THE ·OSLER·LI BRARY·NEWSLE TTER· NUMBER 110 · 2008 Osler Library of the History of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal (Québec)

• IN THIS ISSUE OSLER AND GRACE VISIT TRACADIE

IN THIS FALL ISSUE, ARTHUR Gryfe, pathologist at the Trillium Health Centre, Mississauga, n 1889, William Osler and writer, planning to create the by Arthur Gryfe Ontario, explores a mysterious decided, apparently at the definitive medical textbook, trip that William Osler and I eleventh hour, to change his would visit one of the two young W.W. Francis embarked summer travel plans. Instead of leprosaria in Canada. But why, of on to visit a leprosarium in New attending the annual meeting of all places, would he take an 11 Brunswick… in the company of the Canadian Medical Associa- year-old boy, and the woman he two unmarried ladies, one of tion in the beautiful mountainous would marry three years later? them destined to be his wife. setting of Banff, Alberta, he took Please read on! his 11 year old cousin, Billy Francis, and headed off to the Recent McGill Information leper colony at Tracadie in Studies graduate Jacqueline remote New Brunswick. He also Barlow describes her role in our arranged to rendezvous along the digital project, “The William way with the recently widowed Osler Photo Collection”, which Grace Revere Gross. Grace and involved cataloguing the photo- a friend, Sarah Woolley, ac- graphs assembled by Harvey companied Osler to Tracadie. Cushing, and subsequent Osler Billy decided to wait with friends staff, for on-line access, thanks to 30 miles away in Caraquet. generous funding from the It was the year before Osler McGovern Foundation. began writing his famous textbook, The Principles and Practice Dr. Chuck Roland who has just of Medicine, in which, he refers to published his biography of Dr. his trip to Tracadie. According to Archibald Malloch, the senior the time-honoured story, when member of three generations of Osler received the first copy of a family with close ties with the Principles in 1892, he tossed the Osler family, continues with his book into Grace’s lap and column, “Roland’s Canadian exclaimed, “There, take the darn Medical History Miniatures”. thing; now what are you going This issue’s candidate is geologist/ to do with the man?” They doctor Robert Bell. married three months later. Osler had previously proposed to And as is usual in the fall, we send Grace sometime between their you our annual appeal, with a visit to Tracadie and the book- report of the range of activities tossing incident, but she had that take place here, in large advised him to complete his Miss Sarah Woolley, William Osler, W.W. Francis measure, thanks to your help. writing first. and Grace Revere Osler, taken in 1889, William Osler It is easy to understand why Photo Collection, CUS_046-31_P Osler, the consummate physician •

·1· • and remained associated with the lazaretto until his death, 44 years later. When Smith moved to Tracadie in 1865, there were 21 patients in the lazaretto. It was very difficult to get people from the area to work there, and no proper nursing was available. In September 1868, six nuns from the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal were sent to the lazaretto, and under the name of Les Religieuses Hospitalières de Saint-Joseph à Tracadie, they and their suc- cessors served the establishment Back of photo, William Osler Photo Collection, CUS_046-31_PB for 97 years. Six months after the nursing sisters arrived, Dr. Smith’s position as Medical Super- When While searching for the answer visited Tracadie in 1889, he intendent was terminated to save Osler visited to that question, I serendipitously supported the theory that leprosy money. He and his wife, Helen, Tracadie in discovered a previously un- was infectious, possibly with moved to Chatham where he published letter from Osler to Dr. some hereditary predisposition.(2) opened a general practice. 1889, he Alfred Corbett Smith, an After an unsuccessful attempt However he retained his interest supported the attending physician to the to create a lazaretto on Sheldrake in leprosy and the leprosarium. lazaretto. This led to the Island, and with unremitting Two years later, in 1871, theory that discovery of four additional lobbying by the clergy and by Joseph-Auguste Babineau became leprosy was unpublished letters, directly family and friends of the lepers, the priest of the parish of infectious, associated with or resulting from a lazaretto was constructed at Tracadie, and as the Super- Osler’s visit, including two more Tracadie in 1849, where the intendent of the lazaretto and a possibly written by Osler himself. These patients would be close to home. member of the Board, he wielded with some letters significantly influenced However, the buildings were considerable power in the hereditary the management of leprosy small and poorly ventilated. running of the institution and in patients in Canada, the career of Three years later, they were the direction of the sisters. He predisposition. Dr. Smith, and the construction accidentally destroyed by fire. A decided who would be admitted of new living and hospital new lazaretto was constructed as a patient, and had control over facilities for the leprosy patients the following year. treatment. It was around this time and their care givers. This paper The lazaretto was under the that Mycobacterium leprae, the will discuss only briefly the management of a Provincial causative agent of leprosy, was history of leprosy in New Board of Health, each member of discovered by Norwegian phy- Brunswick and the lazaretto in which, possessed despotic power. sician G.H.A. Hansen. Tracadie, since these subjects Lepers were hunted like wild Before the 1870s were over, the have been described in other beasts, dragged away by an iron sisters’ authority was reduced. publications, most notably by hook attached to a long pole, Due to faulty diagnoses, patients Losier and Pinet in Children of handcuffed, and thrown into a with skin diseases other than Lazarus: The Story of the Lazaretto at prison, surrounded by a 12 foot leprosy had been admitted. Some Tracadie.(1) wall, surmounted by a row of remained for over a year. It Leprosy first appeared in New long spikes to prevent escape. became obvious that Babineau Brunswick around 1815. The When the Medical Super- and the nuns did not have primary source of infection in the intendent died suddenly in 1865, sufficient medical expertise. As a province is unknown. Until late 25 year old Dr. Alfred Corbett result, in October 1878, Smith in the 19th century, the medical Smith, a recent graduate of was appointed Consulting Physi- community was undecided if the Harvard Medical School and a cian to the lazaretto by the New disease was contagious, he- native of nearby Bathurst, N.B., Brunswick Legislature. He reditary, or both. When Osler was appointed to the position, advised on in-patient care, and • ·2· visited the lazaretto four times a Province, joined forces with Tracadie. The first mention that year, for which he received an them”.