Occurrence of Sciadopitys-Like Fossil Wood (Coniferales) in the Jurassic of Western Liaoning and Its Evolutionary Implications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Occurrence of Sciadopitys-Like Fossil Wood (Coniferales) in the Jurassic of Western Liaoning and Its Evolutionary Implications Letter Geology February 2012 Vol.57 No.6: 569572 doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4850-z SPECIAL TOPICS: Occurrence of Sciadopitys-like fossil wood (Coniferales) in the Jurassic of western Liaoning and its evolutionary implications JIANG ZiKun1,3, WANG YongDong1*, ZHENG ShaoLin2,4, ZHANG Wu2 & TIAN Ning4 1 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; 2 Shenyang Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Shenyang 110034, China; 3 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 4 Institute of Palaeontology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China Received July 5, 2011; accepted October 8, 2011; published online November 19, 2011 The genus Sciadopitys, containing a single species (S. verticillata), is the only extant representative of the Family Sciadopityaceae (Coniferales), and is a remarkable living fossil. Although some leafy fossils have been ascribed to Sciadopityaceae, fossil xylem material with a close affinity to this family is very rare, and there have been no fossils found showing both pith and primary xylem structures, which are of great importance for wood identification. Thus, it has been difficult to use fossils for the understanding of wood anatomy evolution in the sciadopityaceous plants over geological time. In this note we briefly report on Sciadopitys-like fossil wood found in the Middle Jurassic of western Liaoning, which bears well-preserved Protosciadopityoxylon-type secondary xylem, endarch primary xylem and heterogeneous pith. This is the first report of fossil specimens of the Sciadopityaceae with such detailed preservation of wood structures. The discovery provides precise anatomical evidence for reconstructing the evolu- tionary history and geographical distribution of Sciadopityaceae, as well as contributing to understanding of the fossil diversity of the Jurassic Yanliao Flora in northern China. conifer, Sciadopityaceae, anatomical structure, Tiaojishan Formation, Middle Jurassic, western Liaoning Citation: Jiang Z K, Wang Y D, Zheng S L, et al. Occurrence of Sciadopitys-like fossil wood (Coniferales) in the Jurassic of western Liaoning and its evolutionary implications. Chin Sci Bull, 2012, 57: 569572, doi: 10.1007/s11434-011-4850-z The living fossil Sciadopitys is a monotypic genus with a Although Sciadopitys is limited in its current distribution, single species, S. verticillata (Thunb.) Sieb. et Zucc. en- closely related fossils have been reported from Europe and demic in Japan. This species was systematically assigned to North America, in addition to Japan. Fossil leaves of Sci- the Family Taxodiaceae [1–4]. However, some authors in- adopitys and its allies are known to occur in the Jurassic to sist on the establishment of the new Family Sciadopityaceae, Upper Cretaceous of Europe [10–17]. Other fossil leaves on the basis of morphological, ontogenetic, karyological referred to Sciadopityaceae are Sciadopityoides from the and immunological data [5–10]. Such a proposal has been Late Jurassic and Sciadopitophyllum in the Late Cretaceous accepted by many wood anatomists and botanists, and to Paleocene [18–21]. The fossil specimens “double needle adopted in a number of publications on gymnosperm classi- leaf ” documented by Florin [22,23] from the Tertiary hy- fication and systematics [11–14]. There is a close relation- drogenous coal in Germany were believed to be closely ship between Cupressaceae (including former Taxodiaceae) allied to or generically identical to Sciadopitys [24]. “Sci- and Sciadopityaceae in morphological aspects. Most molec- adopitys-like” leaves also have been described in the Late ular studies support the placement of Sciadopityaceae basal Jurassic to Early Cretaceous in Europe, including European to a Cupressaceae plus Taxaceae clade [15,16]. Russia, such as Tritaenia Maegdefrau et Rudolf [25,26]. Well-preserved seed cones of the Sciadopytiaceae have *Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) been documented from the Upper Cretaceous in Japan © The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com csb.scichina.com www.springer.com/scp 570 Jiang Z K, et al. Chin Sci Bull February (2012) Vol.57 No.6 [7,27]. These nodules are composed of clustered sclerenchyma The anatomical structures of secondary xylem of the liv- cells. The primary xylem is endarch with metaxylem grow- ing species, Sciadopitys verticillata have been studied in ing exocentrically. The radial wall pits on secondary xylem details [9,14,28,29]. The unique structure that distinguishes are of the transitional type; where uniseriate, the