 microfilming, printing, etc. 1 1 2 other: (binding) 1 1 Public Services 12 12 17 41 circulation 4 4 reference (general) 5 9 14 personal help 2 2 telephone user education 1 1 lit. searches 2 6 2 10 documentation 1 4 1 6 indexing, trans. 1 1 creating aids 1 1 1 3 current awareness faculty liaison Resources 7 8 28 43 reference materials 4 5 16 25 collections 1 1 4 6 preservation 2 2 3 7 security buildirigs 2 2 other (misc.) 3 3 198 College & Research Libraries May 1987 ginning to take its place in a profession Among topics dealing with technical characterized by one overseas Chinese services, cataloging and classification writer as "severely disturbed-when­ proved very popular. Until about 1980, young."34 Yet only a few of China's large three classification systems coexisted in number of library staff members have had mainland China: one at the People's Uni­ formal training in library science. Accord­ versity in Beijing, the CAS' own system, ing to another overseas Chinese, in 1981, and the less widely used one at Wuhan among more than 1,000 directors and dep­ University. In March 1981, the Bulletin re­ uty directors in academic libraries, only 8 ported a national conference held in Nan­ percent had any library science training. 35 ning where a standardized system, the The majority of library workers are rela­ Chinese Library Classification Rules for tively inexperienced, having begun their Books (CLCRB), was agreed upon. Ac­ work in libraries after the Cultural Revolu­ cording to a 1985 article in the Bulletin tion. This means, according to the same (no.1:51-5,76) a nationwide survey writer, that the profession consists largely showed that 90 percent of all libraries now of the old and the young, with few in be- use this standard classification system. tween.36 . Articles appearing mostly in Library and This age dichotomy has resulted in the Information Services and Library Journal en­ need to implement a program of educa­ dorse the new standards while examining tion for librarianship for an entirely new various problems encountered when ap­ generation. For this reason, the pages of plying them to particular subject catego­ these journals carry frequent reports of ries. A Chinese MARC system still awaits overseas library training programs and computer software for full implementa­ practice, along with profiles of outstand­ tion of the CLCRB, so that there are few ing figures in the history of Chinese librar­ items here dealing with computers in any ianship, and publications translated and but quite general ways. reprinted from Western library science Historical studies also appear frequently journals-all serving to keep readers in the pages of these journals. Many such aware of professional goals and interna­ studies trace the development of an espe­ tional standards. cially significant collection or an unusual Much discussion also centers on how or outstanding library. Bibliographic stud­ improved administration and personnel ies examine the history and role of various management ccn:t help to foster library re­ reference sources including many classics. form. Reflecting concern for the library Thirty-seven significant occurrences of profession, many writers feel that staff the topic of public services were docu­ should be selected and promoted on the mented. Of these, most are concerned basis of merit and training. This contra­ with literature searches. As reported by a dicts the older practice of a life assignment mainland librarian writing in a Western made by a central or a provincial govern­ journal, library staff at Tianjin University ment that, in the past, often used libraries respond to requests of teaching staff by as a dumping ground for those unable to providing manual literature searches find or hold other positions due to old age, largely in scientific and technical sources. poor health, or an inability to do the This saves faculty the time and trouble of work. 37 One foreign observer says that traveling to Beijing, 40 although it is possi­ there is ''no established, systematic, an­ ble to mail requests for computer literature nual evaluation of performance" nor any searches directly to the Beijing National merit pay or other incentive system. 38 An­ Library.41 other observer has summed up the A growing concern for readers' services present situation thusly: has emerged in the last couple of years, Most library staff are relegated from other de­ endorsed by the popular slogan ''Readers partments or institutions. The library has no First, Service First.'' Library Journal, organ power to select its own staff, or to reject anyone of the public Shanghai Municipal Library, assigned to it. Consequently, lack of self­ published numerous, if brief, articles in respect and a sense of professionalism among the survey year issues, such as "The staff members is a common problern.39 Quantity and Quality of Reader Services Library Literature 199

