Visual Ecology of Aphids—A Critical Review on the Role of Colours in Host finding

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Visual Ecology of Aphids—A Critical Review on the Role of Colours in Host finding Arthropod-Plant Interactions DOI 10.1007/s11829-006-9000-1 REVIEW PAPER Visual ecology of aphids—a critical review on the role of colours in host finding Thomas Felix Do¨ ring Æ Lars Chittka Received: 10 November 2006 / Accepted: 15 December 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract We review the rich literature on behavio- far-reaching assumptions on aphid responses to colours ural responses of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to that are not likely to hold. Finally we also discuss the stimuli of different colours. Only in one species there implications for developing and optimising strategies are adequate physiological data on spectral sensitivity of aphid control and monitoring. to explain behaviour crisply in mechanistic terms. Because of the great interest in aphid responses to Keywords Aphid Á Aphididae Á Autumn colouration Á coloured targets from an evolutionary, ecological and Behaviour Á Colour Á Colour opponency Á Hemiptera Á applied perspective, there is a substantial need to Host finding Á Pest control Á Vision expand these studies to more species of aphids, and to quantify spectral properties of stimuli rigorously. We show that aphid responses to colours, at least for some Introduction species, are likely based on a specific colour opponency mechanism, with positive input from the green domain Everyone who cares for plants knows aphids (Hemip- of the spectrum and negative input from the blue and/ tera: Aphididae). These small and gentle insects with or UV region. We further demonstrate that the usual famously powerful reproductive potential are of im- yellow preference of aphids encountered in field mense importance both in agriculture and horticulture experiments is not a true colour preference but in- (Miles 1989), as well as in non-agricultural ecosystems volves additional brightness effects. We discuss the (Stadler et al. 1998; Wimp and Whitham 2001). They implications for agriculture and sensory ecology, with are major pests in many crop and fruit species, because special respect to the recent debate on autumn leaf they remove plant assimilates (Miles 1989), induce galls colouration. We illustrate that recent evolutionary (e.g. Brown et al. 1991), transmit plant viruses (Sylvester theories concerning aphid–tree interactions imply 1989), and excrete honey dew that acts as a growing medium for unwanted fungi (Rabbinge et al. 1981; Fokkema et al. 1983). However, as producers of honey- Handling Editor: Robert Glinwood dew, some aphid species also provide a resource eagerly sought by bee-keepers for the production of premium T. F. Do¨ ring Á L. Chittka forest honey (Bauer-Dubau and Scheurer 1993). School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, UK The interest for the host finding behaviour of aphids, and for the biotic and abiotic factors that drive it, was L. Chittka e-mail: [email protected] often rooted in the area of virus vector control. For example, Volker Moericke, who in the 1950s and 1960s T. F. Do¨ ring (&) was the most productive researcher in investigating Aphid Biology Group, Division of Biology, Faculty of aphid responses to colours and the role of colours for Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK host finding in aphids, had begun his career with a e-mail: [email protected] thesis on the colonisation of potato by the aphid 123 Arthropod-Plant Interactions Myzus persicae with the motivation to contribute to the The physiological basis for the perception of colours progress of potato virus control (Moericke 1941). A in aphids later paper on the response of alighting aphids to colours (Moericke 1952) was embedded in a potato The basic receptor units for the perception of light are virus control project. photoreceptor cells, which, in insects, are located in the Host finding in alate (winged) aphids is a complex retina of the compound eye and in the ocelli (Menzel behaviour that is closely linked to migration and the 1979; Menzel and Backhaus 1991; Briscoe and Chittka function of dispersal. The classic and often-cited con- 2001). Additional extraocular photoreceptors which cept of host finding behaviour in aphids (Moericke serve circadian clocks have also been found in aphids 1955a) distinguishes four overlapping behavioural (Hardie and Nunes 2001) but are disregarded in this stages (the teneral period; the distance flight or paper. A photoreceptor acts as a photon counter, so migration flight; the attacking flight, when the aphid that it cannot distinguish between photons of different repeatedly lands and probes on plants; and the final wavelengths. However, the light absorption of photo- settling period), each corresponding to a certain receptor pigments depends on the wavelength, so that behavioural ‘mood’ (motivation). For a different con- the strength of the response from a cell containing the cept of aphid host finding behaviour, see Kennedy pigment varies