tracheids Sciadopitys from other conifers is the cross-field dominated are circular and closely arranged (Figure 1d, left arrow); by window-like pits and sub-taxodioid pits with extended where biseriate, the tracheids are alternate and circular or pit apertures. Such characteristic anatomical structures are polygonal (Figure 1d, right arrow). The cross-field pits rarely documented in fossil xylem. Jurasky first described contain both sub-taxodioid pits with extended pit aperture, Sciadopityoxylon from the Tertiary of Germany [30]. The and window-like pits. (Figure 1e,f). The ray cells are nor- genus is characterized by uniseriate, separated and rounded mally uniseriate, in places biseriate, with a height of 2–26 bordered pits on radial walls, occasionally with biseriate cells, and longitudinally elliptical in shape. and opposite pits. The cross-field pits are of both win- According to the anatomical structures of the secondary dow-like and sub-taxodioid types. There are tracheids on xylem, namely the transitional type pitting of the radial wall the tangential walls, but spiral thickening and parenchyma and mixed window-like pits and sub-taxodioid cross-field are not present. The xylem rays are uniseriate, 1–6 cells pits with extended pit apertures [14], the secondary xylem high. Ray cells are smooth on the horizontal walls. Resin of our new fossil wood type should belong to the Protosci- canals are absent [31,32]. Recently, two sciadopityaceous adopityoxylon-type of the Sciadopityaceae (Coniferales). taxa, Sciadopityoxylon and Protosciadopityoxylon, have The presence of detailed anatomical structures of pith and been recorded in Early Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits in primary xylem enables us to establish a new morphogenus northeast China [31–33] with generally similar secondary for the present specimens (detailed description to be pub- xylem. These two genera show the same window-like and lished separately). It is the first time that Sciadopitys-like sub-taxodioid cross-field pitting as in the living species, but fossils with pith, primary xylem and secondary xylem have are different in pits on the radial walls. Pits on the radial been found in the world. The present specimen has no doubt walls of Protosciadopityoxylon are uniseriate and close, or close systematic affinities to Sciadopitys, Sciadopityoxylon biseriate and alternate, while Sciadopityoxylon are uniseri- and Protosciadopityoxylon because it resembles, in many ate and separate, or biseriate and opposite. Pits on the radial respects, the living genus and is generally similar to all walls of living Sciadopitys are uniseriate, seldom crowded three genera in the secondary wood structure. Two other [9]. The extant species S. verticillata is characterized by coniferous genera, Scotoxylon (Seward et Bancroft) Vo- star-shaped pith and endarch primary xylem [9,29]. Pre- gellehner and Yokoxylon (Holden) Vogellehner [36], may be viously, these anatomical features have been entirely un- comparable with the specimens from western Liaoning, in known in fossil material. Here, we report on new fossil co- having pith, primary and secondary xylem. The three genera niferous wood with Sciadopytiaceae affinity from the Juras- share several characteristics in the primary xylem, but are sic of western Liaoning, China, characterized by having different in pith and secondary xylem structures, especially well preserved pith, primary xylem and secondary xylem. in the features of cross-field pits. The secondary xylem of The specimens were found from the Middle Jurassic Scotoxylon is of the Protojuniperoxylon-type, whereas that Tiaojishan Formation in the Changgao area, Beipiao City of of Yokoxylon is of the Protocedroxylon-type. They are not western Liaoning. The Tiaojishan Formation is widely dis- related to Sciadopityaceae with Sciadopitys- (or Sci- tributed in western Liaoning and northern Hebei and is rep- adopityoxylon- and Protosciadopityoxylon-) type secondary resented by intermediate lava and pyroclastic rock, with xylem. The piths of both Scotoxylon and Yorkoxylon consist intercalated basic volcanic rocks and sedimentary deposits. of homogeneous parenchyma cells, whereas the pith of the This formation has three sedimentary interbeds containing new morphogenus from Liaoning is heterogeneous and con- well preserved fossil plants. A number of plant fossils have sists of parenchyma cells and scattered sclerenchyma cells. been reported from this formation, including leaf impres- Comparing the new genus with Sciadopityoxylon and Pro- sions and compressions, seeds and fruits, permineralized tosciadopityoxylon, their secondary xylem is almost the fern rhizomes and fossil wood [34]. According to plant fos- same, especially the cross-field pitting, except for some sil assemblages and isotopic dating [35], the Tiaojishan minor differences in radial wall pits with Sciadopityoxylon.