(no.4:12-13 [1985]). Library and Information sity libraries and theISTIC, one of these li­ Services has also carried some discussion brarians found a ''dosed-access approach of "remunerative information service," and almost complete lack of reader ser­ referring to the fee-or-free controversy in vices as we know them today. ''44 This Western library circles. same writer found that Reference services and bibliographic in­ There were no signs anywhere of what we struction receive little attention in main­ would think of as an enquiry desk. . . . What is land China despite their popularity in the perhaps even more indicative of the very lim­ West. Few items deal with assistance, ited activity in reader services was that we did whether rendered through personal con­ not meet any members of staff, apart from at tact or indirectly through user education Huazhong, who were engaged in such reader or faculty liaison. While there is some services activities, nor indeed was there any mention of them in the syllabuses of the various awareness of bibliographic instruction is­ 45 sues among library science students, there Library Schools. was none in evidence for several observ­ Generally, other Western scholars and ers, 42 and only one item dealt with instruc­ librarians concur in the impression of little tion in all fourteen journal issues exam­ or no reference service,46 bureaucratic in­ ined. In contrast, the topics of resources conveniences, 47 only minimal concern for and collections hold a continuing interest facilitating research, 48 and ''more concern for writers, with numerous bibliographic with collections than services.''49 studies of reference sources and the clas­ However, a number of articles on public sics. services seen in this study show some con­ This concentration on sources, classics, cern for adjusting the balance between the and collections suggests that in a dichot­ two poles of the resources-access dichot­ omy between access and , 43 the omy. Perhaps a part of this impulse to­ greater weight in these journals rests with ward balance comes from the fairly recent archives. This is the notion that resources, influence of Western library practice. This properly preserved, cataloged, housed, influence takes the form of translated re­ and protected, take precedence over ac­ prints, abstracts, summaries, and digests cess, whether this access means easy of foreign library publications that appear availability through open shelving, interli­ frequently in these journals. The same in­ brary loans, or, more importantly, per­ fluence may also come from accounts by sonal assistance from librarians who are members of Chinese library delegations able and interested in helping the patron who have visited the West or by students locate and use them. returned to mainland China. Perhaps this emphasis on resources is to be expected on the mainland, with its rich The State of Development of Scholarship cultural heritage, political system, and A few of the students returning from the population crunch. Further, there is less West and others concerned with library emphasis on individual achievement and and social science literature in the West self-discovery in mainland China than in have been exposed to other forms of schol­ the West. It also has less need for a well­ arly writing in library science. But, except informed electorate than Western democ­ for the work of a few, the stage of develop­ racies. And because libraries in Commu­ ment of scholarship in mainland China nist countries are more concerned with seen in the three journals surveyed ap­ serving the economic advancement of the pears to be less sophisticated than that in nation, perhaps little need is felt to teach the West. The relative absence of volume the average person how to use libraries as numbering, article abstracts, notes on au­ places to find information for personal de­ thor affiliation, and citations to other pub­ velopment. lished literature have all been noted in The emphasis on the archival function previous studies. 50 of libraries there tends to be confirmed by The exhortation in 1982 of two writers in the reports of a number of Western librar­ the Bulletin to spend less time on studies of ian observers. During the latest of several the classics and more on substantive li­ consultative tours of some eight univer- brary science research51 seems to have 200 College & Research Libraries May1987 gone largely unheeded. Only eight re­ reform recur constantly. While research search articles turned up in this content reports are very few, all three journals analysis. The analysis further revealed tend to have a large number of work expe­ that of the total number of articles (233, in­ rience accounts. An even greater number cluding 16 bibliographic essays) only 15 of speculative essays and opinion pieces percent had a bibliography appended and stimulate discussion and response from a mere 6 percent provided citations in the reader. Letters from readers are given footnotes. greater prominence than in Western jour­ While editorial policy can influence arti­ nals and add to the discussion. The arti­ cle format, nonetheless the results of the cles themselves tend to be short as well as analysis imply little concern with contrib­ tentative,: especially in Library and Informa­ uting to a cumulative body of scholarship. tion Services and Library Journal, with items Another possible explanation is that li­ fitting the description of ''articles'' or '' es­ brarians in mainland China have a view of says" averaging only 5.3 pages in the Bul- . library science quite different from that of letin and less than 2.4 pages in Library Jour­ their counterparts in the West and do not nal. see the discipline as one of the social sci­ ences with an established and growing Comparisons of Communication Content body of knowledge. Nowhere in any of with Statements of Professional Objectives the three journals surveyed was there evi­ Finally, content studies may be useful dence of-or reference to-any essay re­ for auditing communication content sembling an annual review of scholarship against formal statements of professional (see table 2). objectives or policy. One official policy statement can be taken to demonstrate Stylistic Features this possibility. As the official organ of the Stylistic features in the journal issues ex­ China Society of Library Science, the Bul­ amined also reflect less-developed schol­ letin recently published "Library Work arship. Some of the effects of a Socialist­ Regulations for Higher Education Sys­ Communist political system turn up in the tems in the People's Republic of China." numerous items of exhortation and com­ Two sections concerning reference ser­ mendation. Sloganizing appears in the vices read as follows: writing of all three journals and perhaps is #8. University and college libraries should en­ heaviest in the official Bulletin, which em­ hance readers' service work and, according to phasizes the social importance of propa­ needs and conditions, set up various circulation ganda. Exhortation to work, improve, and counters and reading rooms, strengthen the

