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The Terrorists of Iraq “This book is the definitive source on ISIS. Nance demonstrates that ISIS has consistently been a threat in Iraq, evolving with the shifting dynamics in the Nance theater of battle, within the insurgency, and in the region. The Terrorists of Iraq remains an essential and well-researched guide for anyone interested in Second Edition understanding or addressing this horrific period in global history.” — Adam Hinds, former political advisor, United Nations Iraq Second Edition THE TERRORISTS OF THE TERRORISTS OF IRAQ Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency 2003–2014 The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency 2003–2014, Second Edition is a highly detailed and exhaustive history and analysis of terror groups that both formed the Iraq insurgency and led to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). It places heavy emphasis on the history, organization, and personalities of al-Qaeda in Iraq (now ISIS), the former Baathist regime loyalists, and Shiite insurgents. The book also thoroughly analyzes how Iraq became the center of the ISIS strategy to create an Islamic caliphate in the heart of the Middle East. THE TERRORISTS OF As terrorism activity proliferates and spreads globally, this second edition is timely, providing a solid understanding of how the Iraq insurgency was a born after the U.S.-led invasion, which led to the crisis of today. More specifically, the book: IRAQ • Illustrates the political, combat, and religious strategies as well as street-level tactics of the insurgents • Reveals what American, British, and coalition soldiers endured in Iraq on the street IR AQ every day for eight years, and what the Iraqi army and people now endure • Demonstrates how the insurgents employ very specific terrorist acts at particularly Inside the Strategy and Tactics auspicious times to meet their strategic political or propaganda goals during a terror campaign of the Iraq Insurgency • Includes three new chapters on the evolution of ISIS from al-Qaeda in Iraq (2011–2014), a revised history of al-Qaeda in Iraq (2005–2011), and updated geopolitical intelligence 2003–2014 predictions K24856 HOMELAND SECURITY ISBN: 978-1-4987-0689-6 Malcolm W. Nance 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW 90000 Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 an informa business 9 781498 706896 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com Second Edition THE TERRORISTS OF IR AQ Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency 2003–2014 Second Edition THE TERRORISTS OF IR AQ Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency 2003–2014 Malcolm W. Nance Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20151130 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0691-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, includ- ing photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedicated in Memory of My Friends Who Gave Their Lives in Iraq Tracy Hushin Fabrizio Quattrocchi Captain Travis Patriquin Nick Pears John Dolman Contents Acknowledgments xvii About the Author xxiii Introduction xxv SECTION I PREPARATION FOR INSURGENCY Chapter 1 Who Is Fighting in Iraq? 3 The Cornerstone of Terror: The Ex-Ba’athist Loyalists 6 The Iraqi Resistance Movement and the Foreign Mujahideen 9 Introducing al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) 10 Fighting Misperceptions 12 Endnotes 15 Chapter 2 Victory through Defeat: Saddam Plans for Insurgency 17 Repeating a Very Bad History? 17 Unambiguous Indicators 19 The Prewar Insurgency Plan 20 The Iraqi War Plan: Embracing Defeat 22 Mogadishu on the Tigris 25 Treated as Liberators? 