(3) he was about to head for New annual salary of $200 and travel The “doctor-friend in charge of Brunswick was a short, previously expenses. However he had no the leper colony” was Alfred unpublished letter, in Osler’s real jurisdiction in the hospital Corbett Smith, and the “friends” hand, to the Minister of the itself, but visited the surrounding with whom they “joined forces” Interior, sent from 83 Wellesley parishes, inspecting homes and were the recently widowed Grace Street, , and dated only, factories, and by “moral suasion”, Revere Gross and her closest “Monday”. It reads, removed suspected cases to the friend, Sarah Woolley. Osler had hospital. known Grace and her late Dear Sir, In 1880, the jurisdiction of the husband, Dr. Samuel Gross, for It is my intention to visit this lazaretto was transferred to the some time, and had often been a month the Lazaretto for Lepers Federal Department of Agri- guest in their home. After the at Tracadie. Could you kindly culture, after an investigation demise of Samuel, Osler con- send me an official letter in revealed conflicts of interest and tinued to see Grace frequently order to save any trouble there squabbles amongst Board mem- and often referred to her as “The might be in seeing the place. bers. The federal takeover of the Widow Gross”. lazaretto seemed to result in a In all editions of his textbook, Yours truly, sudden curiosity on the part of Principles and Practice of Medicine, William Osler the general public. Throughout Osler refers to his trip to Professor of Medicine Osler the 1880s, a steady stream of Tracadie. In the first edition, Johns Hopkins Univ. continued to reporters, politicians, and the published in 1892, he wrote, “An Baltimore (5) see Grace clergy made their way to the endemic focus [of leprosy] is at Tracadie hospital. The reports Tracadie, New Brunswick. A few It appears that when Osler frequently that appeared in the newspapers cases are also met with in Cape reached Toronto, on his intended and often and magazines were not flat- Breton, N.S. At Tracadie, which way to Alberta, he stopped to tering. is on a bay of the Gulf of St. visit relatives, learned that Grace referred to her During the summer of 1889, Lawrence, the disease is limited Gross was vacationing on Grand as “The William Osler relocated from to two or three counties which Manan Island, and decided to Widow Philadelphia to the newly opened are settled by French . travel instead to New Brunswick. Johns Hopkins Hospital in The disease was imported from The only account of his eastward Gross”. Baltimore. According to Harvey Normandy about the end of the journey from Toronto was Cushing’s biography, The Life of Sir last century. The cases are described years later by W.W. William Osler, “He got away by the confined to a lazaretto, to which Francis. end of August for a visit to they are sent so soon as the Osler and Billy Francis went Toronto, and from there in the disease is manifest. I made a visit from Toronto, via to company with his favourite to the settlement two years ago Portland, Maine and on to nephew, W.W. Francis, [11 year with the medical officer, A.A. Eastport, “where”, according to old Francis was actually his first- Smith (sic), of Chatham, at which Francis, “we waited impatiently cousin-once-removed] instead of time there were only eighteen for a boat from Grand Manan, proceeding to Banff, where the patients in the hospital. It is which was bringing two mys- Canadian Medical Association interesting to note that the terious friends to join us. The four was to meet, he for good and disease has gradually diminished of us made the rest of the trip sufficient reasons went to pay a by segregation; formerly there together, via St. John, Bathurst, visit to a doctor-friend in charge were over forty under sur- and a funny little railway thence of the leper colony at Tracadie, veillance.” In the second edition to Caraquet, on the Baie de on the Gulf of St. Lawrence in he corrected A.A. Smith to A.C. Chaleurs, where we were all put the very north-eastern corner of Smith. Osler continued to cor- up by a very charming family, the Province of New Brunswick. respond with Smith and in later with some girls who made a lot New Brunswick is not so large but editions, mentions statistics sent of me. Next day, the rest of them that some Philadelphia friends to him by Smith in 1898 and drove 30 miles to Tracadie and who were spending the summer 1904. inspected the colony of 18 lepers. on the Island of Grand Manan, There does not appear to be I was left behind with ‘cold feet’, off the southwest corner of the any indication that Osler ori- the result of heat, lobsters and ginally intended to travel to seeing some pictures of the ·3· • I would like to make with your permission, three sug- gestions.

First: The present accom- modation is not at all satisfactory. It is not right that …Dr. Smith the women affected – 8 in has been in number now – should be housed in a garret which communication though clean is altogether too with contracted & inadequate. Two physicians new wards should be built with proper conveniences. all over the world who Second: As the questions of the modes of infection, the are working exact nature &c of leprosy now at this subject become of imperial interest & he has and as the isolated Tracadie settlement offers very ex- the necessary ceptional opportunities for the technical skill solution of these problems, I to pursue would suggest the appoint- ment for a term of years of these enquiries some one who would give his entire time to the study of the disease as it exists in the infected regions. Your visiting officer Dr. Smith has been in lepers. When we got back to Sir communication with physi- Bathurst and the main line, the I made an inspection last cians all over the world who train was late, hot and crowded, month of the Lazaretto for are working at this subject & and the only accommodation left Lepers at Tracadie and there he has the necessary technical for W.O, and me and an are one or two points of public skill to pursue these enquiries enormously fat R.C. bishop was interest to which I should like – I know of no one more the smoking-room of the to direct the attention of the suitable for the position should Pullman. The bishop offered to department. you create it. climb up to the upper berth, but In the first place the we both looked at his girth, and experiment which has there Third: An energetic attempt he joined us in a laugh. W.O. and been carved out is of the should be made in the next five I shared the upper, and the bishop greatest importance as sho- years, by an annual house to snored horribly. We dropped our wing that the careful segrega- house inspection of the in- companions the next day at tion – even though incomplete fected counties, to isolate all Cacouna. Such is my childhood is sufficient to reduce greatly the cases. Ample power should recollection. Boiled down, I fear the number of cases & diminish be given to the officers to there is nothing in it but the fact the risk to the community. I remove patients and if ne- of the visit and that Mrs. Gross know of nothing more inte- cessary, in the case of workers, accompanied us”.(6) resting in the history of the government might pension The next letter, and the second modern Leprosy than the way for a time the children. in Osler’s hand, was to the in which at Tracadie the Minister of Agriculture and was disease has been gradually I feel certain that within written when Osler returned to limited & the number of twenty years Leprosy could be Johns Hopkins. It is dated patients reduced. Upon this stamped out in New Bruns- Baltimore, Sept. 22nd, 1889, and point the Government may be wick. What has been done reads: most heartily congratulated. indicates clearly what could be • ·4· Thanks for the goodness in sending on the letters to Mrs. Gross.

