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Report Resumes REPORT RESUMES ED 020 413 VT 005 256 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION FOR RURAL AMERICA. YEARBOOK, BY- SWANSON, GORDON I. NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSN., WASHINGTON. D.C. PUB DATE 59 EDRS PRICE HF-S1.50HC NOT AVAILABLE FROM EDRS. 355P. DESCRIPTORS- RURAL AREAS, *VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, *RURAL EDUCATION; EDUCATIONAL HISTORY, EDUCATIONAL FINANCE, PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIONIAGRICULTURAL EDUCATION,BUSINESS EDUCATION, DISTRIBUTIVE EDUCATION, HOMEMAKING EDUCATION, TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION, INDUSTRIAL ARTS, OCCUPATIONAL GUIDANCE, EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS! *REFERENCE A YEARBOOK ADVISORY COMMITTEE, APPOINTED BY NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION'S DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION AND AMERICAN. VOCATIONAL ASSOCIATION MEMBERS, APPROVED THE OUTLINE, ASSISTED IN SELECTING AUTHORS, AND REVIEWED MANUSCRIPTS FOR THIS'YEARBOOK ON VOCATIONAL EDUCATION FOR RURAL AREAS. THE DISCUSSION IS IN TERMS OF THE UNIFYING THEME THAT DESCRIBES THE PROBLEMS OF RURAL EDUCATION-THE MALDISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN, ECONOMIC, AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. PART I, WHICH TREATS THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IS OFFERED IN AMERICAN SOCIETY, COVERS ITS HISTORY, AFFECTING FORCES, PROBLEMS OF ACCOMMODATION, INSTRUCTIONAL LEVELS, FINANCE, ADMINISTRATION, AND ITS FUTURE. PART II PRESENTS THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN 1) AGRICULTURAL, BUSINESS, DISTRIBUTIVE, HOMEMAKING, TRADES AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION,(2) INDUSTRIAL ARTS, AND (3) VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE. THE FINAL CHAPTER EXAMINES THE CRITICAL ISSUES IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. OFFICIAL RECORDS AND LISTS OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION ARE LISTED. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FOR $4.00 FROM DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION, NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, 1201 SIXTEENTH STREET, N.W.t.WASHINGTON, D.C. 20006. (JM) PROCESS WITH MICROFICHE AND PUBLISHER'S PRICES. MICRO- FICHE REPRODUCTION ONLY. PROCESS WITHMICROFICHE PUBLISHER'S AND PRICES. MICRO- FICHE REPRODUCTIONONLY. Vocational Education for Rural America I lid Edited by GORDON I. SWANSON U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION co THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE -PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS m STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION Nationa: Education Association of the United States 1201 Sixteenth Street, Northwest, Washington 6, D.C. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted work has been granted to the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) and to the organization operating undercontract with the Office to Education to reproduce documents in- cluded in the ERIC system by means of microfiche only, but this right is not conferred to any users of the micro- fiche received from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. Further reproduction of any part requiresper- mission of the copyright owner. COPYRIGHT 1959 NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION Library of Congress Catalogue Number:-59-14673 E. E. Published by the Department of Rural Education of the National Education Association as a service to its members. Additional copies may be ordered from the National Education Association. Sales price per copy, $4. Discounts on quantity orders: 10 percent on 2-9 copies and 20 percent on 10 or more copies; 20 percent to book stores and other agencies for resale purposes. All orders which amount to $1 or less must be accompanied by funds in payment. Carriage charges will be made on all orders not ac- companied by funds in payment. Address communi- cations and make checks payable to the National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington 8, D. C. Ert FOREWORD Rural education is not so much a field of specialization per se as it is the application of many fields of specialization to situations which have certain unique problems and characteristics. Its primary concern is that the educational programs provided for rural children and communities shall not be limited or less adequate just because of circumstances affecting life outside larger urban centers. It is difficult, almost impossible, to delimit rural education, since nearly all problems which arise from efforts to provide adequate educational opportunities in smaller communities impinge on and merge with the concerns of others. In a very real sense, any of the existing inadequacies of educational programs in rural areas can be resolved only as the problems which face education as a whole are recognized and attacked through cooperation and mutual reenforce- ment. This Yearbook