Recommended publications
  • The Jurassic Fossil Wood Diversity from Western Liaoning, NE China
    Jiang et al. Journal of Palaeogeography (2019) 8:1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42501-018-0018-y Journal of Palaeogeography RESEARCH Open Access The Jurassic fossil wood diversity from western Liaoning, NE China Zi-Kun Jiang1,2, Yong-Dong Wang2,3*, Ning Tian4,5, Ao-Wei Xie2,6, Wu Zhang7, Li-Qin Li2 and Min Huang1 Abstract Western Liaoning is a unique region in China that bears diverse types of Jurassic plants, including leaves, fern rhizomes, and wood, providing significant proxy for vegetation and palaeoenvironment reconstruction of the well-known Yanliao Flora in East Asia. In particular, the silicified wood is very abundant in the fossil Lagerstätte of the Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation in Beipiao, western Liaoning. Previous and recent systematic investigations documented a high diversity of the Jurassic wood assemblages. These assemblages are dominated by conifers, followed by cycads and ginkgoaleans. In total, about 30 species belonging to 21 genera of fossil wood have been recorded so far, which are represented by Cycadopsida, Ginkgopsida, Coniferopsida, and Gymnospermae incertae sedis. The evolutionary implications of several distinctive fossil wood taxa as well as palaeoclimate implications are summarized based on their anatomical structures and growth ring patterns. This work approaches the vegetation development and evolutionary significances of the wood taxa and their relatives, and provides clues for the further understanding of the diversity of the Jurassic Yanliao Flora in East Asia. Keywords: Fossil wood, Diversity, Evolution, Tiaojishan Formation, Jurassic 1 Introduction 2004;Wangetal.,2009). Among these localities, western Fossil floras are a significant record for the vegetation Liaoning is a well-known fossil Lagerstätte with diverse and for the palaeoenvironment reconstructions of the and well-preserved fossil plant foliages and wood (Zhang Mesozoic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Earliest Record of Fossil Solid-Wood-Borer Larvae—Immature Beetles in 99 Million-Year-Old Myanmar Amber
    Palaeoentomology 004 (4): 390–404 ISSN 2624-2826 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/ PALAEOENTOMOLOGY Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 2624-2834 (online edition) PE https://doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.4.14 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9F96DA9A-E2F3-466A-A623-0D1D6689D345 The earliest record of fossil solid-wood-borer larvae—immature beetles in 99 million-year-old Myanmar amber CAROLIN HAUG1, 2, *, GIDEON T. HAUG1, ANA ZIPPEL1, SERITA VAN DER WAL1 & JOACHIM T. HAUG1, 2 1Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany 2GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-4229 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-5982 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-4445 �[email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-8777 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8254-8472 *Corresponding author Abstract different plants, including agriculturally important ones (e.g., Potts et al., 2010; Powney et al., 2019). On the Interactions between animals and plants represent an other hand, many representatives exploit different parts of important driver of evolution. Especially the group Insecta plants, often causing severe damage up to the loss of entire has an enormous impact on plants, e.g., by consuming them. crops (e.g., Metcalf, 1996; Evans et al., 2007; Oliveira et Among beetles, the larvae of different groups (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, partly Eucnemidae) bore into wood and are al., 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • How Old Is the Earth?
