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The Socioeconomic and Technical Status of Cut Flower Producers in Tabasco, Mexico

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The Socioeconomic and Technical Status of Cut Flower Producers in Tabasco, Mexico Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(1):5-15. 2013 www.rcia.uc.cl AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER The socioeconomic and technical status of cut flower producers in Tabasco, Mexico María I. Saldaña y Hernández1, Regino Gómez2, Juan M. Pat2, José D. Álvarez2, Julián Pérez3, and Carlos F. Ortiz3 1Instituto Tecnológico de la Zona Olmeca. Zaragoza s/n. Villa Ocuiltzapotlan, Centro, Tabasco, C.P. 86270. Mexico. 2Colegio de la Frontera Sur. Unidad Villahermosa. Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5 El Guineo 2ªSec. C.P. 86280. Villahermosa, Tabasco. Mexico. 3Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Tabasco. Km 3.5 Periférico, H. Cárdenas, Tabasco. C.P. 86500. Mexico. Abstract M.I. Saldaña y Hernández, R. Gómez, J.M. Pat, J.D. Álvarez, J. Pérez, and C.F. Ortiz. 2013. The socioeconomic and technical status of cut flower producers in Tabasco, México. Cien. Inv. Agr. 40(1):5-15. Floriculture in Tabasco, Mexico is part of a diversification and increasing agricultural income, which has the potential for outstanding growth. To determine the socioeconomic status as well as the technical advancement of this sector, surveys were conducted of cut flower producers and combined with official statistics. Socioeconomic and technological indicators showed that 38% of the producers had a high standard of living and 69% of farmers had three or more years of experience in flower cultivation. Most farmers owned their land (66%), and their educational attainment was above the national average. Most of the producers did not depend exclusively on their revenues from flowers. The average income for a cultivated area was $936.33 USD ha-1·yr-1.The technological level and management of the plantations was very different among farms. The yield and quality of the production could be improved through improved handling of weeds, watering and drainage. Plant diseases and pests are not restricting growth at this time. Currently, only 11% of the production is marketed, which means that a national and international market needs to be developed. In addition, it was found that the infrastructure for watering, production and post- harvest is insufficient to develop the activity for the export market. Key words: Florists, socioeconomic levels, technological usage, tropical flowers. Introduction England, which combined represent 85% of the global market (Granada, 2009). In the Americas, Worldwide cut flower production has had a the main producers and exporters are Colombia constant yearly growth rate of 6% (Rodríguez (52%), Ecuador (17%), Mexico (4%) and Costa et al., 2007). The main markets are the United Rica (3%) (Proexport Colombia, 2003). Mexico States, the Netherlands, Japan, Germany and has 11,310 ha of land devoted to cut flower and greenery production (Rodríguez et al., 2007). Received March 17, 2012. Accepted October 9, 2012. Demand for traditional species has diversified to Corresponding author: [email protected] include exotic tropical species, including orchids, 6 CIENCIA E INVESTIGACIÓN AGRARIA flamingo flowers, birds of paradise, heliconias Rural, Pesca y Alimentación (SAGARPA), and and gingers (López et al., 2006). by the Secretaría de Desarrollo Agropecuario Forestal y Pesca (SEDAFOP). Informants were Commercial planting of tropical flowers started identified with the help of fellow producers, 20 years ago in Tabasco, and according to Criley using a snowball technique. The socioeconomic and Broschat (1992), Tabasco has the proper status was defined with indicators of producers’ edaphoclimatic conditions for their harvest. social level and economic status, such as property Production, harvest, post-harvest, packing, transport ownership, years of schooling, number of workers, and distribution processes have great potential farm area and yearly income. The values for for growth as a source of rural work and income these characteristics were categorized and an generation. There is lack of basic information about overall score was calculated to define producers’ socioeconomic and productive characteristics of socioeconomic level according to a scale (Table this sector. Therefore, the objective of this study 1). Other socioeconomic characteristics evaluated was to determine the socioeconomic and technical were location, public services received, years status of cut flowers producers in Tabasco. of experience, legal status, and organization of production. The main indicators evaluated to determine technological competence were as Materials and methods follows: area, cultivated species, previous and associated crops, soil fertility and chemical input The research was carried out in Tabasco, Southeast usage, diseases, pests, weeds, harvest, post- México. It is located between 17º19´00” and harvest treatment, production destination and 18º39´00” North latitude and 90º57´00” and infrastructure. In order to validate