CMR NI Radio Charts

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

CMR NI Radio Charts Radio and audio content Figure 3.1 Number of community radio stations on air, 2006-2012 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 England 29 72 95 126 146 160 159 UK 36 90 123 163 184 199 197 Wales Northern Ireland Scotland 20 18 18 18 18 15 12 12 12 11 11 9 9 10 8 8 8 8 7 6 4 5 3 3 1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Ofcom, April 2012 36 Figure 3.2 Availability of radio stations in Northern Ireland Digital Analogue 14 12 10 8 13 6 12 10 4 8 5 2 4 3 0 BBC local/national National commercial Local commercial Community licences Source: Ofcom, April 2012 Note: This chart shows the maximum number of stations available in each area; local variations along with reception issues mean that listeners may not be able to access all of these 37 Figure 3.3 Ownership of DAB digital radios Figure above bar shows % point change in Percentage of respondents DAB sets in household from Q1 2011 +1 -6 +1 -2 +2 -5 -6 45% 30% 38 40 15% 29 29 28 22 25 22 22 18 19 19 0% UK 2012 N Ireland England Scotland Wales NI urban NI rural N Ireland N Ireland N Ireland N Ireland N Ireland 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Q4. You said earlier that you have (NUMBER) radio sets in your home that someone in the household listens to in most weeks. How many of these radio sets are digital radios? Source: Ofcom research, Quarter 1 2012 Base: Adults aged 16+ who listen to radio (n = 2963 UK, 405 Wales, 1790 England, 364 Scotland, 404 Northern Ireland, 191 Wales urban, 214 Wales rural, 638 Wales 2008, 848 Wales 2009, 854 Wales 2010, 397 Wales 2011, 405 Wales 2012) Note: Remaining percentages are Don’t know responses. NB. Data in 2011 based on those who listen to radio and have any radio sets in the household that someone listens to in most weeks. 38 Figure 3.4 Share of radio listening hours via digital and analogue platforms: 2011 Digital listening year on year (percentage points) +3.1 +3.0 +2.4 +3.8 +2.9 100% 8% 8% 7% 5% 6% 17% 27% 25% 80% 28% 29% Not stated 60% Digital 40% 76% 69% 65% 64% 68% Analogue 20% 0% UK England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Source: RAJAR, All adults (15+), year ended Q4 2011 39 Figure 3.5 Average weekly reach and listening hours: year to Q4 2011 England Scotland Wales Northern UK TOTAL Ireland Average weekly listening 22.5 hours 21.4 hours 23.2 hours 22.0 hours 22.5 hours Reach 91.1% 87.3% 93.2% 90.1% 91% Source: RAJAR, All adults (15+), year ended Q4 2011. Reach is defined as a percentage of the area adult population who listen to a station for at least 5 minutes in the course of an average week. 40 Figure 3.6 Share of listening hours, by nation: year to Q4 2011 Audience share 100% 2% 2% 1% 8% 2% 25% 31% 31% Other 80% 40% 38% 13% Local/Nations 60% 12% 12% Commercial 12% 9% 13% 9% 9% UK Commercial 40% 8% 22% BBC Local/Nations 47% 49% 46% 20% 37% BBC Network 24% 0% England Scotland Wales N Ireland UK Source: RAJAR, All adults (15+), year ended Q4 2011 Note: BBC Local/Nations includes: BBC Radio Scotland & Radio nan Gàidheal; BBC Radio Wales & Radio Cymru, and BBC Radio Ulster & Radio Foyle 41 Figure 3.7 Weekly reach for national / local BBC services Change on previous year (percentage points) -0.3 +1.5 +1.1 -1.3 -0.2 -1.1 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 38% 15% 23% 24% 10% 19% 18% 5% 5% 0% BBC Local Radio BBC Radio BBC Radio BBC Radio BBC Radio BBC Radio in England Ulster/Foyle Scotland/Radio Wales/Cymru Wales Cymru nan Gàidheal Source: RAJAR, All adults (15+), year ended Q4 2011 Note: BBC Local/Nations includes: BBC Radio Scotland & Radio nan Gàidheal; BBC Radio Wales & Radio Cymru, and BBC Radio Ulster & Radio Foyle 42 Figure 3.8 Local/nations radio spend and revenue per head of population 2011 Annual change shown above bars UK nations average England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland 14 +£1.34 12 +£0.22 10 -£0.04 -£0.36 8 -£0.05 -£0.20 +£0.01 £13.27 +£0.18 6 £11.17 -£0.01 4 £7.57 £0.00 £7.33 £6.53 £6.72 Radio revenue/spend £6.25 per head(£ per capita) per £5.59 2 £3.86 £2.83 0 BBC local/nations programme spend 2011-12 Local commercial radio revenue 2011 Source: Broadcasters Note: The UK total shows the average for local commercial radio across the four nations and therefore excludes revenues for the UK-wide commercial stations: Classic FM, talkSPORT and Absolute. 43.
