Planetary Science Division Research Capability Management

Jonathan A. R. Rall Planetary Research Director Charge

Coordinated with • Ames Research Center • Glenn Research Center • Goddard Space Flight Center • Jet Propulsion Laboratory • Johnson Space Center • Marshall Space Flight Center 2 Why Planetary Science? Ascertain the content, origin, and evolution of the solar system and the potential for life elsewhere

• Explore and observe the objects in the solar system to understand how they formed and evolve • Advance the understanding of how the chemical and physical processes in our solar system operate, interact and evolve • Explore and find locations where life could have existed or could exist today. • Improve our understanding of the origin and evolution of life on Earth to guide our search for life elsewhere • Identify and characterize objects in the solar system that pose threats to Earth, or offer resources for human exploration Understanding the Planetary System Strategies for Exploring the Solar System

Planetary Decadal Reports from the National Academy of Science

Next update: Mid-Term Report late 2017/Planning for 2021 Decadal Survey 5 Overview (1 of 2) • Planetary Science Division (PSD) R&A program has broad objectives – Spans many disciplines (atmosphere, magnetosphere, geology, geophysics, geochemistry/composition, physics/dynamics, astrobiology; …) – PI-led/team focused research, experimental/laboratory, sample science, analogue field campaigns, modeling, data analysis, facilities and instrument development, … – Vibrant in-house activities primarily at three centers (GSFC, ARC, JSC) + JPL and smaller efforts at MSFC & GRC – Vibrant/growing external community – Directed and competed approaches • PSD organization, guiding documents, and plans (near to long-term) are clear and stable – Decadal Survey recommendations (2011) address research as well as for future missions – SMD Science Plan (2014) – details PSD research organization, structure, objectives, and approaches (durable strategic objectives) • Sustained, multipronged communication pathways are essential management foundation – Annual ROSES call lists planned future solicitations along with those in current year – PSD presence/presentations at most science team and community meetings (AG’s) – Planetary Town Hall’s at major conferences (AAS-DPS, AGU, LPSC) Overview (2 of 2) • No single, algorithmic management approach for optimizing R&A capabilities at the Division (PSD) level is possible – Broad (and interacting) scientific objectives – Multitude of approaches, Centers, and communities (academic, non-profit, for-profit) – Interagency and international context/coordination (DoE, USGS, ESA, JAXA, ISRO, etc.) – NASA’s governance structure allows direct Center input to, and decisions by, the AA – bypassing PSD and SMD

• Guiding Principles/Approaches – Accomplishments – Balance – Communications – Collaboration and leveraging (PSD R&A Capability Management leads and coordinates)

• Capability Management Examples – Gaps – Developing needed capabilities that didn’t exist for planetary research – Under-utilized Resources – taking greater advantage of Center capabilities – Apparent Duplication – Ensuring complementarity, not overlap

• Success is demonstrated when we make progress against our strategic objectives (GPRM-MA), Decadal priorities, and recognize advances by the general planetary science community Capability Leadership Roles

• Advises Agency and ensures proper alignment across Missions and Centers.

• Establishes plans & roadmaps to provide technical guidance to the Agency.

• Determine gap areas for advancement and strategic investment.

• Advises on capability sizing and strategic hiring, including contracting, across all Centers.

• Determines investments and divestments within capability scope, including advising Centers on assets.

• Solicits innovative ideas from outside the capability area.

• Establishes standards and specifications within capability scope Managing Capability • Restructure of R&A program – to better align with PSD strategic goals (2014 Science Plan)

• PSD is the primary funding source for planetary science in the US, presents unique challenges

• Recent baseline review of PSD funded facilities & RPIFs

• How are we coordinating across the divisions – Joint R&A program elements (Origins -> Exoplanets, Habitable Worlds, Living With a Star)

– Overlapping mission science (MAVEN, Juno, MESSENGER, ARTEMIS/THEMIS, Kepler)

– Comparative Climatology Workshops (2012 & 2015) • PSD will release a new R&A program element, Emerging Topics in Planetary Science (ETIPS) to cover comparative climatology/planetology in ROSES 2017 – NEXSS NASA’s Nexus for Exoplanet System Science • All four science divisions in SMD participate NExSS Implementation – novel approach