Sincerely yours Wm Osler(7)

The mention of “Mrs. Gross” at the end of the letter is the only reference by Osler that we have been able to find that Grace accompanied him to Tracadie, although her presence was confirmed by W.W. Francis, as noted previously. During the months of September and October 1889, Smith had had communications with John Carling and John Lowe, respectively the Minister I have to say and Deputy Minister of that I Agriculture, regarding mainly generally segregation of lepers. On October 21, 1889, a letter was hold with written from Dr. J.C. Taché, the Drs. Smith former Deputy Minister of Agriculture, to John Lowe. This and Osler, letter reads: that it is desirable to My dear Mr. Lowe : – done with thorough inspec- discovery of the other un- Concerning the questions provide for tion & additional police power. published letters. Typical of approached in Documents compulsory Osler, the letter is dated only, respectively numbered 70,653, means of The Sisters & Father Babineau “Baltimore, Monday 1889”. It 70,719 and 70,724, (Dr. Smith, are so devoted to the work that reads as follows: Dr. Smith, Dr. Osler) which seclusion with them there could be no herewith return to you, and on when serious trouble in the compul- Dear Dr. Smith which you demanded my sory segregation of all cases. I was away all last week & only opinion, I have to say that I persuasion had your message last eve on generally hold with Drs. Smith fails to bring I have the honour to be my return. I have written to the and Osler, that it is desirable it in due Yours truly Minister (3 pages) & urged: – to provide for compulsory William Osler MD, (1) the erection of more means of seclusion when time… F.R.C.P.(Lond) suitable buildings, (2) the persuasion fails to bring it in Professor of Medicine provision for a thorough study due time, and to secure by an Johns Hopkins University of the disease in the infected increase of the salary of the Baltimore(4) regions, (3) the attempt to visiting physician (Dr. Smith), stamp out by an annual a large portion, if not the whole Osler then wrote a letter to Dr. inspection with police power of his time for the discovery, A.C. Smith in Tracadie. This, in to remove to the lazaretto. I inspection and seclusion of fact, was the first of the have urged you as the most new cases of Leprosy within unpublished letters that we suitable person for the study & the Canadian territory. This discovered. It was located I have written a private letter opinion is not a new notion amongst Dr. Smith’s papers in the to Mr. Carling. I have lost my with me; oftentimes have I University of Moncton archives stenographer or I would send taken it up for consideration in in Shippagan, N.B., and was the you a copy. the course of my official life, impetus that led to the eventual coupled with the view that ·5· • take 11 year old Willy to the lazaretto. Osler and Grace kept their courtship a secret until the day of the wedding and neither left any letters or other accounts of their trip together to Tracadie. Osler mentions his visit to the lazaretto in all editions of his textbook, but nowhere does he mention his companions. Grace’s papers were destroyed after her death at her request. In the 21st century it is quite acceptable for an unmarried couple to travel together. Would it have been equally acceptable in Victorian 19th century?

The visit and letters undoubtedly References and Notes 1. Losier, M.J. and Pinet, C. Children played a role of Lazarus: The Story of the Lazaretto at in improving Tracadie. Canada National Library, 1999. the conditions 2. Osler, W. The Principles and Practice in the Letter from William Osler to J. Carling, of Medicine. Appleton, New York lazaretto Department of Agriculture, Canada, 1889 1892. pp. 256-259. 3. Cushing, H. The Life of Sir William and the Osler, Vol. 1. 1925. p. 319. treatment persons taken with Leprosy are Dominion of Canada, and to the 4. Letter from Osler, W. to Carling, of leprosy… not to be outlawed or treated stamping of it out of our J., 1889. Dept. of Agriculture, like criminals, or considered as country”.(9) Shortly thereafter Canada. General Correspondence objects of horror, but dealt Smith was hired as the full time Sept. 22-28, 1889. No. 70.724. with, as heretofore they have physician for the lazaretto, and 5. Letter Osler, W. to Minister of been, as unfortunates to be within a few years of Osler’s visit Dept. of the Interior, 1889. Dept. especially attended to, both in and letters, a new lazaretto was of Agriculture, Canada. General their and the public interest. constructed. Correspondence Aug.14-16, 1889. In conclusion, we describe here No. 70.354. J.C. Taché(8) five letters, discovered seren- 6. Cushing, H. The Life of Sir William dipitously, relating directly to Osler, Vol. 1. 1925. pp. 319-320. The fifth letter was written by Dr. William Osler‘s visit to the 7. Letter from Osler, W. to Smith, Alfred Smith on Oct. 31, 1889, lazaretto in Tracadie. Three of A.C., 1889. In the papers of to John Carling, the Minister of the letters were written by Osler Dr. A.C. Smith, University of Agriculture, stating that for a himself. The visit and letters Moncton Archives at Shippagan, fixed annual salary of six hundred undoubtedly played a role in N.B. dollars plus traveling expenses, he improving the conditions in the 8. Letter from Taché, J.C. to Lowe, would work full time at the lazaretto and the treatment of J., Oct. 21, 1889. Dept. of Agri- lazaretto. Smith states that he is leprosy in Canada, as well as the culture, Canada. willing to “devote all of my time career of Dr. A.C. Smith. How- 9. Letter from Smith, A.C. to Carling, and attention, in addition to any ever, we never did find an J., Oct. 31, 1889. Dept. of Agri- present duties in education with explanation why Osler took culture, Canada. General Corres- the Tracadie lazaretto, to the Grace, the woman he soon pondence Oct. 31 – Nov. 2, 1889. study of Leprosy in the married, or why he intended to No. 71.050. • ·6· Dealing as we do with poor were increasing his suffering. “IN OSLER’S suffering humanity, we see the Hospice care, in contrast, man unmasked, exposed to all provided him with the chance to FOOTSTEPS” the frailties and weaknesses, live the last few months of his life and you have to keep your accepting and preparing for A ONE DAY heart soft and tender lest you death, in part by consciously have too great a contempt for spending time with his family. COLLOQUY ON your fellow creatures. The best Andy DeAngelis is a younger …there way is to keep a looking-glass man who has lived with lamellar are two HEALING in your own heart, and the ichthyosis, a sometimes de- more carefully you scan your bilitating skin ailment. He too relationships by Chris Lyons own frailties the more tender described the frustrations of – between the you are for those of your fellow dealing with insensitive health doctor and ir William Osler means creatures. care providers, but more op- many things to many timistically noted how positive the patient S people – a great physician, Dr. Elpern stated that reading interactions with members of the and between a great researcher, a great teacher autobiographies about the medical profession have allowed and a great bibliophile. These illnesses of others, a genre called him to live a fulfilling life. the doctor myriad roles have inspired past pathography, helped him to Several medical speakers and the and present students and prac- remain in touch with “poor discussed their sense of what it disease. titioners in the art of healing. On suffering humanity” and provided means to be a healer. Dr. Thomas Saturday, September 27th 24 an education beyond what he Hutchinson, who is with the people gathered at the Osler received in academia. He said McGill Programs in Whole