Temporelle De L'habitat Et Des Ressources Alimentaires Chez La Truite Commune (Salmo Trutta L.) : Étude Par Radio-Pistage Dans L'aisne Et L'ourthe

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Temporelle De L'habitat Et Des Ressources Alimentaires Chez La Truite Commune (Salmo Trutta L.) : Étude Par Radio-Pistage Dans L'aisne Et L'ourthe UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE Faculté des Sciences Institut de Zoologie Tactiques et stratégies individuelles d'utilisation spatio-temporelle de l'habitat et des ressources alimentaires chez la truite commune (Salmo trutta L.) : étude par radio-pistage dans l'Aisne et l'Ourthe Promoteur-Directeur: Dr. J.C. Philippart Co-Directeur: Dr. E. Baras Dissertation présentée par Michaël OVIDIO en vue de l’oBtention du grade de Docteur en Sciences (Biologie animale) Juin 1999 Remerciements Arrivé au terme de cette recherche, c’est avec beaucoup de plaisir que j’adresse mes remerciements aux personnes et institutions qui ont contribué à sa réalisation. Cette thèse a été réalisée sous le statut de boursier F.R.I.A. (Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et l’Agriculture) que je remercie pour m’avoir octroyé une bourse de doctorat de 42 mois. J’ai également pu bénéficier de l’appui logistique du projet « Meuse Saumon 2000 » financé par le Ministère de la Région Wallonne (Ressources Naturelles et Environnement) et de la Commission Provinciale de Liège du Fonds Piscicole. J’exprime ma profonde gratitude au Dr. J.C. Philippart, chercheur qualifié F.N.R.S., directeur du L.D.P.A. (Laboratoire de Démographie des Poissons et d’Aquaculture) au sein du service d’Ethologie animale (Prof. J.C. Ruwet). Comme promoteur- directeur de cette thèse, J.C. Philippart m’a accueilli au sein de son laboratoire, m’a toujours témoigné une entière confiance et fourni toutes les facilités logistiques nécessaires à la réalisation de l’étude. Je tiens également à le remercier pour ses nombreux conseils judicieux ainsi que pour m’avoir permis de participer à de nombreux colloques et stages de formation à l’étranger. Au cours de mes recherches, et plus particulièrement lors de la phase de rédaction, j’ai toujours pu bénéficier de l’expérience et compter sur l’appui de l’incomparable Dr E. Baras, mon co-directeur de thèse. Rigoureux, il m’a permis de développer mon esprit scientifique et mes méthodes d’analyses, avec beaucoup de simplicité et de sympathie. Je tiens à lui exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance. Il m’est particulièrement agréable de remercier, F. Giroux, D. Goffaux et C. Brucy, qui ont réalisé leur mémoire de Licence en Zoologie en relation avec ma thèse. Consciencieusement, avec beaucoup de courage et une bonne dose de bonne humeur, ils ont activement participé à la réalisation de cette étude. Je leur exprime ma plus vive reconnaissance et mon amitié. Je ne remercierai jamais assez G. Rimbaud, maître incontesté de la pêche électrique et de la rame, qui m’a toujours assisté avec efficacité et gentillesse tout au long de ce travail. J’ai également pu bénéficier de l’aide ponctuelle et de l’agréable compagnie de C. Birtles et D. Parkinson, chercheurs au L.D.P.A. J’exprime ma reconnaissance aux membres du jury qui ont accepté d’assurer la lecture et l’évaluation de cette thèse, MM P. Vandewalle (Président du jury, ULg), J.L. Baglinière (INRA France), P. Gérard (Centre de Recherche sur la Nature, la Forêt et le Bois, Région Wallonne), P. Poncin (ULg), E. Baras (ULg) et J.C. Philippart (ULg). Ce travail aurait été plus difficile sans la collaboration des dirigeants de la Société de Pêche de l’Aisne qui m’ont accordé une entière liberté d’action sur leur superbe parcours de pêche, de M. Blaude pour son hospitalité dans son confortable chalet du bord de l’Aisne à Juzaine, et de M. Denis, pour ses nombreux bricolages et son aide lors des contrôles de l’échelle à poissons de Bomal. Je ne voudrais pas oublier de remercier les collègues de la Station de Tihange, pour leur plaisante compagnie et leur sympathie: Carole (pour les pauses café), Amine (pour certaines photos du chapitre 5), Bruno, Charles, Christian, Denys, Laurent et Yvan. Ma plus grande reconnaissance va à mes amis et à ma famille qui m’ont toujours soutenu et encouragé, et plus particulièrement à mes parents, pour m’avoir permis de réaliser de très longues études et qui ont toujours montré beaucoup d’intérêt pour mes recherches. Enfin, mon admiration va à Céline qui a supporté avec beaucoup d’indulgence mon humeur détestable d’homme de terrain enfermé pendant ces quelques mois de rédaction, et qui m’a réconforté dans les moments difficiles. 1 Résumé Les migrations, la sélection de l’habitat et les rythmes d’activité de la truite commune Salmo trutta ont été largement étudiés en Europe, en Amérique du Nord et dans d’autres régions où l’espèce a été introduite. La plupart des études repose sur l’utilisation de la pêche électrique et du marquage-recapture, des méthodes qui donnent un aperçu valable de l’écologie des populations, mais peu d’indications en continu sur la biologie des individus. La plupart des techniques d’observation directe comme par exemplela plongée subaquatique, autorisent ce suivi précis et continu, mais sont limitées par les conditions environnementales et ne permettent pas d’étudier des individus qui effectuent de grands déplacements. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les modes d’utilisation du temps et de l’espace de la truite commune par biotélémétrie, une technique qui permet un suivi continu et individuel des poissons sous (presque) toutes les conditions environnementales. D’octobre 1995 à décembre 1998, 42 truites (26,0-57,0 cm LF) ont été radio-pistées dans l’Aisne, une petite rivière salmonicole relativement bien préservée du sous-bassin de l’Ourthe (bassin de la Meuse) ainsi que dans l’Ourthe, une rivière typique de la zone à barbeau, modifiée par les activités humaines (barrage, rectification des rives). Après une étude de faisabilité qui a testé l’innocuité de la procédure de marquage sur le comportement et le statut social de truites en rivière artificielle, nous avons marqué les truites du milieu naturel avec un émetteur radio à antenne interne, implanté chirurgicalement dans la cavité intrapéritonéale. Les truites ont été quotidiennement positionnées jusqu’à ce que la batterie de l’émetteur soit épuisée. Une seconde étude méthodologique a montré que le pistage quotidien est nécessaire pour estimer correctement le domaine vital et la mobilité, ainsi que pour comparer les observations entre saisons. Les émetteurs étaient équipés de circuits à activité ou de thermistors, autorisant, respectivement, des mesures détaillées des variations d’activité des truites lors de cycles de 24h ou la détermination précise des sites sélectionnés par les truites dans des habitats à contraste thermique, comme des zones de confluence avec des résurgences ou de petits affluents. Les truites de l’Aisne et de l’Ourthe ont montré des patrons de mobilité contrastés au cours du cycle annuel. Les migrations de reproduction vers les frayères, souvent localisées dans les petits affluents, s’étendaient sur plusieurs dizaines de km. De 1996 à 1998, ces migrations ont exclusivement débuté lors de variations combinées du niveau d’eau et de la température de l’eau, dans une gamme thermique de 10-12°C, qui correspond à la limite inférieure du taux de croissance optimum de l’espèce. Il s’agit probablement d’une réaction adaptative face à un environnement à caractère imprévisible, qui favorise la reproduction plutôt que la croissance. La vitesse de migration était proportionnelle à la longueur des trajets, et la durée de résidence sur le site de frai était très variable selon les individus. A plusieurs occasions, les migrations de reproduction furent suivies d’un « homing » post-reproducteur très précis (au m2 près), qui met en évidence l’importance du gîte « estival » chez la truite. Durant l’hiver, le printemps et l’été, les truites ont fait preuve d’une mobilité assez réduite, mais des mouvements de grande amplitude ont été occasionnellement observés, surtout dans l’Ourthe lors d’élévations printanières de la température. Ces observations corroborent le « restricted movement paradigm » proposé par Gowan et al. (1994), qui affirmeent, qu’en dehors de la période de reproduction, les truites sont plus mobiles que ce que l’on croyait auparavant. Toutefois, certains individus sont restés dans la même séquence de faciès durant plusieurs saisons consécutives. Parmi ceux-ci, certaines truites vivant en aval de barrages, ont montré une croissance exceptionnelle pour un milieu dulçaquicole, parfois similaire à la croissance d’une truite anadrome en mer. Ces observations suggèrent que cette tactique comportementale particulière peut être assimilée à une alternative à la diadromie. Durant le printemps et l’été, les truites de l’Aisne ont occupé des habitats caractérisés par des profondeurs et des vitesses de surface (Vs) de 18 à 111 cm et 7 à 80 cms-1, respectivement. Les différences individuelles entre les patrons de mobilité étaient partiellement expliquées par l’hétérogénéité de l’habitat pour Vs (r2 de 0,456 à 0,691 pour le domaine vital et les mouvements nets journaliers, respectivement). D’autres caractéristiques de l’habitat, comme les moyennes de la profondeur, de Vs et V à 10 cm du fond n’étaient pas corrélées avec la mobilité des truites, exception faite de l’hétérogénéité pour la profondeur qui était négativement corrélée avec la probabilité de réaliser des mouvements >15 ou >40 m. Ces observations indiquent que le comportement des truites est plus influencé par l’hétérogénéité de l’habitat que par ses caractéristiques moyennes, et que les préférences d’habitat peuvent être difficilement étudiées indépendamment de la mobilité, et vice versa. Quelques observations en environnement thermiquement hétérogène ont indiqué que la température peut être un facteur clé dans la sélection de gîtes de repos et d’activité chez certaines truites communes. Les sites les plus proches de l’optimum thermique étaient préférés.
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