is a product of cooperative efforts.It brings to- gether the knowledge, experience, perceptions, and concerns of leaders in many phases of education. It is an assemblage of facts and ideas clustered around the general theme of Vocational Education for Rural America. Its title hints at the problems that are squarely confronted in its chapters. The bounds of knowledge and requirements in vocational skills have expanded to such an extent and the demand for specialization has pressed so compellingly that it is extremely difficult for anyone today to get an integrated and meaningful grasp of the world of work around him._ The vast array of available vocations requires more than ordinary poise and perspective in order to make an intelligent initial choice. Providing instruction that prepares each individual for competent and rewarding performance in a chosen vocation requires the best that any educational system can offer. But educational opportunity seems always to be offered with certain restrictions. There are restrictions in boundaries of school organization, in financial resources, and in the availability of teach- ers. These are restrictions that result from the inability of the educational enterprise to prevent a lag as it adjusts itself to change and developing technology. Many of these restrictionsare found in rural areas, and, indeed, in many rural schools the lack of voca- tional education is the most severe educational shortcoming. In the pages of this Yearbook, one will find discussedsome of the hazards and annoyances of vocational education along with its contributions, opportunities, and durable satisfactions. A discerning reader may well discover differing points of view, since each author has undertaken to write imaginatively and creatively. The resulthas been continuity without cumulativeness. The authors of this volumeare not eager to squander a cultural heritage that has obtained much of its direction from pridein community and pride in workmanship. Theyare interested in a balanced, growing educationalprogramone that does not require "crash programming"or "five-year plans" for any aspect of educa- tion. Each of the aspects of vocational educationis examined and viewed in its role of preparing individnals for thefuture. It becomes a privilege for anyone in a position of leadership to consider these towering possibilities. M. D. MOBLEY HOWARD A. DAWSON Executive Secretary Executive Secretary American Vocational Department of Rural Education, NEA Association iv try M. ON CONTENTS Page Foreword iii Yearbook Committee vi Development of the Yearbook vii Acknowledgements Part I Chapter 1.Vocational Education in the Past and Present Culture.... 3 2.Forces Affecting Vocational Education in Rural America. .19 3.Problems of Accommodating Vocational Education 37 . Vocational Aspects of Elementary Education 51 5.Vocational Education for Rural Adults 63 6.Financing Vocational Education 79 7.Administering Vocational Education 117 8.The Expanding Horizon in Vocational Education 139 Part II 9.Vocational Education in Rural Community Areas 155 10.Agricultural EducationIts Contributions and Opportunities 171 11.Business EducationIts Contributions and Opportunities193 12.Distributive EducationIts Contributions and Opportu- nities 211 13.HomemakingIts Contributions and Opportunities 237 14.Trade and Industrial EducationIts Contributions and Opportunities 253 15.Industrial ArtsIts Contributions and Opportunities 269 16.Vocational GuidanceIts Contributions and Opportunities281 17. CriticalIssues in Vocational Education 299 Official Records, Department of Rural Education ..309 Roster of Members ..317 Indexes ..347 YEARBOOK ADVISORY COMMITTEE CORDON I. SWANSON, Chairman Associate Professor, College of Education, University ofMinnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota LOWELL A. Bum Err, Assistant Executive Secretary,American Vocation- al Association, Washington, D. C. H. 0. CARLTON, Director, North Georgia Tradeand Vocational School, Clarkesville, Georgia Lois M. CLARK, Assistant Secretary.Department of Rural Education, National Education Association, Washington, D.C. HOWARD A. DAWSON, Executive Secretary,Department of Rural Educa- tion, National Education Association, Washington, D.C. CATHERINE DENNIS, Supervisor of HomeEconomics, State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, NorthCarolina ROBERT M. ISENBERG, Assistant Secretary,Department of Rural Educa- tion, National Education Association, Washington,D. C. WILLIAM B. LOGAN, Head, TeacherTraining, Distributive Education, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio M. D. MOBLEY, Executive Secretary,American Vocational Association, Washington, D. C. L. J. PHIPPS, Assistant AgricultureTeacher Trainer, University of Illi- nois, Urbana H. 0. THOMAS, Supervisor, IndustrialArts, State Department of Educa- tion, Baton Rouge, Louisiana ARTHUR L. WALKER, Vice President,American Vocational Association,' State Department of Education, Richmond,Virginia vi -1^ DEVELOPMENT OF THE YEARBOOK Interest
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