Library to consider the theme of that they allowed him to see the Person Care and who teaches in healing and the role of the healer. secret world of patients, their the physicianship programme, The background of the speakers suffering and their not always described the nature of the ranged from physicians, those pleasant feelings towards their doctor-patient relationship living with their own or a family care or caregivers. He illustrated which can help healing by being member’s illness, a minister/ this with a poem written by the aware that there are two therapist and yes, even a librarian. late comedian Gilda Radner in relationships – between the Dr. David Elpern, the co- her book about her battle with doctor and the patient and organiser of the colloquy and the ovarian cancer: between the doctor and the first speaker, set the day in a proper Oslerian context by Doctors are whippersnappers in ironed white coats quoting from an extemporaneous speech that Sir William gave in who spy up your rectums and look down your throats 1899 to medical students in And press you and poke you with sterilized tools Albany, New York. Osler had told the gathered students that: And stab at solutions that pacify fools. I used to revere them and do what they said There is a strong feeling abroad Till I learned what they learned on was already dead. among people – you see it in the newspapers – that we (It’s Always Something, Harper, 2000) doctors are given over now- adays to science; that we care This sense of patient alienation disease. Often practitioners cut much more for the disease and from health professionals themselves off from their patient its scientific aspects than for was expressed by two of the and focus on the disease in part the individual. I don’t believe other speakers. Deborah Golden to protect themselves from a it, but at any rate, whether the Alecson described how she was sense of failure if the curative tendency exists or not, I would frustrated by the medical profes- model doesn’t work. The irony is urge upon you in your own sion’s attempts to keep her that this kind of distancing practice, to care more parti- husband alive at all costs during actually can increase the like- cularly ... for the individual his struggle with pancreatic lihood of burnout since one then patient than for the special cancer despite an obvious lack of misses out on the positive aspects features of the disease ... success. Indeed the treatments of a good relationship with the ·7· • patient, regardless of the ultimate outcome. Dr. Bill Kober spoke of ROLAND’S the importance of using humour when working with patients, CANADIAN noting that U.S. author Kurt Vonnegut described it as the soul MEDICAL HISTORY seeking its release. Given that Sir William Osler humanised the relationship MINIATURES linked books between doctors and patients, current practitioners should not by Charles Roland to improved be afraid to use a new form of medical therapeutic relief, which he Robert Bell – Medical Geologist practice, not dubbed Osler’s laugh. Physician assistant Brian Mauer pointed out f you ever happen to be only in terms that everyone can benefit by standing on the bank looking of providing listening to the stories of others. I across Bell River, in north- Even Sir William Osler had to western Quebec, or seek a utilitarian deal with the tragedy of the loss campsite in Bell Island, in information of his own son. The theme of the Hudson Bay, you can impress Robert Bell. ISO, FRS, MD, CM, but also to wounded healer was also dis- your companions by pointing out DSc, LLD (1841-1917) cussed by the Reverend Bill that both geographical features inspire them Zeckhausen, a Congregational are named after a Canadian to develop a minister who is a therapist with physician. This man was Robert greater experience running physician Bell (1841-1917), a doctor who support groups. He felt that seems never to have actually nobility of having gone through trauma practiced medicine. emergencies that might arise in character. themselves gives doctors cre- Bell was descended from Scots the course of his exploratory dibility as healers. who came to Canada almost two journeys.” That would help to In addition to the pre- centuries ago. Both his father and explain his rather odd edu- sentations, participants were his father’s father were ministers cational history. Whether or not given a tour of the Osler Library of the Church of Scotland. The he ever utilized his training is along with a discourse on how Sir father, the Rev. Andrew Bell, was uncertain. He did attempt to William linked books to im- a pioneer of Canadian geology, teach, at Queen’s, and was found proved medical practice, not only and whether by nature or nurture to be incapable of maintaining in terms of providing utilitarian his son Robert followed the same order in his classes. Snowballs information but also to inspire path. and other items were thrown them to develop a greater One of the many fascinations about the room, students talked nobility of character. of Bell’s life is his unusual among themselves; of course, Part of what made the day feel educational history. After his first medical students were a pretty like such a success were the years at the grammar school in rough-and-ready lot in the mid- interesting questioning, dis- Prescott County, he went on to 19th-century. cussions and conversations that study at McGill. There he In 1873 he and William Osler took place both after each received his degree in Applied happened to be in London, presentation and during the Science in 1861 and his MD in England, at the same time. Bell breaks and lunch. Everyone was 1878. But he had joined the staff obviously was already known to particularly pleased to see a of the Geological Survey of Osler and he was interested in goodly number of medical and Canada in 1857, aged 16. And medicine. Osler once wrote to nursing students attend as it when he retired in 1908 he was him saying “if you feel inclined bespeaks an interest in this still with the Survey, his salary to see any practice I shall be most important topic. The Osler after 51 years having arrived at happy to show you around the Library was particularly delighted the munificent sum of $3,000 wards.” A decade later, Osler was to host this event as it gave us the annually. soliciting Indian skulls from Bell opportunity to propagate Sir According to one obituary to take with him for the William Osler’s enduring legacy. notice, Bell studied medicine so anthropological collections of as to be equipped “to meet Rudolf Virchow in Germany. • ·8· His connection with medicine knowledge of the Arctic were tenuous, Bell was a geologist first substantial. and last. He spent much of his Surprisingly, perhaps, despite adult life in the remotest parts of spending a substantial part of his Canada. His surveys took him life exploring northern Canada, through a great portion of Bell was married. Little seems to northern Quebec and Ontario, be known about his family life. the area around Hudson Bay, He lived in brief retirement in northern , Alberta, and , then on a farm he the Northwest Territories. purchased in Manitoba. There he Among the rivers he surveyed died in . were the Slave, Athabaska, Beaver, Churchill, Hayes, Nelson, Winnipeg, English, Nipigon, Moose, Harricanaw, Nottaway, and presumably the ANNUAL APPEAL Bell. He believed firmly in the economic good sense of ex- TO THE FRIENDS porting wheat to Europe via “Healing Hands” on pgs. 108-109 in Robert Pope’s Hudson Bay. 2008 Illness & Healing: Images of Cancer, 2004 Bell was not the typical heavy- handed European intruder in the he Healing Hands depicted wilderness. He learned to speak here is taken from a Ojibway and other aboriginal T woodcut done by Nova languages, so that he could