Recommended publications
  • BBC Radio Scotland’S Delivery of the BBC’S Public Purposes
    BBC Nations Radio Review BBC Nations Radio Review Quantitative audience research assessing BBC Radio Scotland’s delivery of the BBC’s Public Purposes Prepared for September 20 2011 Prepared by Kantar Media: Trevor Vagg, Sara Reid and Julia Harrison. Ref: 45110564. © Kantar Media. Contact: 020 7656 5500 All rights reserved www.kantarmedia.com www.kantarmedia.com reserved P a g e | 2 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Explanation of Public Purposes and performance gaps.............................................................. 4 2. Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 6 3. Overall performance measures for BBC Radio Scotland............................................................... 10 3.1 Overall impression of BBC Radio Scotland ................................................................................ 10 3.2 Likelihood to miss BBC Radio Scotland ..................................................................................... 12 3.3 Perceived value for money of BBC Radio Scotland ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TV & Radio Channels Astra 2 UK Spot Beam
    UK SALES Tel: 0345 2600 621 SatFi Email: [email protected] Web: www.satfi.co.uk satellite fidelity Freesat FTA (Free-to-Air) TV & Radio Channels Astra 2 UK Spot Beam 4Music BBC Radio Foyle Film 4 UK +1 ITV Westcountry West 4Seven BBC Radio London Food Network UK ITV Westcountry West +1 5 Star BBC Radio Nan Gàidheal Food Network UK +1 ITV Westcountry West HD 5 Star +1 BBC Radio Scotland France 24 English ITV Yorkshire East 5 USA BBC Radio Ulster FreeSports ITV Yorkshire East +1 5 USA +1 BBC Radio Wales Gems TV ITV Yorkshire West ARY World +1 BBC Red Button 1 High Street TV 2 ITV Yorkshire West HD Babestation BBC Two England Home Kerrang! Babestation Blue BBC Two HD Horror Channel UK Kiss TV (UK) Babestation Daytime Xtra BBC Two Northern Ireland Horror Channel UK +1 Magic TV (UK) BBC 1Xtra BBC Two Scotland ITV 2 More 4 UK BBC 6 Music BBC Two Wales ITV 2 +1 More 4 UK +1 BBC Alba BBC World Service UK ITV 3 My 5 BBC Asian Network Box Hits ITV 3 +1 PBS America BBC Four (19-04) Box Upfront ITV 4 Pop BBC Four (19-04) HD CBBC (07-21) ITV 4 +1 Pop +1 BBC News CBBC (07-21) HD ITV Anglia East Pop Max BBC News HD CBeebies UK (06-19) ITV Anglia East +1 Pop Max +1 BBC One Cambridge CBeebies UK (06-19) HD ITV Anglia East HD Psychic Today BBC One Channel Islands CBS Action UK ITV Anglia West Quest BBC One East East CBS Drama UK ITV Be Quest Red BBC One East Midlands CBS Reality UK ITV Be +1 Really Ireland BBC One East Yorkshire & Lincolnshire CBS Reality UK +1 ITV Border England Really UK BBC One HD Channel 4 London ITV Border England HD S4C BBC One London
    [Show full text]
  • Service Review
    Delivering Quality First in Northern Ireland DELIVERING QUALITY FIRST IN NORTHERN IRELAND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The BBC in Northern Ireland aims to bring the highest quality, most distinctive programmes and services to local audiences, reflecting the diversity of its cultures, communities and languages, and informing, educating and entertaining all its citizens. Our ambition is to deliver content driven by the unique needs of our local audiences, fulfilling the BBC’s public purposes within the context of political, economic and social change in Northern Ireland. The capacity to evaluate and reflect a Northern Ireland society during this period of significant transformation is at the heart of our proposition. Northern Ireland-specific output such as BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle is extremely popular and highly distinctive. On television, BBC Newsline and the current affairs programme Spotlight combine with live sports coverage and a wide range of non-news programming such as The Estate, Belfast Blitz and House of the Year to deliver significant value to local audiences. In the first quarter of 2011, ten