TABLE2 RHETORICAL MODES/JOURNAL CATEGORIES

Library & Library Bulletin CSLS Info. Service Journal Total Articles 43 (4b/1c) 62 (15b/1c) 107 (13b/11c) 217 factual 28 27 65 120 description 12 2 32 46 history 6 9 20 35 research 2 4 2 8 work ex~erience 8 12 11 31 speculative 15 35 47 97 Letters 5 (2b) 6 (2b) 4 (1b) 15 Commendation 2 2 4 Exhortation 10 4 6 20 Bib. essay 4 1 11 (2b/2c) 16 News 14 6 6 26 Reviews 5 ?b/2c~ 3 4 (1b/1c) 12 Reprints, etc. 3 1b/1c 6 9 Editorials 1 1 2 Note: b-includes bibliography; c-includes citations Library Literature 201

service system, and increase the utilization of tion, much remains to be done. As one the collection. mainland librarian wrote (in a Western #9. University and college libraries should de­ journal), "services and automation are velop reference and information service work, backward. China is aware of her weakness compile various subject bibliographies and in­ ... and is trying to change." He was dexes, help the reader to find reference materi­ quick to admit that there are numerous als, and provide information retrieval and in­ 52 difficulties to overcome before moderniza­ formation analysis services. tion of library and information service can One can compare the official statements be accomplished. 53 quoted above with the number and kind Nonetheless, the presence of extensive of items found in our analysis. One can professional channels of communication, also compare them with the published re- an increasing awareness of foreign profes­ ports of Western observers. Despite a sional standards and practice, and numer­ number of exhortations, slogans, and arti- ous programs of exchange are bringing _._ des in the three journals studied here, one hope for change. This study reveals a new must conclude that mainland China still self-consciousness among a growing body has much further to go in developing true of library professionals. It demonstrates a access for the average user of libraries. strong concern for reform in various mat­ ters including personnel management. CONCLUSION And it indicates an increased awareness of the need to provide and improve services. While mainland librarians appear to During the next decade, Chinese librari­ have made much progress in professional ans should be able to consolidate the gains awareness, increased communication, of recent years and demonstrate signifi­ and intensified determination to bring cant improvements in collection manage­ about reform since the Cultural Revolu- ment and services.

REFERENCES

1. SharonRogers, ''Academics Abroad: U.S. LibrariansVisitthePeople'sRepublicofChina,'' C&RL -1 News 46, no.8:399-403 (Sept. 1985). 2. Xingyun Luo, "Libraries and Information Services in China," Journal of Information Science 6, no.1:21-31 (Mar. 1983); Zheng Fan, "Consulting Service at the Library of Tianjin University," {. College & Research Libraries 42, no.5:483-85 (Sept. 1981). 3 Thomas Y. Yeh, "A Profile of Academic Libraries in China," College & Research Libraries 46, no.6:499-503 (Nov. 1985); Nelson Chou, "China Revisited," Association of Research Libraries, Center for Chinese Research Materials, Newsletter, no.36:2-4 (Spring 1984). 4. William Wong, "Opening up the People's Republic: Library Cooperation with China," Wilson Library Bulletin 55, no.5:336-41 Oan. 1981). 5. Sharon Chien Lin, "Chinese Serial Publications on Librarianship: An Annotated List," Serials Re­ view 11, no.1:7-20 (Spring 1985); Meng-Fen Su, "Current Library Science Journals in China," Seri­ als Librarian 9, no.2:93-106 (Winter 1984). b) Luo, "Libraries in China," p.27. 7. China Handbook (1985-86) (Hong Kong: Ta Kung Pao, 1985), p.293. 8. Luo, "Libraries in China," p.24. 9. Tony Evans, "China, the Inscrutable Phoenix: Libraries from Pre-Ming to Post-Mao," Aslib Pro- ceedings 37, no.10:381-94 (Oct. 1985). 10. Wong, "Cooperation with China," p.339. 11. "Libraries," People's Republic of China Yearbook 1984 (Beijing: Xinhua, 1984), p.651. 12. Wong, "Cooperation with China," p.339; "Libraries," p.651-52. @ Sharon Chien Lin, ''Education for Librarianship in China after the Cultural Revolution,'' Journal of Education for Librarianship 24, no.1:24-25 (Summer 1983); Wong, "Cooperation with China," p.339; Lee-hsia Hsu Ting, "Library Services in the People's Republic of China: A Historical Over­ view," Library Quarterly 53, no.2:155-56 (1983); Evans, "Pre-Ming to Post-Mao," p.392; Harry Campbell, "The Present Revival of Scholarly Publishing in China," Scholarly Publishing 16, no.3:223-24 (Apr. 1985). 202 College & Research Libraries May1987