Scotia artist Robert Pope (1956- converse with the native popu- 1992) who died after a ten year have received some stunning When lation. He was deeply interested battle with cancer. In his gifts. Added to this is the happy I think of this in the folklore of these people, discussion of this work he speaks opportunity each year, also past year, and collected native legends, of the healing power of hands, provided by our Friends, of many hundreds of them. His “The lines symbolize curative life conserving fragile works in order “energy” is intelligent and sympathetic energy flowing inside and outside to make them available to the word that interest was, evidently, appre- the body.” Hands are symbolic of researchers for years to come. ciated, for at Grand Lake, a library as well. We think of Remarkable projects include best describes Quebec, Bell was made an helping hands and hands on “The William Osler Photo what our honorary chief of the Algonquin experiences. The stained glass Collection” and the addition of staff and Indians. He was careful to seek window designed by Percy over 8,000 volumes covering the native names for geographical Nobbs in the Osler Room depicts period of 1850 to 1913 from the researchers features, and may have had the the heavenly hand and book, Life Sciences Library holdings in have good grace to be embarrassed symbolizing learning and scho- remote storage! displayed… when his own name was attached larship. When I think of this past to features that undoubtedly had year, “energy” is the word that A list of our recent purchases can earlier designations. Never- best describes what our staff and always be found on our web page, theless, he is credited with researchers have displayed but the following titles give you naming more than 3,000 lakes, thanks to the help of our Friends. a brief overview of the range of rivers, hills, valleys, and material that you can expect to mountains. This has been a great year for find here. A fascinating new In 1884, Bell was medical projects and for unusual and arrival is Medieval Islamic Medicine, officer and geologist (almost welcome gifts. We have con- Washington, 2007 by Peter E. certainly with the emphasis on tinued to purchase the incredible Pormann and Emilie Savage geologist) to the Neptune expe- books that are published each Smith that among other topics dition, and to the Alert expedition year on the history and social describes the interaction between the next year. Both expeditions studies of medicine, over 1,600 Islamic, Christian and Jewish were spared serious epidemic or volumes. We have been fortunate practitioners and sweeps away low-vitamin disorders, while the enough to purchase rare works to some of the cobwebs surrounding geological contributions to our fill gaps in our collection and we Islam’s contribution to medicine. ·9· • Body…, Edinburgh, 1799-1801 and Engravings from Specimens of Morbid Parts…, London, 1813. Another purchase is Anatomia per uso et intelligenza … del disegno…, Rome 1691 by Bernardino Genga (1620-1690), believed to be the best professional atlas of its time, published for artists. Wilhelm Braune’s (1831-1892) Topographisch -anatomischer Atlas, Leipzig, 1872, is a fine addition to a heavily used collection.

Over the last year Dr. William Feindel has added to our outstanding holdings of the works of Thomas Willis. These include: Cerebri anatome, cui accessit Over the nervorum…, London, 1664, the last year L to R: Mr. William Pope, Mrs. Pamela Miller, Prof. Carman Miller, first issue of the octavo edition; Mrs. Isabel Pope and Mrs. Janet Murray (photo by Dr. Jock Murray) Dr. William De anima brutorum quae hominis…, Oxford, 1672, also an octavo and Feindel has One of our most useful purchases in life-like anatomical models, Willis’ great work on comparative added to our is the New Dictionary of Scientific Flesh and Wax, the Clemente Susini’s neuroanatomy and the first work Biography, Editor-in-Chief Noretta Anatomical Models in the University of of medical psychology in outstanding Koertge, published by special Cagliari, edited by Allessandro England; The remaining medical works holdings of arrangement with the American Riva, Ilisso 2007, provides a of that famous and renowned physician the works of Council of Learned Societies highly illustrated folio volume Dr. Thomas Willis… “Englished by with Thomson Gale, 2008, an 8 that offers a detailed history of Samuel Pordage…” London, Thomas volume update of the 1970 wax modelling, focussing on the 1681, a folio, bound with Willis. edition. This edition includes artistic and scientific importance Pharmaceutice rationalis or an portraits of the subjects and as it of the work of Clemente Susini, exercitation of the operations…1679. is not available on-line, is well 1754-1814. Stanley Burns has To celebrate William Osler’s 159th worth consulting here. In presented us with his latest book birthday (and Dr. Feindel’s 90th) addition, Dr. Theodore Sourkes, in a series on medical photo- Dr. Feindel presented us with the Chairman of our Standing graphy, this one dedicated to third edition of René Descartes’ Committee, has contributed a Osler’s distinguished senior Opera philosophia, published in biography of J.L.W. Thudichum colleague and friend Silas Weir Amsterdam in 1656. to this new edition. Gerard W. Mitchell (1829-1914). Entitled Boychuk’s National Health Insurance Seeing Insanity, New York 2007, Emeritus Librarian, David Crawford, in the United States and Canada, Race, Dr. Burns uses photography to continues to add to our collection Territory, and the Roots of Difference, chart the history of psychiatry of hospital histories, particularly Georgetown University Press, with the hope that understanding very welcome histories of 2008, is intended to add a new past practices will promote the Canadian hospitals. dimension to the discussion of improvement of future treatment. why neighbours have taken a The Elliott family has donated 7 different approach to a burning Among the most exciting of our manuscript war diaries of Dr. question. Observing Bioethics by rare book purchases are two Harold Elliott, (1907-1973) Renée C. Fox and Judith P. works by Charles Bell (1774- McGill MDCM 1936, a neuro- Swazey, Oxford University Press, 1842). William Osler assembled surgeon who worked at the Royal 2008, examines the development a very good collection of Bell’s Victoria Hospital, the Montreal of this field (not uncritically) works, but somehow these eluded Neurological Institute and at the following World War II. At a time him: A System of Dissections, Montreal General Hospital. when there is a revival of interest Explaining the Anatomy of the Human During World War II, Dr. Elliott • ·10· Church and the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Canada in the name of several members of the Ludlow family. According to Michael Bliss, the Methodists were a real thorn in the side of Featherstone Osler due to their highly emotional approach to religion and their attacks on his church. Her gift to a member of a Methodist family demonstrates Ellen Osler’s missionary skill. (Our alert evaluator provided the stunning calculation from the date of the inscription that Ellen Osler was three months along in the pregnancy that produced William Osler!) The donor, Dr. Smith, is a descendant of the Her gift to a st Ludlow family. Letter from William Osler to Gertrude Flumerfeld (Trotula) Jefferson, April 1 , member of a 1910 (P100 Sir William Osler Collection) Donations of archives and Methodist artifacts this year include a served overseas with the No. 1 career in England in psychiatry. framed letter from William Osler family Canadian Neurological Hospital. She was a frequent guest of the in 1901 announcing to Mrs A.T. demonstrates His subsequent career centred on