of BBC One Northern Ireland’s top twenty programmes were locally made Northern Ireland programmes. Within a very competitive television news market, the BBC’s television news specifically for Northern Ireland audiences (BBC Newsline) is highly trusted and valued by our audience. When the BBC’s programmes for Northern Ireland audiences opt into the BBC One and BBC Two network schedules, they consistently add to the overall channel performance. BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle reaches on average almost 38% of the Northern Ireland adult population each week – amongst the highest reach of all of the BBC’s national and local radio services.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Operating Licence for the BBC's UK Public Services
    Draft operating licence for the BBC’s UK Public Services For consultation Draft operating licence for the BBC’s UK Public Services About this document [NOTE: this document is a draft of the BBC’s operating licence for consultation.] This is the operating licence for the BBC’s UK Public Services. It sets the regulatory conditions that Ofcom considers appropriate for requiring the BBC to fulfil its Mission and promote the Public Purposes; to secure the provision of distinctive output and services; and to secure that all BBC audiences in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are well served. The BBC must comply with the regulatory conditions in this licence. Ofcom can take enforcement action in the event of non-compliance. A separate document is available for audiences in each of the United Kingdom’s nations which sets out the regulatory conditions that apply specifically to the BBC’s services in that nation. Draft operating licence for the BBC’s UK Public Services Contents Section Page 1 The Licence 1 Schedules Page 1 Regulatory conditions 9 2 Definitions and interpretation 23 3 Summary of regulatory conditions 26 4 The UK Public Services 33 Draft operating licence for the BBC’s UK Public Services Section 1 1 The Licence This is the operating licence for the BBC’s UK Public Services (the “Licence”). Ofcom has set the Licence in exercise of its functions under the Royal Charter for the continuance of the British Broadcasting Corporation (the “Charter”) and the Agreement between the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, and the BBC (the “Agreement”), pursuant to section 198 of the Communications 20031.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio/Audio Slides for CMR11
    3. Radio and audio 0 Figure 3.1 UK radio industry key metrics UK radio industry 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Weekly reach of radio (% of population) 90.0% 89.8% 89.8% 89.5% 89.8% 90.6% Average weekly hours per head 21.6 21.2 20.6 20.1 19.8 20.1 BBC share of listening 54.5% 54.7% 55.0% 55.7% 55.3% 55.2% Total industry revenue £1,118m £1,126m £1,174m £1,137m £1,092m £1,123m Commercial revenue £530m £512m £522m £488m £432m £438m BBC expenditure £588m £614m £652m £649m £660m £685m Radio share of advertising spend 3.3% 3.0% 2.9% 2.8% 2.8% 2.7% DAB digital radio take-up (households) 11.1% 16.0% 22.3% 29.7% 33.4% 35.8% Source: RAJAR (all adults age 15+), Ofcom calculations based on figures in BBC Annual Report and Accounts 2010/11 note 2c (www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport), AA/Warc, broadcasters. Revenue figures are nominal. Figure 3.2 Radio industry revenue and spending 2005-2010 £ million 1174 1200 1118 1126 1137 1092 1123 1000 522 438 Total commercial 530 512 488 432 800 600 400 652 649 660 685 BBC expenditure 588 614 (estimated) 200 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: Ofcom / operator data / BBC Annual Report 2005-2010 Note: BBC expenditure figures are estimated by Ofcom based on figures in Note 2c of the BBC Annual Report (www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport); figures in the chart are rounded and are nominal.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiocentre's Response to the BBC Trust Review of the BBC's National Radio Stations in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales
    RadioCentre’s response to the BBC Trust review of the BBC’s national radio stations in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales 1. Executive summary 1.1. We welcome the fact that a significant degree of scrutiny is being applied to the BBC Nations services, via the BBC Trust’s ongoing service licence review process. The Nations services were largely overlooked during the 2010 BBC Strategy Review process – we considered this to be unfortunate given the relatively high level of licence fee funding invested in them, their potential market impact, and - most importantly - their disproportionate political and social importance. 1.2. The BBC’s radio services in the Nations – BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle (Northern Ireland), BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio nan Gàidheal (Scotland), BBC Radio Wales and BBC Radio Cymru (Wales) – should embody the ideals of public service broadcasting: that is, providing distinctive, high quality, informative speech content that adds significant value to the body politic. 1.3. We believe that the BBC’s Nations services do largely fulfil this role. However, aspects of these services fail to meet such high standards, in the following areas: ‐ Music/speech output. The service licences of the English language Nations services state that they should be ‘speech-led’, yet they all broadcast a significant amount of music during daytime. We believe that the service licences of all English language BBC Nations services should be amended, to require them to broadcast 100% speech during daytime. ‐ Audience profile. The English language Nations services currently lack a target age demographic. We believe that all BBC Radio service licences should contain a specific target age range, in order to ensure maximisation of public value and avoid duplication with the commercial sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Channel Guide July 2019
    CHANNEL GUIDE JULY 2019 KEY HOW TO FIND WHICH CHANNELS YOU CAN GET 1 PLAYER 1 MIXIT 1. Match your package 2. If there’s a tick in 3. If there’s a plus sign, it’s to the column your column, you available as part of a 2 MIX 2 MAXIT get that channel Personal Pick collection 3 FUN PREMIUM CHANNELS 4 FULL HOUSE + PERSONAL PICKS 1 2 3 4 5 6 101 BBC One/HD* + 110 Sky One ENTERTAINMENT SPORT 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 100 Virgin Media Previews HD 501 Sky Sports Main Event HD 101 BBC One/HD* 502 Sky Sports Premier League HD 102 BBC Two HD 503 Sky Sports Football HD 103 ITV/STV HD* 504 Sky Sports Cricket HD 104 Channel 4 505 Sky Sports Golf HD 105 Channel 5 506 Sky Sports F1® HD 106 E4 507 Sky Sports Action HD 107 BBC Four HD 508 Sky Sports Arena HD 108 BBC One HD/BBC Scotland HD* 509 Sky Sports News HD 109 Sky One HD 510 Sky Sports Mix HD + 110 Sky One 511 Sky Sports Main Event 111 Sky Witness HD 512 Sky Sports Premier League + 112 Sky Witness 513 Sky Sports Football 113 ITV HD* 514 Sky Sports Cricket 114 ITV +1 515 Sky Sports Golf 115 ITV2 516 Sky Sports F1® 116 ITV2 +1 517 Sky Sports Action 117 ITV3 518 Sky Sports Arena 118 ITV4 + 519 Sky Sports News 119 ITVBe + 520 Sky Sports Mix 120 ITVBe +1 + 521 Eurosport 1 HD + 121 Sky Two + 522 Eurosport 2 HD + 122 Sky Arts + 523 Eurosport 1 123 Pick + 524 Eurosport 2 + 124 GOLD HD 526 MUTV + 125 W 527 BT Sport 1 HD + 126 alibi 528
    [Show full text]
  • RESEARCH to EXPLORE PUBLIC VIEWS ABOUT the BBC: APPENDICES for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport
    RESEARCH TO EXPLORE PUBLIC VIEWS ABOUT THE BBC: APPENDICES For the Department for Culture, Media and Sport Prepared by: GfK Social Research Appendices: contents Qualitative Discussion Guide and Stimulus ........................................................................... 3 Objective area 1 discussion guide and stimulus: group discussions ......................... 3 Objective area 1 discussion guide and stimulus: telephone depth interviews ....... 13 Objective area 2 discussion guide and stimulus: group discussions ....................... 18 Objective area 3 discussion guide and stimulus ............................................................. 30 Quantitative questionnaires ...................................................................................................... 44 First survey ................................................................................................................................ 44 Second survey .......................................................................................................................... 50 Qualitative Discussion Guide and Stimulus There were three strands of qualitative research, reflecting three strands of objectives: Objective Area 1: gathering views of the BBC amongst underserved audiences. Objective Area 2: exploring the Charter Review consultation themes amongst the general public. Objective Area 3: investigating attitudes towards willingness to pay for BBC services, and reaction to funding models amongst the general public. Separate discussion guides
    [Show full text]
  • BBC Radio Ulster: Public Service Radio in Northern Ireland’S Divided Society
    BBC Radio Ulster: Public Service Radio in Northern Ireland’s divided society Phil Ramsey, Ulster University [email protected] http://ulster.academia.edu/PhilRamsey | http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-489X Published as: Ramsey, P. (2016). BBC Radio Ulster: Public Service Radio in Northern Ireland’s divided society. Journal of Radio and Audio Media. 23(1): 144–163. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2016.1155027) Abstract BBC radio has been broadcast in Northern Ireland since shortly after the establishment of the country in the early 1920s. Throughout this period it has been faced by the challenge of how to deliver public service radio in a divided society, one that has for many years experienced violent conflict. Today as BBC Radio Ulster, the station has the highest audience reach of any BBC network radio service or those nations services in Scotland and Wales. This article outlines how BBC policy serves to deliver this performance, by examining a BBC Trust Service Review in relation to culture and diversity. Keywords: BBC Radio Ulster; BBC Northern Ireland; BBC policy; BBC Trust; BBC nations; Radio; Public service broadcasting; Public Service Media; History of Northern Ireland. BBC Radio Ulster: Public Service Radio in Northern Ireland’s divided society Introduction Writing in 1996, Des Cranston argued “Let there be no ambiguity: it is wireless broadcasting that provides the continuity for the seventy years of the BBC in Northern Ireland” (Cranston, 1996, p.35). Now almost twenty years later, with the BBC having passed its ninetieth anniversary of broadcasting in Northern Ireland (NI), BBC radio broadcasting continues to play an important role within public service broadcasting (PSB) in NI (Moore, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Domain Stationid Station UDC Performance Date Number of Days
    Number of days Total Per Amount Amount Performance Domain StationId Station UDC processed Minute from from Public Date for Rate Broadcast Reception distribution RADIO BR ONE BBC RADIO 1 B0001 CENSUS 92 £12.2471 £7.3036 £4.9435 RADIO BR TWO BBC RADIO 2 B0002 CENSUS 92 £25.4860 £25.3998 £0.0862 RADIO BR1EXT BBC 1XTRA CENSUS B0106 CENSUS 92 £2.8113 £2.7199 £0.0914 RADIO BRASIA BBC ASIAN NETWORK (CENSUS) B0064 CENSUS 92 £3.6951 £3.3058 £0.3892 RADIO BRBEDS BBC THREE COUNTIES RADIO (CENSUS) B0065 CENSUS 92 £0.2445 £0.2442 £0.0003 RADIO BRBERK BBC RADIO BERKSHIRE (CENSUS) B0103 CENSUS 92 £0.1436 £0.1435 £0.0002 RADIO BRBRIS BBC RADIO BRISTOL (CENSUS) B0066 CENSUS 92 £0.1532 £0.1531 £0.0002 RADIO BRCAMB BBC RADIO CAMBRIDGESHIRE (CENSUS) B0067 CENSUS 92 £0.1494 £0.1493 £0.0002 RADIO BRCLEV BBC RADIO TEES (CENSUS) B0068 CENSUS 92 £0.1478 £0.1477 £0.0002 RADIO BRCMRU BBC RADIO CYMRU B0011 CENSUS 92 £0.5707 £0.5690 £0.0017 RADIO BRCORN BBC RADIO CORNWALL (CENSUS) B0069 CENSUS 92 £0.1535 £0.1534 £0.0002 RADIO BRCOVN BBC RADIO COVENTRY AND WATWICKSHIRE(CENSUS) B0070 CENSUS 92 £0.1023 £0.1022 £0.0001 RADIO BRCUMB BBC RADIO CUMBRIA (CENSUS) B0071 CENSUS 92 £0.1085 £0.1084 £0.0001 RADIO BRCYMM BBC RADIO CYMRU 2 B0114 CENSUS 92 £0.5707 £0.5690 £0.0017 RADIO BRDEVN BBC RADIO DEVON (CENSUS) B0072 CENSUS 92 £0.2421 £0.2419 £0.0003 RADIO BRDRBY BBC RADIO DERBY (CENSUS) B0073 CENSUS 92 £0.1535 £0.1534 £0.0002 RADIO BRESSX BBC ESSEX (CENSUS) B0074 CENSUS 92 £0.2091 £0.2089 £0.0002 RADIO BRFIVE BBC FIVE LIVE B0005 CENSUS 92 £10.0855 £10.0811 £0.0044 RADIO BRFOYL
    [Show full text]
  • BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle’S Delivery of the BBC’S Public Purposes
    BBC Nations Radio Review BBC Nations Radio Review Quantitative audience research assessing BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle’s delivery of the BBC’s Public Purposes Prepared for September 20 2011 Prepared by Kantar Media: Trevor Vagg, Sara Reid and Julia Harrison. Ref: 45110564. © Kantar Media. Contact: 020 7656 5500 All rights reserved www.kantarmedia.com www.kantarmedia.com reserved P a g e | 1 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Explanation of Public Purposes and performance gaps.............................................................. 4 2. Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 6 3. Overall performance measures for BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle ........................................................... 9 3.1 Overall impression of BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle ............................................................................ 9 3.2 Likelihood to miss BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle ............................................................................... 10 3.3 Perceived value for money of BBC Radio Ulster/Foyle ............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Opinion: the Future of AM Radio England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
    Frequency Finder (www.frequencyfinder.org.uk) Opinion: The Future of AM Radio England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland Summary AM radio in the British Isles is now in terminal decline and may be discontinued completely during the mid-to-late 2020s. With the BBC subject to budget cuts and commercial stations vulnerable to a potential advertising recession, all broadcasters will be looking to reduce their AM transmission costs. Inevitably, those stations with a relatively small proportion of their listening via AM are likely to close their AM transmitters before those stations with much larger AM audiences. This article explores how this process could be managed smoothly so that AM transmission costs are gradually reduced in proportion to the number of listeners continuing to use AM. For high-power transmitters, substantial cost savings can be made by simply reducing the transmission power; a 50% reduction would have minimal impact on audience size. For low-power transmitters, there are two issues to consider: the audience size for each transmitter and the number of transmitters operating at that site. The more low-power transmitters that share a site, the lower the operating cost per transmitter. Thus, closure decisions should be based on cost per AM listener and coordination between different broadcasters is needed. With 26 major broadcasters’ AM transmitters closed in 2018, 33 closed in 2020 and at least 21 closing during 2021, this process has now begun. Background AM was the dominant listening medium for radio in the British Isles until the mid 1980s, when it was overtaken by FM. In the early 1990s, with improvements in FM coverage and wide access to FM radios, it was decided to mostly abandon simulcasting in the UK and launch new stations on AM.
    [Show full text]