Surgery in Norway a Comprehensive Review at the 100-Year Jubilee of !E Norwegian Surgical Society 1911–2011
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Surgery in Norway A Comprehensive Review at the 100-year Jubilee of !e Norwegian Surgical Society 1911–2011 Internet-version - corrected according to suggestions from the members of the Norwegian Surgical Societies, who received a printed “working” version in 2011. Editors: Jon Ha!ner, Tom Gerner and Arnt Jakobsen Copyright 2011: The Norwegian Surgical Association, Oslo Internet version 2012 ISBN nr: 978-82-8070-093-3 Preface The Norwegian Surgical Society was founded on the First The present book is written by leading surgeons in the of August in 1911. The main reason was discontent with different specialties, and all the manuscripts have been the surgeons’ wages and working conditions, but in 1924 reviewed and commented on by other prominent surgeons the focus changed to the scientific aspects of surgery, and to ensure objectivity. membership was opened to surgeons in training. Since then the Society has had annual meetings with free presentations, The initial manuscript was printed and distributed to all mem- and debates about surgical methods, education, specialisa- bers of the surgical societies in Norway (totally 2250) in 2011 tion, leadership, and working conditions. The social aspect for corrections and comments. The present Internet edition has also been important, an annual dinner has been ar- has been corrected according to the comments received, and an ranged since 1925. extra chapter on former Chairmen and Boards of The Norwe- gian Surgical Society/ Assosciation has been added. In 2006 the Society was renamed The Norwegian Surgical Association, with the chairmen of the other surgical socie- The initial manuscript was printed and distributed to all ties as board members. members of the surgical societies in Norway (totally 2250) in 2011 for corrections and comments. The present Inter- The history of the Society was reviewed in a lecture by pro- net edition has been corrected according to the comments fessor Ragnvald Ingebrigtsen at the 50-year jubilee in 1961, received, and an extra chapter on former Chairmen and and again in a booklet at the 75-year jubilee in 1986. Both Boards of The Norwegian Surgical Society/Assosciation has were published in Norwegian. been added. The Society, now Association, celebrates its 100-year an- We would like to thank Jon Haffner, Tom Gerner and Arnt niversary this year, and we have reviewed the entire history Jakobsen for the work they have done in collecting and of surgery in Norway, and present it in English to make it editing all this information, and the authors and commen- internationally available. tators for their contributions. Oslo on the First of August 2011 Olaug Villanger (leader) Kari Erichsen (Surgeons in training) Torill Morken (General Surgery) Christian Beisland (Urology) Tonje Berglund (Vascular Surgery) Tomm Müller (Neurosurgery) Rolv-Ole Lindsetmo (Gastrointestinal Surgery) Thomas Sjøberg (Plastic Surgery) Ketil Holen (Orthopedic Surgery) Hans Skari (Pediatric Surgery) Rune Haaverstad (Thoracic Surgery) Anne Irene Hagen (Breast and Endocrine Surgery) Index Introduction..............................................................................................................8 Presentation of Editors and Authors .................................................................................. 11 Editors ................................................................................................................ 13 Authors ............................................................................................................... 14 Surgery in Norway ..................................................................................................... 27 1. Surgery in Norway before 1900 ........................................................................................ 29 2. Hospital Structure and the Number of Surgeons .......................................................................... 37 3. Surgical Specialisation ................................................................................................. 44 4. The University Clinics and Professors of Surgery .......................................................................... 49 5. The Norwegian Surgical Society/Association .............................................................................. 64 General Surgery – What remains in the Main Specialty? .............................................................. 77 6. General Surgery in Norway 1900–1986 ................................................................................. 79 7. Traumatology......................................................................................................... 84 8. Surgical Oncology .................................................................................................... 94 9. The Intervention Centre at Oslo University Hospital ...................................................................... 102 Experimental Medicine and Surgery – Institutes for Experimental Surgery ......................................... 109 10. The First Institute for Experimental Medical Research in Norway – IEMR at Ullevål Hospital.................................... 111 11. Experimental Surgical Research at Rikshospitalet in Oslo.................................................................. 120 12. Experimental Surgery in Bergen ...................................................................................... 125 13. Experimental Surgical Research at St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim ........................................................... 128 14. Experimental Surgery in Tromsø – from Basement Rats to a Modern Large Animal Facility ..................................... 132 Organ Transplantation in Norway ..................................................................................... 137 15. Organ Transplantation in Norway 1956–2010........................................................................... 139 16. Organ Transplantation in Norway before 1986 .......................................................................... 142 17. Kidney Transplantation 1986–2010 .................................................................................... 144 18. Pancreas Transplantation ............................................................................................ 148 19. Islet Transplantation ................................................................................................. 150 20. Liver Transplantation ................................................................................................ 151 21. Heart and Lung Transplantation ....................................................................................... 153 22. Organ Autotransplantation – Spin-off Effects of Organ Transplantation ...................................................... 155 Subspecialties of General Surgery: Urology .......................................................................... 159 23. Urological Surgery in Norway up to 1985 ............................................................................. 161 24. Urological Surgery in Norway 1980–2010.............................................................................. 164 25 a. The Norwegian Urological Association (NUF) ......................................................................... 174 25 b. The Norwegian Institute of Urology.................................................................................. 176 Subspecialties of General Surgery: Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery ........................................... 179 26. The History of Thoracic Surgery in Norway up to 1985 ................................................................. 181 27. General Thoracic Surgery from 1985 to 2010 .......................................................................... 185 28. Cardiac Surgery the last 25 years ..................................................................................... 193 29. The Norwegian Society for Thoracic and Vascular Surgery 1981–1991 and The Norwegian Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery . 198 30. Vascular Surgery .................................................................................................... 200 31. The Norwegian Society for Vascular Surgery ............................................................................ 207 Subspecialties of General Surgery: Pediatric Surgery ................................................................ 211 32. Pediatric Surgery in Norway 1959–1986 ............................................................................... 213 33. Pediatric Surgery 1986–2010 ........................................................................................ 217 34. The Norwegian Association of Paediatric Surgery........................................................................ 222 Subspecialties of General Surgery: Gastrointestinal Surgery ......................................................... 227 35. Abdominal Surgery up to 1986 ....................................................................................... 229 36. The Development of Digestive Endoscopy in Norway .................................................................... 239 37. Oesophageal and Gastric Surgery ..................................................................................... 249 38. Hepatic, Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery (HPB-surgery) after 1985 .......................................................... 253 Editorial Comment ...................................................................................................