    How old is the earth? From Refuting Evolution, a handbook for students, parents, and teachers countering the latest arguments for evolution by Jonathan Sarfati, Ph.D., F.M. First published in Refuting Evolution, Chapter 8 Evolutionists fallaciously think that billions of years of time makes particles-to-people evolution possible. So Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science presents what it claims is evidence for vast time spans. This is graphically illustrated in a chart on pages 36–37: man’s existence is in such a tiny segment at the end of a 5-billion-year time-line that it has to be diagrammatically magnified twice to show up. On the other hand, basing one’s ideas on the Bible gives a very different picture. The Bible states that man was made six days after creation, about 6,000 years ago. So a time-line of the world constructed on biblical data would have man almost at the beginning, not the end. If we took the same 15-inch (39 cm) time-line as does Teaching about Evolution to represent the biblical history of the earth, 1 man would be about /1000 of a mm away from the beginning! Also, Christians, by definition, take the statements of Jesus Christ seriously. He said: ‘But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female’ (Mark 10:6), which would make sense with the proposed biblical time-line, but is diametrically opposed to the Teaching about Evolution time-line. This chapter analyzes rock formation and dating methods in terms of what these two competing models would predict.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxygen Isotopes of East Asian Dinosaurs Reveal Exceptionally Cold Early Cretaceous Climates
    Oxygen isotopes of East Asian dinosaurs reveal exceptionally cold Early Cretaceous climates Romain Amiota,1,2, Xu Wangb, Zhonghe Zhoua, Xiaolin Wanga, Eric Buffetautc, Christophe Lécuyerd,2, Zhongli Dingb, Frédéric Fluteaue, Tsuyoshi Hibinof, Nao Kusuhashig, Jinyou Moh, Varavudh Suteethorni, Yuanqing Wanga, Xing Xua, and Fusong Zhangb aKey Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 142 Xi Zhi Men Wai DaJie, Beijing 100044, China; bKey Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Beitucheng Xilu, Beijing 100029, China; cCNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 8538, Laboratoire de Géologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; dCNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 5125, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 2, Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; eInstitut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 1 Rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France; fShiramine Institute of Paleontology, Kuwajima, Hakusan, Ishikawa 920-2502, Japan; gDepartment of Earth's Evolution and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; hFaculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China; andiDepartment of Mineral Resources, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Edited by Paul E. Olsen, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, and approved November 4, 2010 (received for review August 3, 2010) Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages from East Asia and parti- sanidine crystals from tuff beds within the Yixian Formation cularly the Jehol Biota of northeastern China flourished during a and the base of the overlying Jiufotang Formation gave an age period of highly debated climatic history.
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippi Geology 2
    ~ THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES- ~( miSSISSippi. ~ geology Bureau of Geology 2525 North West Street Volume 2, Number 2 • -.,.-.... Jackson, Mississippi 39216 December 1981 FOSSIL WOOD FROM THOMPSON CREEK, YAZOO COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI Will H. Blackwe ll Department of Botany and Department of Geology Miami University, Oxford, Ohio and George H. Dukes Route 2, Box 127 Brandon, Mississippi Introduction Fossil wood is a common commodity in Mississippi, even to the point that it has been designated as the "state stone." There is interest in it commercially (e.g., jewelry), as a popular collector's item among "rockhounds," and sc ientifically. Yet, available information is all too often deficient in detail (and sometimes even accuracy). This is especially true when such "hard nosed" questions as the fo ll owing are posed concerning a particular fossil wood specimen: 1) Exactly what kind of wood is it, botanically?, 2) Precisely where did it come from?, 3) How old is it, geo logically?, and 4) What is the mecha­ nism by which