Astrophysics PSD Astrobiology Exoplanet Detection Comparative Planetology Star Characterization Planetary atmospheres Existing Mission Data Exoplanet Detection Analysis Biosignatures JWST Habitability

Earth Sciences

PSD Exoplanet Research Heliophysics Detection Program (XRP) of planetary Exoplanet characterization magnetospheres Protoplanetary Disks Stellar winds Planet Formation Radiative Habitability Comparative Planetology Review of Planetary Science Division funded Facilities

• Two separate reviews – NASA facilities • Ames Vertical Gun Range (AVGR) • Planetary Aeolian Lab (PAL) • Glenn Extreme Environments Rig (GEER) • Reflectance Lab (Relab) – Brown University – Regional Planetary Image Facilities • No serious, external peer-review of either the Facilities or the RPIF’s in decades • Review outcomes – Possible divestment of facilities – Possible future solicitation for new, needed facilities (sample return analysis labs?) www.lpi.usra.edu/psd-facilities/ NASA Regional Planetary Image Facilities (RPIF)

• A system of planetary image libraries, • Established in 1977 • Each facility's general holding contains images and maps of planets and their satellites taken by solar system exploration spacecraft. – Maintain photographic & digital data – Mission documentation – Cartographic data. • Primarily reference centers for browsing, studying, and selecting lunar and planetary photographic and cartographic materials. • Experienced staff can assist scientists, educators, students, media, and the public in ordering materials for their own use.

**Review completed awaiting final report and path forward** NASA REGIONAL PLANETARY IMAGE FACILITIES 2014

Arizona State University, Ronald Greeley Center for National Air and Space Museum (Smithsonian), Planetary Studies Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Director: Dr. David Williams Director: Dr. Thomas Watters Manager: David Nelson Manager: Rosemary Aiello

Brown University, Northeast Regional Planetary Data University of Arizona, Space Imagery Center Center Director: Dr. Shane Byrne Director: Dr. Pete Schultz Manager: Maria Schuchardt Manager: Peter Neivert

Cornell University, Spacecraft Planetary Imaging Facility University of Hawaii, Pacific Regional Planetary Director: Dr. Alex Hayes Data Center Manager: Rick Kline Director: Dr. Peter Mouginis-Mark Manager: Dr. Chris Peterson

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Regional Planetary Image Facility USGS Astrogeology Science Center, Regional Director: Dr. Bob Anderson Planetary Information Facility Manager: Jeffrey Schroeder Director: Dr. Justin Hagerty Manager: David Portree Lunar and Planetary Institute, Center for Information and Research Services Director: Dr. Paul Spudis Manager: Mary Ann Hager Planetary Program Architecture Recommended by the Planetary Decadal Survey

Large Missions (“Flagship”-scale)

“Recommended Program” “Cost Constrained Program” “Less favorable” budget (budget increase for JEO new start) (based on FY11 Request) picture than assumed 1) Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – (e.g., outyears in FY12 request) descoped 1) Mars Astrobiology Explorer- 2) Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) – descoped Cacher – descoped Descope or delay 3) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP) 2) Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP) Flagship mission 4/5) Enceladus Orbiter & Venus Climate Mission

Discovery $500M (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) and 24 month cadence for selection New Frontiers $1B (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) with two selections during 2013-22

Research & Analysis (5% above final FY11 amount then ~1.5%/yr)

Technology Development (6-8%)

Current Commitments (ie: Operating Missions)

15 Findings from the NRC report: An Enabling Foundation for NASA’s Earth and Space Science Missions (2010) • NASA should ensure that SMD mission-enabling activities are linked to the strategic goals of the agency and of SMD. • NASA’s SMD should develop and implement an approach to actively managing its portfolio of mission-enabling activities. • NASA should increase the number of scientifically and technically capable program officers so that they can devote an appropriate level of attention to the tasks of actively managing the portfolio of research… [we have addressed this concern, but not through reorganization of the portfolio] • NASA response was in agreement with these recommendations “By explicitly tying the ROSES solicitations…to the SMD Science Plan research objectives, SMD ensures that sponsored research contributes directly and substantially to Agency goals.”