Oslers at Oxford, with whom she Carver, the very serious illness neurosurgery at the Montreal developed a warm friendship. with little hope of recovery, of Ellen Osler’s General Hospital concentrating Included in the gift are nine pages her brother. Patty Vogel and her missionary on the prevention of traffic of Gertrude Flumerfelt’s re- mother Mrs. Eleanor Bradsher are skill. accidents. The diaries are illus- collections of Osler. Harvey the donors (Mrs. A.T. Carver was trated with newspaper clippings Cushing would have had access Patty Vogel’s great grandmother.) and several small water colour to these letters while writing sketches by the author. Coin- Osler’s biography, but these Margaret Saul donated a 74 pp cidentally, the gift came at the letters are the originals and are typescript entitled “Neighbours same time as the following truly fun, revealing the teasing in Kashmir” written by Dr. donation, and contains references side of Osler’s character who Minnie Gomery in 1951 about to Sir Geoffrey Jefferson and to consistently downplayed her her service as a medical mis- Lady Jefferson. ability to succeed in medicine as sionary in Kashmir. Dr. Gomery a female, while at the same time graduated from Bishop’s Medical Andrew Jefferson of Kent, providing introductions to College, winning the Wood Gold England, the grandson of Sir colleagues who could help her on Medal, included in the donation, Geoffrey and Lady Jefferson, her way. for the 1897-1898 session. The donated 13 letters from William gift includes a Kashmiri hymn Osler to Gertrude Flumerfelt, A copy of the Book of Common book, a small photo album, the nick-named Trotula by Osler, and Prayer, London, 1847 was do- guest book for the John Bishop three from Lady Osler over the nated by Dr. Karen Smith. The Memorial Hospital, Islamabad, period of 1909 to 1918. Gertrude inscription reads “Mary Ann 1902-1935, plus photos, clip- Flumerfelt was the very attractive Ludlow from Mrs. Osler, Tecumseh pings and miscellaneous biogra- daughter of a wealthy Canadian Parsonage, Dec. 24th, 1848. I will phical information. business man from the west coast, pray with the spirit and I will pray Alfred Cornelius Flumerfelt. She with the understanding also. 1 was admitted to do clinical Corinthians XIV. 15”. Accom- studies in Manchester, married panying the little book were 51 her fellow-student (Sir) Geoffrey “quarterly tickets,” c. 1830-1899 Jefferson and had a distinguished from the Wesleyan-Methodist ·11· • that she can now work more paintings by Robert Pope, the easily on our most valuable items. young artist mentioned at the Her work this year includes the beginning of this report. This has restoration of a number of superb come about thanks to Dr. Jock works, much in demand by Murray and William Pope, the researchers and specialized artist’s father. Dr. Murray is a student groups. A selection member of the Board of Gover- includes: William Hunter’s nors of the Pope Foundation, a Anatomia uteri humani gravid tabulis foundation dedicated to perpe- illustrate…, Birmingham, 1774, tuating the work of Robert Pope Jacob Bigelow’s American Medical whose paintings depict illness Botany, Boston, 1817-1820, 3 from the patient’s perspective and volumes whose bindings were provide rare and touching crumbling but whose illustrations insights into the patient’s Dr. S. William Gunn presenting the are glorious, Symphorien Champier’s experience with modern medi- Index Librorum, Lyon, 1517, cine, family and caregivers. Dr. manuscript letter by Baron Dominique Illustrations of the Great Operations of Murray gave the address at the Larrey to Dr. William Feindel Surgery, Charles Bell, London, annual White Coat Ceremony at 1821, Johann Caspar Lavater’s McGill held for second year This year we Essays on Physiognomy…, London, medical students on the 3rd of have hired a Dr. William Gunn donated a 1850 and Bernhard Siegfried October. Each class member student … to letter by the distinguished Albinus’ Tables of the Skeleton and received a copy of Robert Pope’s surgeon Baron Dominique Larrey Muscles of the Human Body, London, Illness & Healing: Images of Cancer. carry out the (1766-1842), appointed Surgeon 1749 [an elephant folio one of Herculean -in-Chief to the French army by whose pages was torn almost in Every year we like to focus on a Napoleon in 1805. This is a letter half.] It really is rewarding to particular project. Over the last task of of recommendation for a young know that thanks to your help, few years, we have ensured that putting order friend, written a year before these works can be studied and our French theses were cata- into the 88 Larrey’s death, to M. Brissot, even displayed, for many years to logued. This year we have hired Inspector General of la Salubrité come. a student in the School of metres of de Paris. Information Studies, Duncan archives of Exhibitions highlight our Cowie, to carry out the Hercu- prominent Dr. Stuart Kenning has donated exceptional collections but they lean task of putting order into the a splendid collection of 10 also provide guest curators with 88 metres of archives of Montreal medals commemorating famous the opportunity to display their prominent Montreal cardiologist cardiologist medical figures, but most research interests. As reported in Harold Nathan Segall. The importantly 2 gold medals from the last Newsletter, at the end of project is carried out with funds Harold Canadian medical faculties June, Allister Neher of the from our Friends and will result Nathan including the Robert Nelson Humanities Department of in an inventory to a unique source Segall. Medal from the University of Dawson College presented an for research on cardiology in Bishops College (1890) awarded exhibition entitled, Art Anatomy Montreal from the 1920s, to the for special examination in surgery and the Representation of Knowledge. 1970s. to James Laurie and the Thanks to a grant from the Hutchinson Medal from the Hannah Foundation, the exhi- It has been a great year for Manitoba Medical College bition is accompanied by a projects because of a generous awarded to Frederick William catalogue, which we are giving donation of $25,000 from the Andrew for highest aggregate in away in the Library. McGovern Foundation. With the medical courses, 1907. The Osler close collaboration of Louise Library has a collection of about By coincidence this fall we are O’Neill and the department of 70 medals and these are displaying two exhibitions Library Technology Services, important additions. simultaneously, but with one Assistant History of Medicine theme in common, namely art Librarian Chris Lyons has spent Conservator Terry Rutherford and medicine. Along with Allister a great deal of time and energy has taken up permanent resi- Neher’s exhibition, we are managing a project to digitize the dence in Montreal which means displaying nine copies of photos assembled by Harvey • ·12· Cushing while he wrote his biography of Osler. “Managing” includes organizing numerous meetings to coordinate content, cataloguing standards, digital quality, search requirements and design. The report that follows, by Jacqueline Barlow on her work cataloguing the contents of The William Osler Photograph Collection, explains in depth the complicated process of cata- loguing photographs so that the public will have easy access to a rich resource. It has been a wonderful project and all concerned feel gratified by the results. Chris’ energy has also been spent on the transfer of about 8,000 volumes from the Life Sciences remote storage facility to the Osler Library’s post-1840 storage facility, the H. Rocke Robertson Room as well as to Redpath open access storage. This has required months of planning but will ultimately result in far easier access to this impressive resource.