it became petrified? Certain identification, and literature providing other exact information, is typi­ cally lacking (or else not generally avai lable) for collec­ tions of petrified wood from a giveo site (outstanding exceptions are the works of E. W. Berry many years ago, e.g., Berry, 1916, 1924). Fossil wood is without question Cross section of fossil red maple (x 68) from Thompson one of Mississippi's rich natural treasures, and yet, sur- Creek. prisingly, so very little is actually known about it. This is a in particular (Fig. 1). Thompson Creek is now a rather fact which has bothered the authors of this paper for some famous local ity being as it is the site of a relatively recent time, especially since both of us grew up and received discovery of a fossi l whale (archaeocete) of Eocene Age our college educations in Mississippi, and sinc-e betA ~'lave (55 million- years B.P., approximate), which has su-bs-«?­ maintained an interest in southeastern fossil plant material.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of the Primary Vascular System Of
    ArneI'. J. Bot. 5.5(4): 447-457. 1968. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PRIMARY VASCULAR SYSTElVI OF CONIFERS. 1. GENERA WITH HELICAL PHYLLOTAXISl KADAMBARI K. N AMBOODIRI2 AND CHARLES B. BECK Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ABSTRACT The primary vascular system of 23 species belonging to 18 genera of conifers with helical phyllotaxis has been investigated with the intent of determining the architecture .f the system. Special attention has been given to nodal and subnodal relations of the vascular bundles. The vascular system seems to be composed solely of relatively discrete sympodia, that is, axial vascu­ lar bundles from which leaf traces branch unilaterally. Although the discreteness of the syrn­ podia is not immediately apparent because of their undulation and lateral contacts with neigh­ boring ones, close examination, including a statistical analysis of the tangential contacts, seems to reveal that each sympodium maintains its identity throughout. Although two traces may be apparent at nodal levels, the trace supply to a leaf originates, in all species, as a single bundle. An analysis is made of the relationship between the vasculature and the phyllotaxis. It is ob­ served that the direction of trace divergence can be accurately predicted when the direction of the ontogenetic spiral, the angle of divergence of leaf traces, and the number of syrnpodia are known. THE ORIGIN and evolution of gymnosperms that of the ferns by reduction (Jeffrey, 1902, are significant problems that deserve increased 1917). Consequently, he considered the leaf gap attention. There have been few modern compara­ of seed plants to be homologous with that of tive studies of extant gymnosperms, and most the ferns.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scientific Investigation of Fossil Wood
    •THE DEPARTMENT• OF ENVIRONMENTAL• QUAUTY• miSSISSIPPI Bureau of Geology geolo 2525 North West Street P. 0. Box 5348 Volume 10, Number 1 Jackson, Mississippi 39296-5348 September 1989 published February 1990 THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF FOSSIL WOOD Will H. Blackwell Joe H. Marak Department of Botany and Department of Geology Miami University Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056 Oxford, Ohio 45056 INTRODUCTION more reliable than accepting an account of where the material came from from a second party. Taking photographs of the Sufficient interest has developed in fossil wood in the wood " in place" in the field is a sound practice. A perma­ southeastern United States to suggest that information on how nent record book should be kept. It is well to label each to approach its study is in order. This paper consequently specimen of fossil wood with an identifying mark (number deals with a number of topics directly related to the scientific and/or lettering system) and keep such information in the investigation of fossil wood, including: how to collect and record book. It is often possible to write directly on the curate specimens, how wood is fossilized (i.e., the preserva­ specimens in pen or pencil. We have found the best way to tion states), how fossil wood is thin-sectioned for microscopic store specimens is in brown paper sandwich bags, which may examination, and how it is studied and photographed under be labelled as well. It is a good idea to keep all bags from the microscope. Information on literature and publication of a given collection site together in a labelled box, or on the results is also given.