with wavelength for stimuli of equal (1966) and works cited there. intensity. This wavelength dependency of the photo- Many stimuli and environmental conditions have receptor’s capability to count photons can be plotted as been found to influence flight (Broadbent 1949; John- its spectral sensitivity function (Fig. 1). Thus, a bright son 1958; Kring 1972), and landing or probing response light with a high number of photons at a wavelength far during the ‘attacking flight’, including tactile (Hennig away from the sensitivity peak may cause the same 1963), visual (see below) and olfactory cues. Olfactory physiological response in the photoreceptor cell as a stimuli, such as plant volatiles, had long been consid- dim light at the peak sensitivity wavelength. A system ered to be of low importance (Kennedy 1950; Kennedy based on only one type of receptor could therefore not et al. 1959a, b), but it is now clear that odours play an distinguish colours. Many insects studied so far have important role in host finding of aphids (e.g., Petterson three types of photoreceptor cells in their compound 1970; Chapman et al. 1981; Hardie et al. 1994; Powell eyes, with one type showing maximal sensitivity in the et al. 1995; Park et al. 2000). Interactions between green, a second type with the peak in the blue and the olfactory and visual stimuli have also been reported third type with a peak in the ultraviolet (Briscoe and (Dilawari and Atwal 1989; Hardie et al. 1996) and this Chittka 2001). In fact, it has been suggested that the area clearly deserves further exploration. ancestor of pterygote insects was equipped with these Additional interest in the role of colours in host three types of photoreceptors (Chittka 1996a). Many selection of aphids was recently created by the debate species of insects, however, show variations from this on autumn leaf colouration as a potential signal or cue basic trichromatic system, with some having four or to aphids (e.g., Sinkkonen 2006), initiated by a paper more spectral receptor types (Arikawa et al. 1987; from Hamilton and Brown (2001); for a review see Briscoe and Chittka 2001). Manetas (2006). However, in this debate, the per- spective of colour perception by the aphids appears to have been largely neglected. Unfortunately, the rich 1.0 literature on behavioural responses of aphids to col- ours has not entered the discussion of the adaptive 0.8 significance of autumn leaf colouration yet. Moreover, the sensory aspects, especially concerning the progress 0.6 made in physiology and conceptualisation of colour 0.4 vision have largely been ignored in the agricultural (as well as the evolutionary) literature on aphid responses 0.2 to colour. We therefore describe the theoretical and normalised sensitivity(%) technical concepts necessary when setting up or inter- 0.0 preting colour vision experiments with aphids. Thus, 300 400 500 600 700 this review may serve as a bridge between the agri- wavelength (nm) cultural and the biological shore and will hopefully give Fig. 1 Tentative spectral sensitivities of three modelled types of both ecologists and agricultural entomologists new photoreceptors of Myzus persicae. Model after Stavenga et al. insights into the intriguing visual world of aphids. (1993) 123 Arthropod-Plant Interactions There is still very limited information on photore- From photoreceptor spectral sensitivity to behavioural ceptor sensitivities in herbivorous insects, as already responses to colour lamented by Prokopy and Owens (1983). A reason for the scarcity of physiological information on aphids, in When the spectral sensitivities of an animal’s photo- particular, is that the appropriate techniques are diffi- receptors are known, it is possible to quantitatively cult to apply because the animals are so small and soft, predict the signal that these receptors will send to the which makes inserting microelectrodes into single cells brain when viewing a particular target. When light of their eyes exceptionally difficult. reflected from an object (a stimulus s) meets the The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer, aphid’s eye, the excitation E of each photoreceptor R Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the only aphid species can be calculated, if the reflectance spectrum Is(k)of that has been physiologically tested for spectral the stimulus; the sensitivity function SR(k) of the sensitivity so far (Kirchner et al. 2005), using extra- photoreceptor; the illumination spectrum D(k); and the cellular recordings (ERG). The overall peak sensi- reflectance spectrum Ib(k) of the background b against tivity of the eye was found at 530 nm. This work which the stimulus appears are known; then clearly showed that there are more than two photo- receptors in this aphid species. Besides a putative ER ¼ PR=ðPR þ 1Þ with ð1Þ green receptor with a maximum sensitivity at Z Z 530 nm, a UV receptor with a peak at 320–330 nm P ¼ I ðkÞS ðkÞDðkÞdk= I ðkÞS ðkÞDðkÞdk ð2Þ was found, and a blue receptor with a peak sensi- R s R b R tivity somewhere between 440 nm and 480 nm was also necessary to explain the obtained results.