16 Role of NASA Centers in Planetary Research

• NASA centers are significant participants in the PSD R&A programs • Universities are the largest participant in PSD R&A program • Non-profit institutes play as large a role in PSD R&A as do NASA Centers • Database including 11,926 proposals submitted to PSD between ROSS04 and ROSES12

Institution Selection % Funds % NASA Centers & JPL 13.5% 15.9% Universities 61.8% 60.4% Non-profits 18.7% 14.8% Other Government 4.4% 6.8% Companies 1.5% 2.0%

• Vast majority of our awards (80.5%) are to extramural researchers

• And 75.2% of the funds awarded went to extramural researchers at universities and non-profits. Breakout of R&A Awards by Institution-type Planetary Science Research Capabilities

Snapshot (FY 2014/2015 Average) ARC GSFC JPL JSC

FTEs 29.5 98.6 16.8

WYEs 76 210 59.9

FTEs ($M) 5.6 16.8 2.7

WYEs ($M) 12.2 26.3

Procurement ($M) 1.9 14.2 11.9

Total People (FTEs + WYEs) 105.5 308.6 76.8

Total Funding ($M) 19.7 57.3 14.7

19 Center-Based Activities NOT Solicited Through Typical ROSES Process

• Certain large, ongoing efforts that serve broader community have been supported through non-competitive mechanisms – Mars Climate Modeling Center (ARC) – Astrocuration (JSC) – Planetary Technology (GRC) – JPL - PDS Nodes (Engineering & NAIF) – Radioisotope Power Source (RPS) (non-nuclear) Fundamental research in power systems/production (GRC) – Advanced Multi-Mission Operations System (AMMOS - JPL) – NEOO (60% competed/40% non-competed) – Mars Critical Data Products (CDP – JPL) – Planetary Science Program Support (PSPS – JPL) • Attempt to offer new CS funding model through Science Enabling R&A (SERA) pilot program – Astrobiology Habitable Environments Database (AHED - ARC) – Low Temperature Planetary Analogs (LTPA - ARC) – MSFC Noble Gas Research Laboratory (MNGRL) (MSFC) – Cosmic Dust Analog Production Laboratory (GSFC) PSD Management of R&A Capability at Centers • Identification & mitigation of Gaps • Identification & mitigation of Underutilized Capacity • Avoidance of Unnecessary Duplication GAP # 1: PSD Instrument Development programs stop short of “mission-ready” status - TRL 6

• The gap: Planetary Science Division had parallel instrument development programs, PIDDP, ASTID, MIDP) that addressed instrument development from TRL 1-6 but insufficient funds to cross the TRL 4 to 6 “Valley of Death”.

• Action Taken: Eliminated three parallel programs and created two serial instrument development programs, increased grant size of MatISSE program up to $1M/year • Planetary Instrument Concept to Advance Solar System Observations (PICASSO) TRL 1-4 • Maturation of Instruments for Solar System Exploration (MatISSE) TRL 4-6

• Programmatic Result: Four ROSES solicitation cycles have been completed, two PICASSO calls (ROSES 2013 & 2014) and two MatISSE calls (ROSES 2012 & 2014) a total of 42 activities have been selected (10 with principal investigators from NASA Centers and 14 JPL).

• Programmatic Impact: Instruments developed in PICASSO & MatISSE (along with legacy instrument programs) have been selected for several recent planetary missions.

4 Recent Instrument Development Technology Infusions in the PSD

Program Date Selected for Funding Flt Mission Flight Mission PI Name PI Institution Technology Developed Instrument CubeSat Mission via Particle Aggregation SIMPLEx Aug 2015 CLSI Josh Colwell UCF Experiment Q-PACE CubeSat PICASSO, CubeSat Mission via SIMPLEx Aug 2015 SLS EM-1 Craig Hardgrove ASU Neutron Spectrometer LunaH_Map CubeSat Rad Hard RF PIDDP ESA/JUICE Gim Yonggyu JPL Transmitter RIME Instrument

