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Survey for Potential Insect Biological Control Agents of Ligustrum Sinense (Scrophulariales: Oleaceae) in China

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Survey for Potential Insect Biological Control Agents of Ligustrum Sinense (Scrophulariales: Oleaceae) in China 372 Florida Entomologist 91(3) September 2008 SURVEY FOR POTENTIAL INSECT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS OF LIGUSTRUM SINENSE (SCROPHULARIALES: OLEACEAE) IN CHINA YAN-ZHUO ZHANG1, JAMES L. HANULA2* AND JIANG-HUA SUN1 1State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects & Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China 2USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602-2044, USA *Corresponding author ABSTRACT A systematic survey of Chinese privet foliage, stems, seeds, and roots for associated phy- tophagous insects was conducted in China during 2005 and 2006 in order to establish basic information about the insect communities that Chinese privet harbors and to evaluate the abundance and damage caused by these insects. A total of 170 phytophagous insect species in 48 families and 5 orders were collected from Chinese privet in China. The insects belong to 4 feeding guilds: foliage, sap, stem, and root feeders. The impact of foliage feeders varied by site and over time. The mean percent defoliation of Chinese privet over all sites and years was 20.5 ± 8.2%, but ranged as high as 48%. Key Words: Chinese privet, biological control, invasive species, exotic species RESUMEN Se realizo un sondeo sistemático de los insectos fitófagos asociados con el follaje, ramas, se- millas y raíces de Cabo chino Ligustrum sinense en China durante 2005 y 2006 para esta- blecer información básica sobre las comunidades de insectos que usan L. sinense como un refugio y a la vez para evaluar la abundancia y daño causado por estos mismos. Un total de 170 especies de insectos consumidores en 48 familias y 5 órdenes fueron recolectada de L. sinense en China, que pertenecen a 4 grupos de consumidores: los que se alimentan sobre el follaje, savia, tallo y raíces. El impacto de los consumidores de follaje varía según el sitio y la época. El promedio del porcentaje de defoliación de L. sinense en todos los sitios y años es- tudiados fue de 20.5 ± 8.2%, pero se observo rangos altos hasta de un 48%. Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense Lour., is an settings. Chinese privet is grown nationwide as invasive exotic weed in the United States where it an ornamental hedge plant, for its berries used in is a perennial, semi-evergreen shrub or small tree brewing, and for oils extracted from seeds and that grows to 10 m in height. This species is of used in soap making (Qui et al. 1992). great concern in the southeastern United States Chinese privet was introduced into the United (Faulkner et al. 1989; Stone 1997), but it ranges States in 1852 (Coates 1965; Dirr 1990) as an or- from Texas to Florida, and as far north as the New namental shrub, for hedgerows (USDA-NRCS England states (The Nature Conservancy 2004; 2002), and sometimes as single specimens for its University of Connecticut 2004). In addition, it foliage and profusion of small white flowers (Dirr has been introduced into Puerto Rico and Oregon 1990; Wyman 1973). It is a forage plant for deer in (USDA-NRCS 2002). the southeastern U.S. (Stromayer et al. 1998a; Chinese privet is native to China, Vietnam, Stromayer et al. 1998b; The Nature Conservancy and Laos (The Nature Conservancy 2004; Wu & 2004). According to Small (1933), the species was Raven 2003). In China it is found in the provinces escaping from cultivation in southern Louisiana south of the Yangzi River (Qui et al. 1992). It can by the 1930s. A survey of appropriate herbaria re- be found between 200 and 2600 m in elevation veals collection records from Georgia as early as where it occurs in mixed forests, valleys, along 1900. Based on herbarium records the species be- streams, thickets, woods, and ravines (Wu & came naturalized and widespread in the south- Raven 2003; Qui et al. 1992). east and eastern U.S. during the 1950s, 60s, and Ligustrum sinense has been studied in China 70s (USDA-NRCS 2002). for its chemical composition and the medicinal Chinese privet is widely believed to drastically value of its bark and leaves (Ouyang & Zhou reduce native plant biodiversity because of its 2003; Ouyang 2003). It has never been recorded ability to shade out native vegetations (USDI Fish as a noxious weed in either agricultural or forest and Wildlife Service 1992; Merriam & Feil 2002) Zhang et al.: Biological Control of Chinese Privet 373 and form dense, monospecific stands that domi- enemies of Chinese privet in China, with the goal nate the forest understory (Dirr 1990). Recent of finding potential biocontrol agents. Here we re- surveys in the southeastern United States show port results of systematic surveys conducted in Chinese privet completely covers 0.9 million acres 2005 and 2006, and provide a list of the phytopha- and colonies of varying densities can be found on gous insects found. We provide basic