information 94º08´00” West longitude. The three geopolitical about phytosanitary issues, phytopathological regions included in the study were Chontalpa, analysis of four plantations was performed at Centro and Sierra. The weather is warm, with the Laboratorio de Fitopatología of the Colegio an annual average temperature of 26 ºC; yearly de Postgraduados, Campus Tabasco (México). rainfall is from 2,000 to 4,000 mm; and most of Infrastructure assessed was grouped as follows: the soils are of alluvial origin (INEGI, 2005). hydrological (wells, irrigation systems and plot This research was conducted from July to drainage), production (area for introduction of September 2009. Socioeconomic characteristics new species, greenhouses, compost, and areas and technology used were assessed with surveys of for tools and pesticides), and post-harvest (areas flower producers with production farms equal to or for cleaning, packing, display, cold room, parking greater than 0.25 ha. The study included 29 flower lot and office). The location of each production production farms. The survey was carried out in unit was recorded using GPS. This information 17 rural municipalities by Centros de Atención de was coupled with data from Tabasco’s soil map Desarrollo Rural (CADER), which is part of the to assess the soil type. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Table 1. Variables used to classify the socioeconomic level of cut flower producers in Tabasco, Mexico. Yearly income (USD) Land tenure Education level Employees Cultivated area (ha) Socioeconomic level 0-923.07 1 Communal 1 Basic 1 0-1 1 0.25- 1 1 1-5 Low land 923.07-4230.77 2 Rented 2 Medium 2 2-4 2 >1-2 2 >5-10 Medium >4230.77 3 Private 3 Superior 3 >4 3 >2 3 >10 High Source: Data obtained from surveys. VOLUME 40 Nº1 JANUARY – APRIL 2013 7 Phytopathological analysis. To understand the Most of the flower farms are located in Teapa, presence of diseases in cultivated species, sampling Centro and Comalcalco, and they represent 82% was carried out in farms located in Hermenegildo of cultivated flower area in Tabasco (Table 2). Galeana, Teapa; Melchor Ocampo, Cárdenas; and Norte, Comalcalco, Tumbulushal and Medellín Services. The flower farms in Tabasco are y Madero, Centro, Tabasco. The sampling took agroforestry systems that take advantage of plant place in two seasons: Autumn-Winter 2010 and species of great biological and economic value. Spring-Summer 2011. Leaf samples, rhizomes These farms are also potential destinations for and roots with evidence of disease were collected. agricultural tourism. In the future, the producer’s Durex tape, histological cuts and potato-dextrose- quality of life and the diversification of their agar were used to identify the causal agents of income will depend to a great extent on the observed disease. services they can offer visitors and consumers interested in rural tourism and the ecosystem Statistical analysis. Data was analyzed using services they can provide. Farmers had limited statistical tests including normal distribution, access to public services including potable water mean, standard deviation and X2 (Chi squared test). (69%), electricity (59%), access roads (66%) and sewers (38%); these values were correlated (X2 α= 0.075) .The access of services is below the Results and discussion average level reported for Tabasco, which are potable water (72%), electricity (96.7%) and sewers Socioeconomic characteristics 97.8% (INEGI, 2011). It is important to mention that improving technology must correspond with Production location. There are 29 cut flower farms current trends in sustainable agriculture and must in Tabasco. Each farm is a managed by one person. consider the fragility of tropical ecosystems. The cultivation of cut flowers is performed in nine Adding innovative technologies such as rainfall of 17 municipalities, including the three geopolitical water reservoirs, solar energy, ecological waste regions of Chontalpa, Centro and Sierra Regions. disposal, and biodigesters using supplies available Plantations are located from 3 masl (meters above in rural areas will avoid dependence on external sea level) in Paraíso, up to 102.5 masl in Tacotalpa. agents and reduce risk to natural resources. Table 2. Area cultivated for cut flowers in Tabasco, Mexico. Area Total Municipality Farms Elevation (ha) Average SD Percentage Cárdenas 1 11.0±0 2.00 2.0 0 1.80 Centro 4 11.6±11.32 28.00 7.0 4.4 25.20 Comalcalco 6 13.8±8.73 17.25 2.8 2.2 15.53 Cunduacán 3 9.1±2.16 1.50 0.7 0.2 1.35 Jalapa 1 21.0±0 5.00 5.0 0 4.50 Macuspana 1 25.0±0 3.60 3.6 0 3.24 Paraíso 1 3.0±0 0.75 0.8 0 0.68 Tacotalpa 5 102.0±60.8 6.50 1.3 0.6 5.85 Teapa 7 37.7±22.1 46.50 6.6 7.0 41.85 Total 29 111.10 3.3 100 Source: Data obtained from surveys. 8 CIENCIA E INVESTIGACIÓN AGRARIA Years of experience and education. Of the producers through year, investment quantities, scheduling surveyed, 31% had between one and two years of of activities for pest control, diseases, weeds experience, 14% had 3 to 5 years and 55% had more and harvest. Lack of organization in ornamental than 5 years of experience growing flowers.
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