I hope that this report gives you a picture of the excitement generated by your help and our I’d be interested in working on it. Osler and letters from him. By In 1932, gratitude to you. It launches our I had been working at the Osler publishing requests in major Cushing annual appeal, and as you can see, Library for almost a year as newspapers and medical journals, we depend on you. Thank you. Library and Archives Assistant, a writing to anyone who knew deposited this part-time job while I finished my Osler, and visiting the homes of collection at Master of Library and Infor- Osler’s family members, Cushing the Osler mation Studies degree. The amassed a large collection of digitization project would papers and photographs chro- Library in provide me with a job right after nicling Osler’s life, and The Life of Montreal. THE WILLIAM graduation, and valuable ex- Sir William Osler was published in perience to boot – digitization is 1925. In 1932, Cushing depo- OSLER PHOTO big business these days in the sited this collection at the Osler world of archives and libraries. I Library in Montreal. But it did not COLLECTION happily accepted the offer. remain unchanged after it was I wasn’t sure, at the time, what deposited in the archives. by Jacqueline Barlow the Cushing Collection really Beginning with W.W. Francis, a was. As I came to learn well in succession of Osler Librarians y first inkling of the the following months, the continued to add to the digitization of the collection began when Harvey collection new photographs, M Cushing Collection Cushing started research on his letters, and other documents came in March of this year, when classic biography, The Life of Sir relating to Osler’s life, as they Chris Lyons, Assistant History of William Osler. He canvassed far were given to the library. In this Medicine Librarian, asked me if and wide for recollections of way – a way that would horrify ·13· • Early this year, meetings began in earnest to plan the digitization of the Cushing photos, which was proving to be a big under- taking. At that time the “team” consisted of Alan Burk, Pamela Miller and Chris Lyons of the Osler Library, Greg Houston and Elizabeth Thomson of the Digital Program, Megan Chellew of Collection Services, and Louise O’Neill Associate Director of Library Technology Services. Not long afterwards, I was recruited to go through the photos and, under the super- Jacqueline Barlow in the Francis Seminar Room at the Osler Library vision of Chris Lyons and Pamela Miller, evaluate them based on quality and content. Once we “The most archivists I’m acquainted All of this makes the Cushing had agreed on which photos William with – the Cushing collection Collection an interesting and should be included, Deepak Osler Photo came to contain a good deal of informative collection, but it is by Mathews, a McGill student, material that Cushing himself no means the only interesting began scanning them. Scanning Collection” had never seen. and informative photographic took place through the month of will be a At some point in the history of collection at the Osler Library, May. Meanwhile, I was busy the collections, the photos were nor, by extension, at McGill applying metadata to – basically, great success, separated from the papers, to be University. Why was this col- cataloguing – the photos. All an stored in more suitable con- lection chosen to be digitized? told, digitizing 400 items took a achievement ditions. (This would make the A few years ago at the Osler good part of the time of six archivists feel a little better.) In Library another collection of people over a six month period. to be proud certain cases, letters and notes photos, two albums in fragile And the team continued to meet of, and an which pertained to the photo- condition, assembled by Marjorie and hash out some of the project’s outstanding graphs were kept with the photo Howard Futcher (see The Osler thornier issues. collection. The photographs Library Newsletter no. 92) was Now that those thorny issues resource… were organized into sections that digitized purely for preservation have been tamed, The William corresponded with the periods of purposes. This preservation Osler Photo Collection is up and Osler’s life: his boyhood in Bond project caught the eye of Alan running and may be found at Head and Dundas, Ontario; his Burk, who was then working as a http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/ schoolboy days in Barrie and digital consultant at McGill osler. My time at the Osler Weston, and first years at University Libraries. The Libra- Library, sadly, has come to an university in Toronto; his long ries had been looking for a end, but I’m quite confident that and productive stay in Montreal, collection that could act as a pilot The William Osler Photo as a medical student and then as project for future digitization Collection will be a great success, a physician, professor and efforts at the university. While an achievement to be proud of, lecturer; his brief stint at the the original digitized albums and an outstanding resource, not University of Pennsylvania, in were ultimately not chosen, the just for the community of Philadelphia; the pinnacle of his Cushing Collection was soon Oslerians but for any interested career, his sixteen glorious years identified as a suitable pilot party. At the very least, the at Johns Hopkins Hospital in project for a number of reasons. website will increase awareness of Baltimore; and the latter days of Among these reasons was the William Osler’s life and achie- his life as Regius Professor of large and enthusiastic audience vements, which the Osler Library Medicine at Oxford University. for a site about Osler’s life; and a has long endeavoured to do. There were also separate sections generous donation from the for photographs of Lady Osler, McGovern Foundation was the their son Revere Osler, and the deciding factor. Osler and Francis families. • ·14· NOTES FROM THE FRIENDS OF THE OSLER LIBRARY OSLER LIBRARY