PIDDP, MatISSE May 2015 Europa Clipper Zoltan Sternovsky SwRI InSitu Dust Analyzer SUDA Instrument Rad Hard RF PIDDP May 2015 Europa Clipper Gim Yonggyu JPL Transmitter REASON Instrument MatISSE May 2015 Europa Clipper Diana Blaney JPL Mapping spectrometer MISE Instrument Multi bounce mass PIDDP May 2015 Europa Clipper Hunter Waite SwRI spectrometer Mass Spectrometer Ultraviolet PIDDP May 2015 Europa Clipper Kurt Retherford SwRI Spectrograph Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) Instrument Los Almos Nat SuperCam Instrument ( An upgraded Version PIDDP July 2014 Mars 2020 Roger Wiens Lab LIBS/Raman/Imager of Churiosity's Chem Cam) X-ray Florescence PIDDP July 2014 Mars 2020 Abigail Allwood JPL Spectrometer PIXL Instrument PIDDP, ASTEP, ASTID, July 2014 Mars 2020 Luther Beagle JPL UV Spectrometer SHERLOC Instrument Los Almos Nat PIDDP Mars Curiosity Roger Wiens Lab LIBS/Raman ChemCam Instrument X-ray Difraction & X- PIDDP Mars Curiosity David Blake ARC ray fluorescence CheMin Instrument

PIDDP Mars Curiosity Paul Mahaffy GSFC Mass Spec / GC Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument GAP # 2: Enable US Investigators to Participate in non-US Satellite Missions

• The gap: US investigators had no predictable way to get support to participate in non-US satellite missions; the normal R&A peer-review process was not set up for longer-term efforts with minimal near-term scientific return

• Action Taken: Creation of new, dedicated funding line – “International Missions Contributions (IMC)” in Raptor after single (2009) call of U.S. Participating Investigator program • Currently have two active calls, Hayabusa-2 Participating Scientist Program (PSP) and Akatsuki PSP • Expect release of Rosetta Data Analysis Program for U.S. investigators in FY17.

• Programmatic Result: Two IMC calls have been completed and 17 Principal Investigators were selected - 4 from NASA centers

• Programmatic Impact: US investigators have formally supported non-US planetary missions at various stages ² Partner agencies whose missions have been supported include ESA, JAXA 6 GAP # 2: Enable US Investigators to Participate in foreign mission - Hayabusa 2 Task Title Task Lead Task Institution Measurement of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in a Microgram of Hayabusa Samples Nishiizumi, Kunihiko University of California, Berkeley

From Point Source to Resolved World: Comprehensive spectro- photometric characterization of 1999 JU3 Moskovitz, Nicholas Lowell Observatory

Participating Archive Scientist for the Hayabusa 2 Asteroid Sample Return Mission Crombie, Mary Indigo Information Services, LLC

Constraining Surface Properties of Asteroid 1999 JU3 using Hayabusa2 Optical Navigation Camera Clear and Color Images Le Corre, Lucille Planetary Science Institute

Exploration of a volatile-rich asteroid from the macro- to the nano- scale Nittler, Larry Carnegie Institution of Washington

Hayabusa 2 Regolith Sample Mineralogical Analysis Zolensky, Michael NASA Johnson Space Center

Spectrophotometric Modeling of Spectrometer and Imager Observations Domingue Lorin, Deborah Planetary Science Institute

Isotopic Studies of Presolar and Hydrothermal Processes in Asteroid 1999 JU3 Regolith Messenger, Scott NASA Johnson Space Center

Constraining Surface Properties of Asteroid 1999 JU3 using Hayabusa2 Optical Navigation Camera Clear and Color Images [USGS task] Becker, Kris USGS, Flagstaff

Investigating hydrated silicates and organic compounds on asteroid 1999 JU3 Takir, Driss USGS Flagstaff 7 GAP # 2: Enable US Investigators to Participate in foreign mission - Akatsuki

Task Title Task Lead Task Institution

SPICE for Venus Climate Orbiter Acton, Charles JPL

Observational and Theorectical Constraints on Current Venus Volcanism from Akatsuki UV and IR Imaging Bullock, Mark Southwest Research Institute

