Commando Naming on 1914-15 Star

Barkly West Commando BARKLY W. CDO Bethal Comlnando BETHAL CDO Bloemhof Commando BLOEMHOF CDO Britstown Comlnando / Kommando BRITSTOWN CDO / KDO Calvinia-Kenhardt Commando ? Carnarvon Kommando CARNARVON KDO Carolina KommaMo CAROLINA KDO Clan William Kommando CLANWILLIAM KDO Cradock Commando / Kommando CRADOCK CDO / KDO de Aar Kommando DE AAR KDO E~nelo Kommando ERMELO KDO Fraserberg Commando ? Gordonia Commando GORDONIA CDO Graaff Reinet Kommando GRFF. REINET KDO Hanover-Colesberg Commando HANVR-COLESBG CDO Heidelberg Commando HEIDELBERG CDO Herbert Kommando HERBERT KDO Kakamas Kommando KAKAMAS KDO Kimberly Commando KIMBERLY CDO KRUGERSDP CDO Lichtenburg Kommando LICHTENBERG / LICHTBTG KDO Lydenburg Commando LYDENBURG CDO Mafeking Commando MAFEKING CDO Marico Commando MARICO CDO Middelburg Commando / Kommando MIDDELBURG CDO / KDO Murraysburg Kommando MURRAYSBURG KDO Namaqualand Kommando NAMAQUA / NAMAQUALAND KDO Philipstown Commando ? Pietersburg Kommando PIETERSBURG CDO Piet Retief Kommando PIET RETIEF CDO Kommando POTCH KDO Prieska Kommando PRIESKA KDO Rustenburg Kommando Springbok Kommando SPRINGBOK KDO Standerton Kommando STANDERTON KDO Sutherland Commando SUTHERLAND CDO Utrecht Commando UTRECHT CDO Van Rhynsdorp Commando 9 Victoria West Commando 9 Vryheid Commando VRYHEID KDO Wakkerstroom Kommando WAKKRSTM KDO Waterberg Kommando WATERBG / WATERI3ERG KDO Wolmaranstad Kommando WOLMSTD KDO

It is clear that some units, like Brand’s Free State Rifles, lack of a clear definition of what unit (s) would qualify in fact were commando organizations, despite the lack of as commandos, however, this study considers only those the word "commando" as an identifier. Additionally, it is units in which 1914-15 Stars issued to recipients were arguable that mounted volunteer units like Botha’s Natal impressed with the letters CDO or KDO. Horse, Enslin’s Horse, Hartigan’s Horse and Kalahari Horse should be included in the commando category, Composition and Size of South African Commando along with "Defense Rifle Associations;" which were Units created by the Union Defense Act of 1912 and were commando organizations in all but name. Given the Major Geoffrey Tylden wrote in his authoritative The

Vol. 60, No. 3 (May-June 2009) 5 Armed Forces of 1659-1954 6 that "a book Commandos historically did not wear standard uniforms ought to be written on the subject" of commandos. Yet (i.e. during the Boer War from ! 899-1902), but dressed there is, to date, no such book and very little has been as they chose---although they might wear an identifying published about these distinctly South African military hat, bandana or sash. In 1912, however, with the creation units. of the Union Defense Force, all commandos in that newly constituted force were issued standard uniforms The following general comments, however, may be made. and equipment - and horses. While it should be assumed The first commando originated in the Cape in 1715, when that commandos wore standard British khaki when its members "rode out against marauding Bushmen." For deploying to German South-West Africa in 1914-1915, the next 200 years, most, but not all, men who served in it seems likely each commando modified their uniforms a commando were Dutch-speaking Afrikaners. All men and equipment to some extent. in a commando were volunteers. They elected their own officers and generally adopted a course of action after an Commandos did not have the formal officer- open discussion. Each trooper in a commando provided noncommissioned officer-other ranks distinction that his own horse and his own weapons and equipment. characterizes the British armed forces. But a commando Generally, men of any age who could sit on a horse and was led by a kornmandant and there were officieren shoot a rifle were eligible to serve. A"normal" commando (officers) and onderofficieren (noncommissioned officers was 200 to 1000 men. - and a chain of command. Commandos were effective because they had ’%lan, energy and endurance" - but they As Tylden explains, a commando had its own transport also suffered from a lack of discipline. (usually ox-drawn wagons) but its members operated independently of these "trains" when necessary. When Many if not most of these commandos were very small in a commando halted it always fortified itself by parking size, as illustrated by the following numbers from those its wagons defensively in either a square, rectangular, deploying to German South-West Africa:7 triangular or round formation.