e are delighted and he Library gratefully John T. Golden relieved to announce acknowledges the sup- Robert Jackson W the appointment of T port it has received from Guy Joron Diane Philip as Senior Docu- Friends, both old and new, who Douglas W. MacEwan mentation Assistant. Diane have responded to the appeal for Medizinhistorisches Institut replaces Mary Simon who funds for the 2007-2008 acade- der Universität Bern recently retired. With her mic year. Over the year, 191 Helena Ovens background in the Reference Friends have given a total of John Marshall Pogue Department of the McLennan approximately $29,853 and they Susan C. Reid Library and at the Education are listed below. Most of the Evelyn Ross The Library Library and even a brief time contributions have come from G.M. Ruckerbauer gratefully spent working here during our Friends in Canada and the United Pierre M. Senécal acknowledges recent renovation project, we States of America. However, very Seymour A. Siegal have a fine new member of staff welcome contributions have also Julio A. Sosa the support it with a wide experience in the come from several other con- Marshall Trossman has received print and electronic envi- tinents. Walter Van Emde Boas ronment. H.D. Vos from Friends. The appeal to the Friends for the Akihiko Watanbe Dr. Granville Nickerson, Med. 2007-2008 academic year con- John A. Woods ’45, recently published a book cluded on May 31, 2008. Contri- entitled One Hook One Fish about butions received after May 31, Supporting Friends growing up in Liverpool, Nova 2008 will be recorded in the 2009 Scotia, his early days in medicine fall issue of the Osler Library Ronald G. Barr and about the family’s role in the Newsletter. Gregory Kent Bergey growth of the well known fish J. Robert Bowen processing company, National The appeal for the 2008-2009 Edward Carter Sea Products. There are still a few academic year is made in this Robert J. Chapman copies left and they may be issue, No. 110-2008. Alan J.H. Coffey obtained from The Queen’s Richard B. Davis County Historical Society, P.O. Contributing Friends Paul G. Dyment Box 1078, Liverpool, Nova Clare M. Flint Scotia, B0T 1K0. Jacques Bernier Peter G. Gillett Deniz Bevan Phil Gold Georges Bordage David Samuel Goldbloom Stuart S. Burstein Paul Grandmaison Robert Campbell Peter E. Greig Library, Canada Science Frances Groen and Technology Museum Theodore J. Haywood Carmine J. Capalbo Alexandre Ram Henri-Bhargava David F. Copeland Ruby G. Jackson Stacey B. Day Peter B. Kang Peter S.B. Digby Esther and Leonard Geller Duke Medical Center Library, Robert A.H. Kinch Duke University Douglas G. Kinnear Jonathan Erlen Elizabeth Lamont Robert Roy Forsey Donald G.M. Lawrence Thomas Emmett Francoeur Ian M. MacDonald J. William Futrell J. Peter MacLeod Daniel W. Gade Breen N. Marien Toby Gelfand Ivar Mendez Diane Philip in the Wellcome Camera ·15· • Erich Meyerhoff Louis Hugo Francesutti Nicholas J. Robert Kimie Moriyama Richard S. Fraser Harold N. Rode Sean B. Murphy Samuel O. Freedman Fred B. Rogers Earl F. Nation W. Bruce Fye Charles G. Roland Allister Neher William C. Gibson N. Paul Rosman Carole O’Beirne Richard L. Golden Henry J. Scott W. David Parsons Sheldon H. Gottlieb Huntington Sheldon Claus A. Pierach John H. Greist Silicon Valley Community Anne Piternick Arthur Gryfe Foundation Steven Riethmiller Eve Osler Hampson Theodore L. Sourkes Stuart A. Rosenberg Joseph K. Hanaway Sarah Stevenson James A. Sharpe M.E. Hart Foundation Philip M. Teigen Theodor K. Shnitka (Sally and Michael Sheehy) Michael L. Terrin Mark E. Silverman Lewis W. Hersey R. Carmichael Tilghman Mary Simon Campbell P. Howard Samuel Tirer William A. Smith John D.W. Hsu André Turmel Ralph H. Speken Ian E. Hutchison Roger W. Turnell Edward A. Sprague Brahm B. Hyams J. van Gijn Charles N. Swisher William Ibbott Kevin Watters …very C. Peter W. Warren Joan K. Jackson John Whaley welcome H. Michael Jones William A. Whitelaw contributions Patrons Leon Kaufman Frederick M. Wiegand J. Susan Kelen Louise Marie Williamann have also Allan Aitken Stuart G. Kenning H. Bruce Williams come from Billy F. Andrews Jack D. Key Hugh Anson-Cartwright Holly Korda several other Michael E. Aubrey Geoffrey W. Lehman continents. Jeremiah A. Barondess Joseph W. Lella R. Denis Bastron Alphonse Leure-Dupree James D. Baxter Richard I. Levin J. Ronald D. Bayne Hoong Lim Editorial Committee for the Leonard George Bendikas A. Brian Little Newsletter: Faith Wallis, Editor; Zlata Blazina Christopher M. Lyons Pamela Miller, History of Michael Bliss Catriona D. MacLean Medicine Librarian and Assistant J. Donald Boudreau Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation Editor; Lily Szczygiel, Editorial Bernard Brais John P. McGovern Foundation Assistant. Hugh R. Brodie Maurice McGregor Bogdan Caricevic Margaret McIntyre Address: Osler Library of the Robert F. Commito Peter James McLeod History of Medicine, McGill David S. Crawford Peter F. McNally University, McIntyre Medical Richard L. Cruess James C. Mead Sciences Building, 3655 James H. Darragh Robert Mennel Promenade Sir-William-Osler, André Dascal Pamela J. Miller Montréal, Québec, Canada, Arthur D. Dawson Robert E. Mitchell H3G 1Y6. Rolando F. Del Maestro Brian Morrison Anthony R.C. Dobell T. Jock Murray Tel: (514) 398-4475 ext. 09873 Patrick M. Doran Granville H. Nickerson Fax: (514) 398-5747 David G. Eastman James C. Niederman E-mail: [email protected] George C. Ebers Richard T. O’Kell URL: http://www.mcgill.ca/osler- Martin P. Edelstein Silvio J. Onesti library/ Frank P. Estey Edgar T. Peer William Feindel James Benjamin Phillips Legal Deposit 2/2008 ISSN Charlotte I. Ferencz Peter C. Pulrang 0085-4557 (Print) Jaime Flamenbaum Bracken Library, Legal Deposit 2/2008 ISSN Kappy Flanders Queen’s University 1712-7955 (Online) Graphic Design by David Morin 514-844-3237 • ·16·