Investigation of the Venus Weather as a Participating Scientist in Residence Limaye, Sanjay University of Wisconsin-Madison

Johns Hopkins University Applied Venus Atmosphere Studies with the Akatsuki Lightning Camera Lorenz, Ralph Physics Lab

Combined theoretical and observational multi-disciplinary analysis of the structure and evolution of the clouds and hazes of Venus McGouldrick, Kevin University of Colorado

Detailed Modeling of Venus' Chemical Evolution Jessup, Kandis-Lea Southwest Research Institute

Modeling Venus Atmospheric Dynamics with Data from the Venus Climate Orbiter (Akatsuki) Schubert, Gerald UCLA

Identifying Cloud Properties and Altitude: Spectral Image Cubes to Accompany Akatsuki Image Data Young, Eliot Southwest Research Institute GAP # 2: Enable US Investigators to Participate in foreign mission – U.S. Participating Investigator program – single call 2009

Task Title Task Lead Task Institution

US Near-Earth Object Surveillance Satellite Science Team Support Tedesco, Edward Planetary Science Institute

USPI Russian Phobos Sample Return Mission (PhSRM) Duxbury, Thomas George Mason University

High-Precision Long-Range Rover Localization and Topographic Mapping using Networked PanCam Images for the ESA ExoMars Rover Mission Li, Rongxing (Ron) The Ohio State University

High-Quality Elemental Maps of the Moon from Analyses of Advanced Orbital Gamma-Ray Data Reedy, Robert Planetary Science Institute

ExoMars SEIS Co-Investigators Banerdt, William Jet Propulsion Laboratory

USPI Russian Phobos Sample Return Mission (PhSRM) - Co-I Acton, Charles Jet Propulsion Lab

US Near-Earth Object Surveillance Satellite Science Team Support - Co-I Chodas, Paul Jet Propulsion Lab GAP # 3: No dedicated small-sat/cubesat program

§ The Gap: Planetary Science Division had no dedicated cubesat or small-sat program. This is not an oversight only a delay due to the inherent difficulty of capitalizing on the exponential growth of cubesats at interplanetary distances. § Two Actions Taken: Directed the Interplanetary NanoSpacecraft Pathfinder In Relevant Environment (INSPIRE) cubesat activity to JPL and created new competed program, Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEX)

§ Expectation is to have a SIMPLEX call corresponding to every planetary mission, Discovery, New Frontiers, Flagship and Directed § Expect to increase size range of cubesats up to 12U once a qualified deployer is available

§ Programmatic Result: Two full SIMPLEx missions selected and three additional proposals selected for tech development. Of the three selected for tech dev, two are NASA Center PI’s. § Programmatic Impact: Planetary cubesats/small-sats now in development will be available to be co-manifested on SMD planetary missions as well as HEOMD launches of the SLS. In fact, the SLS promises to open up the outer solar system greatly reducing travel time and Phase E costs (cruise).

10 SIMPLEx Cube Sat missions & technology development Task Title Task Lead Task Institution

LunaH-Map: Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper Hardgrove, Craig Arizona State University

Q-PACE: CubeSat Particle Aggregation and Collision University of Central Experiment Colwell, Josh Florida

LunaH-Map: Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper Babuscia, Allessandra Jet Propulsion Lab

LunaH-Map: Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper Colaprete, Anthony NASA Ames

Task Title Task Lead Task Institution NASA Glenn Research Diminutive Asteroid Visitor using Ion Drive (DAVID) Landis, Geoffrey Center

Goddard Space Flight Hydrogen Albedo Lunar Orbiter (HALO) Collier, Michael Center

Malin Space Science SIMPLEx Mars Orbiter (MMO) Malin, Michael Systems Inc. Gap #4: No dedicated organization to coordinate effort across agencies to identify and characterize potentially hazardous asteroids

• The gap: The United States has an effective program for discovering larger NEOs, but we need to improve our capabilities for the identification and characterization of smaller NEOs.

• Action Taken: A new office, the Planetary Defense Coordination Office, was established at NASA HQ to coordinate planetary defense related activities across NASA, and coordinate both US interagency and international efforts and projects to address and plan response to the asteroid impact hazard.

