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Desalination in Israel

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Desalination in Israel Desalination: Group 2 Executive Summary 2010 MDDP Project – Desalination in Israel Group Members: Supervisors: Salah Ali (SA) Gerry Parke Peter Brown (PB) Carl Sofield Elizabeth Drake (ED) Nigel Seaton Norliza Jabar (NJ) Kularajh Kandasamy (KK) Prashanth Srinivasan (PS) i Author: KK, PS, SA & ED Desalination: Group 2 Executive Summary Executive Summary Over the years, Israel has supplied water to its population by extracting water from its natural sources, such as the Sea of Galilee, mountain aquifers and coastal aquifers. Over reliance on these sources has depleted them, to a point where the level is critically low. Desalination has been successfully implemented in Israel, on a large scale, to bridge the gap between water demand and supply. This project looks at the various aspects and challenges associated with the design of another desalination plant in the region along the Mediterranean coast. This desalination plant is designed to produce 110 million m3 of water annually over the design period of 20 years. The production capacity was determined by considering the future population growth of Israel and an analysis of projected water demand and supply. This amount contributes 5% of Israel‟s total potable water demand. The two desalination technologies explored were Multi Stage Flash Distillation (MSFD) and Reverse Osmosis (RO); on critical examination, it was found that MSFD is inefficient compared to RO. This is illustrated by the specific energy requirements, which for MSFD ranges from 49.66 kWh/m3 – 99.74 kWh/m3. On the other hand, RO requires only 3.41 kWh/m3, which is an order of magnitude smaller than the MSFD requirement. As part of the sustainable agenda, a green power source has been developed, that provides energy to the desalination plant. Due to the abundant amount of sunlight available in Israel, especially in Negev desert, a solar power plant was chosen. By utilizing state of the art technology, concentrated solar power was implemented to convert thermal solar energy into electricity. This is transported to the desalination plant through the national grid. Water is distributed to the consumer sectors in the Southern regions of the country through the National Water Carrier (NWC). The price of water emanating from the scheme is estimated at £0.47/m3 of water produced. This price could prove detrimental to the project, as there are cheaper water sources already available. ii Author: KK, PS, SA & ED Desalination: Group 2 Table of contents Table of contents Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... i Table of contents ............................................................................................................................. iii Table of figures ............................................................................................................................... xii Table of tables ................................................................................................................................xvi 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Problems ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Water Supply and Demand ............................................................................................... 2 2.2 Geopolitical Issues ............................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Reliability of Design .......................................................................................................... 4 3 Scheme design .......................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Design Principle ................................................................................................................ 5 3.2 Basic Schematic ................................................................................................................ 5 3.3 Plant Statistics ................................................................................................................. 6 4 Location .................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Location of the Process Plant ........................................................................................... 8 4.3 Process Location ............................................................................................................. 10 5 Process .................................................................................................................................... 13 5.1 Pre-Treatment Process Description................................................................................ 13 5.1.1 Intake system .......................................................................................................... 13 5.1.2 Conventional and non-conventional pre-treatment .............................................. 17 iii Desalination: Group 2 Table of contents 5.1.3 Filtration and backwash ......................................................................................... 21 5.1.4 Coagulant use ......................................................................................................... 23 5.2 Post treatment ............................................................................................................... 23 5.2.1 Blending with a treated saline water source .......................................................... 25 5.2.2 Selected post-treatment method ........................................................................... 26 5.3 Total operating cost and equipment cost for the pre and post treatment sections...... 30 5.3.1 Total operating Cost ............................................................................................... 30 5.3.2 Cost of resin replacement ...................................................................................... 30 5.3.3 Cost of UF membrane Replacement ...................................................................... 30 5.3.4 Total Equipment Cost ............................................................................................. 31 5.4 Multi Stage Flash Distillation (MSFD) ............................................................................. 32 5.4.1 Process description ................................................................................................. 32 5.4.2 Key variables affecting process operation .............................................................. 33 5.4.3 Calculation procedure ............................................................................................ 34 5.4.4 Varying MSFD energy requirements ...................................................................... 34 5.5 Reverse osmosis (RO) ..................................................................................................... 35 5.5.1 Process description ................................................................................................. 35 5.5.2 RO membranes ....................................................................................................... 36 5.5.3 Main process parameters ....................................................................................... 36 5.5.4 Energy recovery device ........................................................................................... 38 5.5.5 Boron treatment ..................................................................................................... 38 5.5.6 Calculations ............................................................................................................ 39 5.5.7 Cost of RO trains and pumps (excluding pre- and post-treatment) ....................... 52 iv Desalination: Group 2 Table of contents 5.5.8 RO process schematic ............................................................................................. 52 6 Structure ................................................................................................................................. 53 6.1 Reverse Osmosis Process Plant ...................................................................................... 53 6.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 53 6.1.2 Floor Design and Layout ......................................................................................... 54 6.1.3 Quantification of actions, load combinations and general safety criteria ............. 57 6.1.4 Loads Summary ...................................................................................................... 59 6.1.5 Design of Members ................................................................................................ 59 6.1.6 Bracing and Gable post ........................................................................................... 60 6.1.7 Future Expansion .................................................................................................... 61 6.1.8 Cost summary ........................................................................................................
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