    [Show full text]
  • Principal Types of Vegetative Shoot Apex Organization in Vascular Plants1
    PRINCIPAL TYPES OF VEGETATIVE SHOOT APEX ORGANIZATION IN VASCULAR PLANTS1 RICHARD A. POPHAM Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 Before progress can be made in research, a problem must be recognized. Once the problem has been perceived, a research program may be directed toward a solution. The problem of how and where a shoot grows and the organization of the shoot apex was apparently first conceived by Kaspar Friedrich Wolff (1759). Although his observations on the structure, formation, and growth of cells were fantastically inaccurate, he made a great contribution to our knowledge of the growing plant by setting forth a new and important problem. In a very real sense, Wolff is the father of developmental plant anatomy. Disagreement is the life blood of many research problems. Strenuous opposition is often engendered by a dogmatic statement or a theory which is proposed as a universal truth. Opposition to Wolff's (1759) original proposition regarding the organization and growth of shoot apices prompted plant anatomists, some 85 years later, to investigate the truth of the statement. The factual solution of the problem of shoot apex organization had its beginnings in the work of Nageli (1845). Following this work on many lower cryptogams, Nageli concluded that the cells of all tissues of the shoot of cryptogams and higher plants have their genesis in a single apical cell. The new-born apical cell theory supported by Hofmeister (1851) and others provided the impetus for a renewed, vigorous attack on the problem of shoot apex organization. A little later a new proposal, Hanstein's (1868) histogen theory was born of more careful observations and in a mind unfettered by the prevailing fanaticism of the apical cell theorists.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralogy of Non-Silicified Fossil Wood
    Article Mineralogy of Non-Silicified Fossil Wood George E. Mustoe Geology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA; [email protected]; Tel: +1-360-650-3582 Received: 21 December 2017; Accepted: 27 February 2018; Published: 3 March 2018 Abstract: The best-known and most-studied petrified wood specimens are those that are mineralized with polymorphs of silica: opal-A, opal-C, chalcedony, and quartz. Less familiar are fossil woods preserved with non-silica minerals. This report reviews discoveries of woods mineralized with calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various iron and copper minerals, manganese oxide, fluorite, barite, natrolite, and smectite clay. Regardless of composition, the processes of mineralization involve the same factors: availability of dissolved elements, pH, Eh, and burial temperature. Permeability of the wood and anatomical features also plays important roles in determining mineralization. When precipitation occurs in several episodes, fossil wood may have complex mineralogy. Keywords: fossil wood; mineralogy; paleobotany; permineralization 1. Introduction Non-silica minerals that cause wood petrifaction include calcite, apatite, iron pyrites, siderite, hematite, manganese oxide, various copper minerals, fluorite, barite, natrolite, and the chromium- rich smectite clay mineral, volkonskoite. This report provides a broad overview of woods fossilized with these minerals, describing specimens from world-wide locations comprising a diverse variety of mineral assemblages. Data from previously-undescribed fossil woods are also presented. The result is a paper that has a somewhat unconventional format, being a combination of literature review and original research. In an attempt for clarity, the information is organized based on mineral composition, rather than in the format of a hypothesis-driven research report.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Plant List
    2021 Plant List New items are listed with an asterisk (*) Conifers Pinus thungerbii Abies koreana 'Horstmann's Silberlocke' Pinus x 'Jane Kluis' * Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula' Sciadopitys vert. 'Joe Dozey' Chamaecyparis noot. 'Glauca Pendula' Sciadopitys vert. 'Wintergreen' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Chirimen' * Taxodium distichum 'Pendula' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Gracilis' -Select Taxodium distichum 'Peve Mineret' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Kosteri' Taxus cuspidaata 'Nana Aurescens' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana' Tsuga con. 