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İSTİHBARATIN TEŞKİLATLANMA Ve YÖNETİM SORUNSALI: A.B.D. ÖRNEĞİ

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İSTİHBARATIN TEŞKİLATLANMA Ve YÖNETİM SORUNSALI: A.B.D. ÖRNEĞİ T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İSTİHBARATIN TEŞKİLATLANMA ve YÖNETİM SORUNSALI: A.B.D. ÖRNEĞİ Fatih TÜRK 2501110836 TEZ DANIŞMANI DOÇ. DR Pelin Pınar GİRİTLİOĞLU İSTANBUL - 2019 ÖZ İSTİHBARATIN TEŞKİLATLANMA ve YÖNETİM SORUNSALI: A.B.D. ÖRNEĞİ Fatih TÜRK Günümüzde teknolojinin gelişimi ve küreselleşme dünyayı uçtan uca değiştirdi. Toplumlar ve ülkeler birbiri ile etkileşime geçtikçe bireysel özgürlükler ve demokrasi konusunda hassas alanlar giderek artmaktadır. Bu etkileşim ülkelerin güvenliğini ve bireysel özgürlük alanlarınıda etkilemektedir. Bu hızlı değişime karşın ülkeler geçmişin soğuk savaş anlayışı ve güvenlik hassasiyetlerini de aynı zamanda taşımaya devam etmektedirler. Gelişmiş demokrasilere sahip ülkelerin başında gelen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) mevcut güvenlik ve istihbarat anlayışı, faaliyetleri ve denetimi işte bu çatışmanın uzun sürede meydana geldiği denge üzerine kuruludur. ABD açısından istihbarat teşkilatlanma süreci yeni problemler, hak arayışları, çatışma ve çözümler doğurmaktadır. Tüm bunların ışığında bu tezin temel amacı istihbarat problemlerini ABD istihbarat teşkilatlanma süreci üzerinden analiz edip karşılaşılan problemleri neden sonuç ilişkisi içerisinde tespit etmektir. Bu çalışmada Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde istihbaratın yönetim modeli, teşkilatlanması ve hukuki alt yapısı incelenmiştir. Birinci bölümde kavramsal anlamda istihbarat incelemesi literatüre önemli bir katkı olarak görülebilir. İkinci bölümde ABD istihbarat teşkilatlanması ve yasal çerçevedeki gelişim arasındaki ilişki ortaya konmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde ABD istihbaratının yönetim, organizasyon ve denetimine ilişkin temel problemler tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak tespit edilen en büyük problem büyüyen kurum yapıları arasında koordinasyon eksikliğinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Etkin bir istihbarat teşkilatlanmasının öncülü olarak insan faktörünün ve doğru bilginin karar vericiler için hızlı ve etkin şekilde rafine edildiği istihbarat süreçlerinin gerekliliği öne sürülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: İstihbarat, Güvenlik, İstihbaratın Denetimi, Teknolojik İstihbarat, İnsan İstihbaratı iii ABSTRACT ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF INTELLIGENCE: U.S.A AS AN EXAMPLE Fatih TÜRK Today, the development of technology and globalization has changed the world from end to end. As societies and countries interact with each other, sensitive areas for individual freedoms and democracy increase. This interaction affects countries' on security and individual freedom. Despite this rapid change, countries continue to carry the cold war understanding and security sensitivities of the past at the same time. In the United States (USA), one of the leading countries with advanced democracies, the current security and intelligence agreement, its activities and supervision is based on the long-term balance of this conflict. For the US, the intelligence organization process creates new problems, seeking rights, conflicts and solutions. In the light of all these, the main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the intelligence problems through the US intelligence organization process and to identify the problems encountered in the cause and effect relationship. In this study, the management model, organization and legal infrastructure of intelligence in the United States have been examined. In the first section, intelligence analysis can be seen as an important contribution to the literature. The second section sets out the relationship between the US intelligence organization and the development of the legal framework. In the third section, the main problems related to the administration, organization and supervision of the US intelligence are discussed. As a result, the biggest problem identified is the lack of coordination among the growing corporate structures. As the precursor of an effective intelligence organization, it has been suggested that intelligence processes, where human factor and correct information are refined for decision makers in a fast and efficient manner. Key words: Intelligence, Security, Intelligence Control, Technological Intelligence, Human Intelligence iv ÖNSÖZ Gelişmiş bir demokrasi olan ve bireysel özgürlüklerin hayatın ekseninde yer aldığı Birleşik Devletlerdeki güvenlik anlayışı, özgürlük ve dünyanın önde gelen aktör devletinin gücünün istihbarat öğelerinin şekillendirdiği bir yönetim anlayışı içerisinde istihbaratın yönetim modelini özellikle 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrası reorganizasyonu ve bunun sonuçları incelenerek ülkemizin ve ulusumuzun yarınları adına bir katkı sağlamayı amaçladık. Çalışma süresince değerli katkılarını esirgemeyen danışmanım Doç. Dr. Pelin Pınar Giritlioğlu’na sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca bu süreç boyunca yanımda olarak desteğini esirgemeyen arkadaşlarıma ve aileme teşekkürlerimi sunmayı bir borç bilirim. İSTANBUL-2019 Fatih TÜRK v İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ......................................................................................................... vi TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ............................................................................................ viii ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ ................................................................................................ ix KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ....................................................................................... x GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 2 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM İSTİHBARAT 1.1. İstihbarat Nedir .............................................................................................. 7 1.2. İstihbarat Döngüsü ...................................................................................... 12 1.3. İstihbarat Ürünü ........................................................................................... 16 1.4. İstihbaratın Sınıflandırılması ....................................................................... 17 1.4.1. İşlevlerine Göre İstihbarat Türleri ........................................................ 18 1.4.2. ABD’de Organizasyonel Seviyelere Göre İstihbarat ........................... 19 1.4.3. ABD’de İstihbarat Grupları.................................................................. 20 1.4.4. İstihbarat Disiplinleri (INTs)................................................................ 23 1.4.5. İstihbarat Veri Entegresyonu................................................................ 27 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ABD’DE İSTİHBARATI YETKİLENDİREN YASALAR ve GELİŞMELER 2.1. Tarihsel Arkaplan ............................................................................................ 31 2.1.1 Birinci Dünya Savaşı............................................................................ 32 2.1.2 İkinci Dünya Savaşı ................................................................................. 33 2.2. Yeni Yapılanma Çalışmaları ve Komisyonlar ............................................ 34 2.3 İstihbarat’a Yönelik Suistimaller-Skandallar ............................................... 37 2.4. SSCB Sonrası Dönem ..................................................................................... 41 vi 2.5. Yeni Sorunsal- Terör ve WMD (Kitle İmha Silahı)........................................ 42 2.6. 11 Eylül Saldırısı ve Reorganizasyon ............................................................. 44 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ABD’DE İSTİHBARATIN YÖNETİMİ, ORGANİZASYONU ve DENETİMİ 3.1. Birleşik Devletler İstihbarat Topluluğu (IC) ............................................... 53 3.1.1. İstihbarat Topluluğu Üyelerinin Görevleri........................................... 60 3.1.2. İstihbarat Topluluğu (IC) Programları ................................................. 67 3.1.3. ABD’de İstihbaratın Kurumlararası İşbirliği ....................................... 68 3.1.4. ABD İstihbarat Bütçesi ........................................................................ 68 3.1.5. ABD’de İstihbarat Teknolojileri ve Sistemleri .................................... 75 3.2. İstihbaratın Denetimi ................................................................................... 84 3.2.1. ABD’de İstihbaratın Denetimi ............................................................. 84 SONUÇ ...................................................................................................................... 91 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................ 98 vii TABLOLAR LİSTESİ Tablo 1 . İşlevsel İstihbarat Türleri ............................................................................ 18 Tablo 2 . İstihbaratın Üç Seviyesi .............................................................................. 20 Tablo 3 . Ulusal Güvenlik İstihbaratı ve Alt Kategorileri .......................................... 21 Tablo 4 . Yerel Güvenlik İstihbaratı ve Alt Kategorileri ........................................... 21 Tablo 5 . Savunma istihbaratı ve Alt Kategorileri ..................................................... 22 Tablo 6 . Yabancı İstihbarat ve Alt Kategorileri ........................................................ 22 Tablo 7 . İstihbarat Disiplinleri .................................................................................
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