information another 17.6 million acres (Rudis et al. 2006). In about the insect community on Chinese privet in 1998, the U.S. Department of Agriculture listed China and identify species that may have poten- privet as one of 14 species with the potential to ad- tial as biological control agents in the US. Prelim- versely affect management objectives in North inary information on impacts of different feeding Carolina’s National Forests. Similarly, the Florida guilds on Chinese privet in China is also reported. Exotic Pest Plant Council lists Chinese privet as a Category 1 invasive species (FLEPPC 2007). More MATERIALS AND METHODS recently, The Nature Conservancy ranked Chi- nese privet as having high potential to disrupt the Survey Sites ecological balance (NatureServe 2006). In addition to privet’s impact on natural land- Our surveys focused primarily on 6 sites in scapes, it can be directly harmful to humans. The Huangshan city (118.16, 29.43, elevation approx- flower of Chinese privet is toxic to humans caus- imately 200m) in Anhui Province, China, because ing symptoms such as nausea, headache, abdom- the climate-matching program Climex (Hearne inal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and low Scientific Software, Melbourne, Australia) indi- blood pressure and body temperature (USDA- cated that this was the province most similar in NRCS 2002). Where Chinese privet occurs in climate to the southeastern United States (Sun et abundance, floral odors may cause respiratory ir- al. 2006). The seventh site was established in ritation (Westbrooks & Preacher 1986). Guiyang (Huaxi, 106.40, 26.25, elevation approx- Repeated mowing and cutting will control the imately 1096 m), Guizhou Province, which is an- spread of L. sinense, but may not eradicate it other area where Chinese privet is prevalent in (Tennessee Exotic Pest Plants Council 1996). Al- China, but it is much further south and warmer though modern herbicides, including glyphosate, than the Anhui sites. effectively kill privet (Tennessee Exotic Pest In order to collect the most natural enemies of Plants Council 1996; The Nature Conservancy privet, our survey sites were selected to include 2004; Madden & Swarbrick 1990; Harrington & habitats varying from natural areas to semi-nat- Miller 2005), environmental concerns will limit ural and planted sites. These were as follows: use of herbicides on public land or in sensitive ar- (1) Pure natural sites included 1 site in Ling- eas. Faulkner et al. (1989) reported that in exper- nan adjacent to the Jiulong Natural resource con- imental trials of prescribed burning, there was no servation area in Xiuning County in the most significant difference in the abundance of Ligus- southern region of Anhui Province; a second site trum sinense in burned vs. unburned plots. on an unnamed island in the suburb of Huangs- Plants unimportant in their native habitat may han city; and a third site in Guiyang. Chinese reach damaging levels when released from control privet in these 3 sites grew naturally mixed with by important natural enemies through introduc- many other plant species and most grew rela- tion into new geographic areas (Van Driesche & tively tall (over 3 m). Bellows 1996). This suggests that exploration for (2) Semi-natural sites included 1 site in Zhan- Chinese privet natural enemies in China might chuan, a small town south of Huangshan city, and detect species suitable for use in a classical biolog- a second site at the Institute of Forestry (IOF) lo- ical control program in the U.S. Chinese privet is cated in the north of Huangshan city. Chinese considered a good candidate for classical biological privet plants in these sites grew semi-naturally control because it has no known biological control but were near agricultural lands where they were agents capable of lowering its pest status in North more likely to be disturbed by local residents. America (The Nature Conservancy 2004), and no (3) Planted sites included 1 site in She County native Ligustrum spp. occur there. Johnson & east of Huangshan city. The other site was in the Lyon (1991) list at least 27 species of insects or center of Huangshan city. Chinese privets in mites that feed on Ligustrum spp. in the United these sites were abundant and planted as orna- States, however, none suppress populations of this mental shrubs along roads. All plants were small plant in forests. In contrast, based on published periodically pruned shrubs less than 1.5 m tall. records, China appears to have a rich complex of natural enemies that attack Ligustrum spp. Systematic Sampling (Zheng et al. 2004) and the potential for finding a biological control agent is high. However, little is At each site, 10 Chinese privet plants were known about their relative abundance and impact randomly selected for sampling, marked with on their host plant. Therefore, a cooperative pro- stakes and surrounded by a circle of colored tape gram was initiated in 2005 to survey for natural and a sign to prevent human disturbance and for 374 Florida Entomologist 91(3) September 2008 ease of relocation.
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