'Jervis' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana Gracilis' Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Spiralis' Ferns Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Thoweil' Adiantum pedatum ….Maiden Hair Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Verdoni' Athyrum filix-femina 'Minutissima' Juniperus procumbens 'Nana' Athyrium 'Ghost' Larix decidua 'Pendula' Athyrum niponicum 'Godzilla' Larix decidua 'Pendula' -Prostrate Form Athyrum niponicum 'Pictum' Picea abies 'Hasin' * Athyrum niponicum pic. 'Pearly White' Picea abies 'Pusch' * Dennstaedtia punctilobula Picea omorika 'Nana' Dryopteris ery. 'Brilliance' Picea omorika 'Pendula' Dryopteris marginalis Picea orientalis 'Nana' Matteucciastruthiopteris var. pensylvanica Picea orientalis 'Shadow's Broom' * Osmunda cinnamomea Picea pungens 'Glauca Globosa' Polystichum acrostichoides Pinus mugo 'Mughus' - Rock Garden Strain Polystichum polyblepharum Pinus mugo 'Slowmound' Pinus nigra 'Hornibrookiana' Grasses Pinus parviflora 'Aoi' These are but a fraction of the grasses we'll be Pinus parviflora 'Glauca Nana' offering this year. Many more to come. They'll
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnosperms on the EDGE Félix Forest1, Justin Moat 1,2, Elisabeth Baloch1, Neil A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Gymnosperms on the EDGE Félix Forest1, Justin Moat 1,2, Elisabeth Baloch1, Neil A. Brummitt3, Steve P. Bachman 1,2, Stef Ickert-Bond 4, Peter M. Hollingsworth5, Aaron Liston6, Damon P. Little7, Sarah Mathews8,9, Hardeep Rai10, Catarina Rydin11, Dennis W. Stevenson7, Philip Thomas5 & Sven Buerki3,12 Driven by limited resources and a sense of urgency, the prioritization of species for conservation has Received: 12 May 2017 been a persistent concern in conservation science. Gymnosperms (comprising ginkgo, conifers, cycads, and gnetophytes) are one of the most threatened groups of living organisms, with 40% of the species Accepted: 28 March 2018 at high risk of extinction, about twice as many as the most recent estimates for all plants (i.e. 21.4%). Published: xx xx xxxx This high proportion of species facing extinction highlights the urgent action required to secure their future through an objective prioritization approach. The Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) method rapidly ranks species based on their evolutionary distinctiveness and the extinction risks they face. EDGE is applied to gymnosperms using a phylogenetic tree comprising DNA sequence data for 85% of gymnosperm species (923 out of 1090 species), to which the 167 missing species were added, and IUCN Red List assessments available for 92% of species. The efect of diferent extinction probability transformations and the handling of IUCN data defcient species on the resulting rankings is investigated. Although top entries in our ranking comprise species that were expected to score well (e.g. Wollemia nobilis, Ginkgo biloba), many were unexpected (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Name Scientific Name Type Plant Family Native
    Common name Scientific name Type Plant family Native region Location: Africa Rainforest Dragon Root Smilacina racemosa Herbaceous Liliaceae Oregon Native Fairy Wings Epimedium sp. Herbaceous Berberidaceae Garden Origin Golden Hakone Grass Hakonechloa macra 'Aureola' Herbaceous Poaceae Japan Heartleaf Bergenia Bergenia cordifolia Herbaceous Saxifragaceae N. Central Asia Inside Out Flower Vancouveria hexandra Herbaceous Berberidaceae Oregon Native Japanese Butterbur Petasites japonicus Herbaceous Asteraceae Japan Japanese Pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis Herbaceous Buxaceae Japan Lenten Rose Helleborus orientalis Herbaceous Ranunculaceae Greece, Asia Minor Sweet Woodruff Galium odoratum Herbaceous Rubiaceae Europe, N. Africa, W. Asia Sword Fern Polystichum munitum Herbaceous Dryopteridaceae Oregon Native David's Viburnum Viburnum davidii Shrub Caprifoliaceae Western China Evergreen Huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Shrub Ericaceae Oregon Native Fragrant Honeysuckle Lonicera fragrantissima Shrub Caprifoliaceae Eastern China Glossy Abelia Abelia x grandiflora Shrub Caprifoliaceae Garden Origin Heavenly Bamboo Nandina domestica Shrub Berberidaceae Eastern Asia Himalayan Honeysuckle Leycesteria formosa Shrub Caprifoliaceae Himalaya, S.W. China Japanese Aralia Fatsia japonica Shrub Araliaceae Japan, Taiwan Japanese Aucuba Aucuba japonica Shrub Cornaceae Japan Kiwi Vine Actinidia chinensis Shrub Actinidiaceae China Laurustinus Viburnum tinus Shrub Caprifoliaceae Mediterranean Mexican Orange Choisya ternata Shrub Rutaceae Mexico Palmate Bamboo Sasa
    [Show full text]