• Programmatic Result: TBD

• Programmatic Impact: TBD

22 Underutilized Capacity # 1:

• The underutilized capacity:

• Action Taken:

• Programmatic Result: • • Programmatic Impact: Planetary Research Capabilities: Minimizing Unnecessary Duplication ARC GSFC JPL JSC Cosmochemistry ü Exobiology/Astrobiology ü Instrument Development ü ü ü Lunar Advanced Science ü Mars Fundamental Research ü Outer Planets Research ü Origins of Solar Systems ü Planetary Astronomy ü Planetary Atmospheres ü ü Planetary Geology & Geophysics ü ü

**Primary areas of research** 32 Center Specialties broken out further

NASA ARC (126 NASA GSFC (120 Jet Propulsion Lab NASA JSC (73 Awards) Awards) (163 Awards) Awards)

Instr Instr Instr Instr PSPs PSPs PSPs PSPs SRLD SRLD SRLD SRLD SDSA SDSA SDSA SDSA PMDAP PMDAP PMDAP PMDAP MDAP MDAP MDAP MDAP LARS LARS LARS LARS JDAP JDAP JDAP JDAP DDAP DDAP DDAP DDAP CDAP CDAP CDAP CDAP SSO SSO SSO SSO PPR PPR PPR PPR OPR OPR OPR OPR NEOO NEOO NEOO NEOO MFRP MFRP MFRP MFRP LASER LASER LASER LASER PGG PGG PGG PGG PAST PAST PAST PAST PATM PATM PATM PATM EXOB EXOB EXOB EXOB COS COS COS COS

-15 5 25 45 -15 5 25 45 -15 5 25 45 -15 5 25 45 Summary: PSD Research Capability Management

• Planetary Science Division (PSD) R&A element has broad objectives

• PSD capabilities and activities reside at Centers, as well as in the community

• PSD R&A organization, guiding documents, and plans are written, clear, and stable

• PSD R&A management depends critically on: – Effective, 2-way communication with Centers and with the Communities – Demonstrable progress against planetary scientific objectives – Appropriate balance of discipline and approach – Detailed PSD/HQ knowledge of all aspects of the R&A program’s activities and plans – Ability to use the full suite of management tools: solicitations, direction, external collaborations, and leveraging – Demonstrated, effective HQ mitigation and avoidance of GAPS, UNDER-UTILIZED CAPABILITIES, and UNNECESSARY DUPLICATION Back Up Comparing Specialties at top Centers

NASA GSFC NASA ARC COS 1% EXOB 7% MDAP COS Cosmochemistry MDAP Inst COS Inst 8% 5% 15% 6% 11% EXOB EXOB Exobiology CDAP 24% PATM Planetary Atmospheres CDAP PATM 3% PAST Planetary Astronomy 6% 13% SSO SSO PGG Planetary Geology and PAST 10% PATM 5% 13% Geophysics 16% OPR OPR PGG LASER Lunar Adv. Science and 6% 5% 13% PAST Exploration Research MFRP LASER PGG MFRP LASER 1% 7% 7% 7% 6% 5% MFRP Mars Fundamental Research Program NASA JSC OPR Outer Planets Research NASA JPL COS EXOB MDAP 4% 2% SSO 3% SSO Origins of Solar Systems 5% CDAP Cassini Data Analysis PATM MDAP Mars Data Analysis 9% Inst Instrument PAST Inst MFRP COS 8% Development Programs 30% 25% 49% PGG Programs with few awards have been 10% LASER removed to improve clarity. Programs with LASER 12% roughly equal numbers of awards have also MDAP OPR 8% 13% 1% been removed. PGG EXOB CDAP SSO MFRP 3% 3% 5% 5% 5% Slides for Capability Management 36 Presentation to ASIP Proposals by Organization Type

1200

1000

800

Company

600 University Other US Gov. NASA (inc. JPL) 400 Number of Proposals Non-profit

200

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Solicitation Year NASA-USGS Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructure Inter-Agency Agreement FY2017 Part B DRAFT