(!Y Chi Wang, ''An Overview of Libraries in the People's Republic of China,'' China Exchange News ~ 12, no.3:2 (Sept. 1984). C§-· You-mei Wang and A. R. Rogers, "Thirty Years of Library Development in the People's Republic of China," International Library Review 14:404-5 (Oct. 1982). 16. Wang, "Overview," p.2. 17. Lin, "E~ucatio?," t;;27. . " . , 18. Wang, Overview, p.2; Lm, Education, p.25. 19. Lin, "Education," p.27. 20. Lin, "Education," p.20. 21. Anis Khurshid, "Libraries in the Far East," in Encyclopedia of Library and Infonnation Science, v.37, ed. Allen Kent (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1984), p.135. 22. Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, ''China Library Association,'' in Encyclopedia of Library and Infonnation Science, v.4, ed. Allen Kent and Harold Lancour (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1970), p.656-57. 23. Personal correspondence to the author, China Society of Library Science, Beijing, July 20, 1986. 24. Lin, "Education," p.24. 25. Huixiang Wang, "A Proposal Concerning Deciding on Awards through Discussion for Excellent Library Science Journals," (in Chinese) Bulletin of the China Society of Library Science, no.2:44 (1986). 26. In personal correspondence with the author Guly 20, 1986) the China Society of Library gave the Bulletin's circulation figures as follows: 30,000 total, of which the domestic number is approxi­ mately 28,000, and those sent outside the P.R.C. approximately 2,000. 27. Lin, "Serial Publications," p.17-19; Su, "Journals in China," p.103-4; C. Wang, "Overview," p.2. 28. Lin, "Serial Publications," p.17; Su, "Journals in China," p.103. 29. Lin, "Serial Publications," p.19. 30. Ibid. @ ''Thirty Years of the ,'' (in Chinese) Bulletin of the China Society of Library Science no.3:3-6 (1984); Ting, "Historical Overview," p.141-42. 32. Bernard Berelson, Content Analysis in Communication Research (New York: Free Pr., 1952), p.31-34, 43-52,66-72,98-105. 33. Lin, "Education," p.7. 34. Su, "Journals in China," p.97. 35. Yeh, "Profile," p.501-2. 36. Yeh, "Profile," p.502. 37. Ibid.; Ting, "Historical Overview," p .154. 38. Yeh, "Profile," p.502. 39. Chou, "China Revisited," p.3. 40. Fan, "Consulting Service," p.483, 485. 41. Rogers, "Academics Abroad," p.401. 42. Rogers, "Academics Abroad," p.401-2. 43. Kenneth L. Stubbs, "Academic Research Libraries: Recent Studies," Bowker Annual of Library & Book Trade Infonnation (New York: Bowker, 1985), p.417-23. 44. Evans, "Pre-Ming to Post-Mao," p.384. 45. Evans, "Pre-Ming to Post-Mao," p.388. ~ Carl E. Walters, "Facilities Offered for Research on Contemporary China by the National Library of Beijing," China Quarterly, no.85:146 (Mar. 1981). 47. "Focus on Library and Archival Research," China Exchange News 12, no.3:5-19 (Sept. 1984). 48. Chou, "China Revisited," p.3. 49. Rogers, "Academics Abroad," p.402. <"so-. Su, "Journals in China," p.96-98. 51. Qui Chang and Huang Xin, "Study of Library Science in China's New Period," (in Chinese) Bulle­ tin of the China Society of Library Science, no.1:32, 36 (1982). 52. Bulletin of the China Society of Library Science, no.4:14 (1981) (in Chinese). 53. Luo, "Libraries in China," p.31.