Unit Officers Other ranks

Barkly West Commando 48 864 Bloemhof Commando 21 340 Craddock Commando 33 316 Heidelberg A- Commando 25 211 Heidelberg B- Commando 26 278 Herbert Commando 21 338 Krugersdorp A- Commando 32 406 Krugersdorp B- Commando 22 282 Lichtenburg Commando 22 383 Marico Commando 23 304 Namaqua Commando unk 357 Potchefstroom A- Commando unk 467 Potchefstroom B- Commando 2O 307 Standerton A- Commando 22 220 Standerton B- Commando 23 221 Sprinkbok Commando 40 404 Sutherland Commando 18 224

Commando 1914-15 Star Naming Styles and Issue because the Stars issued by South African authorities in Dates Pretoria are very different from those issued to soldiers who served in the British, Indian, and New Zealand Despite the huge number of pages, nearly 800, in the latest Armies (all of which are illustrated). For that matter, the British Battles and Medals (7th edition), the authors did naming on stars to commandos is quite different from the not think it worthwhile to show examples of impressed six types of naming on stars to Royal Artillery recipients naming styles on South African issued 1914-15 Stars.8 illustrated in Dick Flory’s May-June 2003 article. This is both surprising and unfortunate, because the

6 JOMSA BRIGADE, SOUTH AFRICAN EXPEDITIONARY

......

Nex.-a.-kin--Relationship. ~_ ~_ ~~ ...... i~ ma~ied~CeNif ...... ~ ...... ~ ...... ~ @ : .... .P.,...... ~ ...... ~ ...... ~ ~...... ~w..~...... ~-:~<:~ ...... CMIdren (K any):

Figure 2: Front of a typical South African Expeditionary Forces service card.

That said, an examination of 27 1914-15 Stars issued to For example, Eric O’Donovan was issued his 1914-15 commando recipients for service in German South-West Star for service in the Barkley West Commando on Africa allows the following conclusions to be made about March ~22, 1921. His War and Victory Medals for service rank, language and naming styles. in the 5th South African Mounted Rifles were issued on May 19, 1922. Similarly, Marthinus Johannes Scheepers Rank. Stars were named with the recipient’s original was mailed his star on March 7, 1921 for service in rank, not the highest rank he obtained. This means that Krugersdorp Commando, but his War and Victory Medals a soldier’s 1914-15 Star might show him as a private did not follow until July 31, 1928, more than seven years while his British War Medal/Victory would be impressed later. with the rank of sergeant or lieutenant (if he obtained a commission). But there are some exceptions, especially for later issues. For example, Gijsbert V.R. Oosthuizen’s 1914-15 Star, Language. If the recipient was an Afrikaner, he could British War Medal and bi-lingual Victory Medal were all elect to have his medals issued in Afrikaans. This meant dispatched on January 20, 1926. an Afrikaans rank and Dutch spelling, e.g. Burg (for Burger; citizen in English) or Mnsk (for Manskap; Figures 2 and 3 are the front and reverse of a typical South private) and Kdo (forKommando; Commando). English African Expeditionary Force service card. These cards speaking (and other non-Af!’ikaans) received English measure about 8 x 5 inches, and are archived at the South language ranks and spellings. African National Defense Force Documentation Service in Pretoria. Note that Figure 2 shows the date that the Dates of issuance. While one might think an efficient recipient’s "B.W. & V." were issued and "despatched" and effective bureaucracy would have issued and mailed by mail to him while the date of issuance and dispatch World War I trios to South African commando recipients of the 1914-15 Star is on Figme 3. at roughly the same time, the opposite was true. South African service records reflect that 1914-15 Stars were Style. While all naming is impressed in upright capitals, dispatched earlier than British War and Victory Medals. several different naming machines were used, and the

Vol. 60, No. 3 (May-June 2009) 7