25 Endnotes 29 Chapter 3 Crucible of the Insurgency: The Fedayeen Goes to War 31 First Line of Defense—The Air Defense Forces 32 vii viii Contents Second Line of Defense—The Iraqi Army 33 Third Line of Defense—The Republican Guard 35 Last Line of Defense—The Paramilitary Irregulars, Terrorists, and Special Republican Guard 35 The Saddam Fedayeen (Firqah al-Fidayi Saddam) 38 Commander of the Saddam Fedayeen—Uday Hussein 40 The Professional Terrorists Arrive—Tawhid Wal-Jihad and al-Qaeda 44 The Fedayeen Become Terrorists 46 Invasion and S-VBIEDs—Introduction of the Suicide Car Bomb to Iraq 48 The Fedayeen Disperse 51 Endnotes 53 Chapter 4 Victory from the Jaws of Defeat: Launching the Iraq Insurgency 57 Implementing the Insurgency 57 The Second “1920 Revolution” 58 Leading the Resistance—Lt. Gen. Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 61 Godfathers of the Insurgency—The Prewar Internal Intelligence Apparatus 63 Commander of the Security Apparatus—Qusay Hussein 64 Special Security Organization—SSO (Hijaz al-Amn al-Khas) 65 Special Republican Guard 67 Operational Command of the SRG 68 SRG Combat Units 69 Iraqi Intelligence Service—IIS (al-Mukahbarat) 69 Director of Foreign Intelligence (M4) 70 Directorate of Technical Affairs (M4/4/5) 71 Directorate of Counterintelligence (M5) 71 Directorate of Clandestine Operations (M13) 72 Directorate of Special Operations Department (M14-SOD) 72 Directorate of Signals Intelligence (M17) 73 Directorate of Surveillance (M20) 74 Al Ghafiqi Project Division (M21) 74 Contents ix Directorate of Opposition Group Activities (M40) 75 Directorate of General Security—DGS (Amn al-‘Amm) 76 Directorate of General Military Intelligence—DGMI (Mudiriyah al-Istikhbarat al-‘Askriah al-‘Ammah or Istikhbarat) 76 Directorate of Military Security—DMS (Amn al-Askaria) 77 The DMS Special Operations Unit 999 77 Former Regime Loyalist Insurgent Groups 79 Organization 83 National Command of the Islamic Resistance—Unified Mujahideen Command (NCIR-UMC) 84 NCIR-UMC Senior Command 84 Regional Commands 84 FRL Insurgent Roles and Responsibilities 85 Local Terror Cells/Groups (Insurgent Brigades) 85 Financing the Insurgency 87 Endnotes 88 Chapter 5 The Insurgent’s Strategy 91 The FRL Long-Range Strategy 94 Military Strategy of the Insurgency 95 Strategic Phases of the Insurgency 95 Mission Accomplished: The Primary Goal of the Insurgency Was Breaking the Will of the American People 98 Tactical Goals 100 How Many Insurgents Were There? 102 An Enemy without Gains or Losses 102 Estimate of the Core Insurgency, 2003–2011 104 The Original Number and Experience of the Core Cadres 105 Doing the Math 107 Terrorist Brigades or Terrorist Battalions? 107 Size and Roles of the Insurgent Cells 108 FRL Cells 109 Iraqi Religious Extremist Cells 113 x Contents Al-Qaeda in Iraq and Foreign Fighters 113 AQI Cell Composition (2003–2011) 114 Insurgent Casualties 115 Endnotes 117 SECTION II KNIFE FIGHT IN A PHONE BOOTH— BRINGING ON THE INSURGENCY Chapter 6 Bringing It On 123 The FRLs Organize 123 The FRLs Destroy the Evidence 124 First Strikes of the After-War 125 Mission Accomplished 126 CPA Order No. 1—You’re Fired 127 Phase 1: The Kill Campaign 129 “This Is Not a Resistance Movement” 131 “Bring Them On” 133 Phase 2: The Humiliation Campaign 134 Enter the Islamic Extremists 138 The Insurgency Explodes 139 Phase 3: The Punishment Campaign 140 The Anti-Shiite Clerics Campaign 142 The FRL Anti-Human Intelligence Campaign 143 Phase 4: The Inspire Campaign 144 Endnotes 146 Chapter 7 Insurgent Weapons and Tactics 147 Looting the Arsenals 147 The Improvised Explosive Device (IED) 149 Daisy Chain IEDs 151 Super IEDs 151 Explosively Formed Projectile IEDs 151 The WMD Program’s High Explosives 153 The Suicide Bomber 155 Contents xi The Suicide Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device (S-VBIED) 157 Poison Gas Attacks by Chemical S-VBIEDs 158 The Suicide Pedestrian-Borne IED (S-PBIED) 160 Small Arms—Rifles, Pistols, and Machine Guns 160 Night Observation Devices
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