Recommended publications
  • British Museum (Natural History)
    Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Darwin's Insects Charles Darwin 's Entomological Notes Kenneth G. V. Smith (Editor) Historical series Vol 14 No 1 24 September 1987 The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology, and an Historical series. Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff of the Museum and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum's resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. Parts are published at irregular intervals as they become ready, each is complete in itself, available separately, and individually priced. Volumes contain about 300 pages and several volumes may appear within a calendar year. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more of the series on either an Annual or Per Volume basis. Prices vary according to the contents of the individual parts. Orders and enquiries should be sent to: Publications Sales, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England. World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.) © British Museum (Natural History), 1987 '""•-C-'- '.;.,, t •••v.'. ISSN 0068-2306 Historical series 0565 ISBN 09003 8 Vol 14 No. 1 pp 1-141 British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Issued 24 September 1987 I Darwin's Insects Charles Darwin's Entomological Notes, with an introduction and comments by Kenneth G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aphid Genus Aphthargelia Hottes (Hemiptera: Aphididae), with One New Species
    Zootaxa 3701 (3): 381–392 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3701.3.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9228518D-31C3-4F8B-9FDD-4F2FB0EEA606 The aphid genus Aphthargelia Hottes (Hemiptera: Aphididae), with one new species ANDREW S. JENSEN Adjunct Faculty, Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A new species of the previously monotypic aphid genus Aphthargelia is described and the genus reviewed. The new spe- cies, A. rumbleboredomia is heteroecious, alternating between host plants in Symphoricarpos and Aconogonon in the mountains of northwestern North America. Descriptive notes on A. symphoricarpi are given, along with diagnostic fea- tures for separating the two species of the genus. A key to related genera is presented, and biological information on both species of Aphthargelia is summarized. Key words: Symphoricarpos, Lonicera, Polygonum, Aconogonon, Idaho, Washington, heteroecy, balsam, Macrosiphini, Landisaphis, Hyadaphis, Hayhurstia, Brevicoryne, Rhopalomyzus, Lipaphis Introduction Aphthargelia symphoricarpi (Thomas) is a widespread, easily recognized aphid species which exploits several species of Symphoricarpos (Caprifoliaceae) as hosts. Aphthargelia has been monotypic since it was created by Hottes (1958) for A. symphoricarpi, which had previously been placed in Brevicoryne van der Goot by Palmer (1952) and others. In 2010 the author found a species of Aphthargelia living on Aconogonon phytolaccifolium in the mountains of northern Idaho. Although this host association between Aphthargelia and Polygonaceae had escaped notice of most aphid specialists, Andersen (1991) reported ecological experiments involving an aphid species, feeding on Aconogonon davisiae, identified at that time as A.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships and Subgeneric Classification of European
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 878:Phylogenetic 1–22 (2019) relationships and subgeneric classification of EuropeanEphedrus species 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.878.38408 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Phylogenetic relationships and subgeneric classification of European Ephedrus species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) Korana Kocić1, Andjeljko Petrović1, Jelisaveta Čkrkić1, Milana Mitrović2, Željko Tomanović1 1 University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology. Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 2 Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Department of Plant Pests, Banatska 33, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Corresponding author: Korana Kocić ([email protected]) Academic editor: K. van Achterberg | Received 21 July 2019 | Accepted 2 September 2019 | Published 7 October 2019 http://zoobank.org/9B51B440-ACFC-4E1A-91EA-32B28554AF56 Citation: Kocić K, Petrović A, Čkrkić J, Mitrović M, Tomanović Ž (2019) Phylogenetic relationships and subgeneric classification of EuropeanEphedrus species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae). ZooKeys 878: 1–22. https://doi. org/10.3897/zookeys.878.38408 Abstract In this study two molecular markers were used to establish taxonomic status and phylogenetic relation- ships of Ephedrus subgenera and species distributed in Europe. Fifteen of the nineteen currently known species have been analysed, representing three subgenera: Breviephedrus Gärdenfors, 1986, Lysephedrus Starý, 1958 and Ephedrus Haliday, 1833. The results of analysis of COI and EF1α molecular markers and morphological studies did not support this classification. Three clades separated by the highest genetic distances reported for the subfamily Aphidiinae on intrageneric level. Ephedrus brevis is separated from persicae and plagiator species groups with genetic distances of 19.6 % and 16.3 % respectively, while the distance between persicae and plagiator groups was 20.7 %.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Aphids Attack Native Hawaiian Plants
    Biol Invasions DOI 10.1007/s10530-006-9045-1 INVASION NOTE Invasive aphids attack native Hawaiian plants Russell H. Messing Æ Michelle N. Tremblay Æ Edward B. Mondor Æ Robert G. Foottit Æ Keith S. Pike Received: 17 July 2006 / Accepted: 25 July 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006 Abstract Invasive species have had devastating plants. To date, aphids have been observed impacts on the fauna and flora of the Hawaiian feeding and reproducing on 64 native Hawaiian Islands. While the negative effects of some inva- plants (16 indigenous species and 48 endemic sive species are obvious, other species are less species) in 32 families. As the majority of these visible, though no less important. Aphids (Ho- plants are endangered, invasive aphids may have moptera: Aphididae) are not native to Hawai’i profound impacts on the island flora. To help but have thoroughly invaded the Island chain, protect unique island ecosystems, we propose that largely as a result of anthropogenic influences. As border vigilance be enhanced to prevent the aphids cause both direct plant feeding damage incursion of new aphids, and that biological con- and transmit numerous pathogenic viruses, it is trol efforts be renewed to mitigate the impact of important to document aphid distributions and existing species. ranges throughout the archipelago. On the basis of an extensive survey of aphid diversity on the Keywords Aphid Æ Aphididae Æ Hawai’i Æ five largest Hawaiian Islands (Hawai’i, Kaua’i, Indigenous plants Æ Invasive species Æ Endemic O’ahu, Maui, and Moloka’i), we provide the first plants Æ Hawaiian Islands Æ Virus evidence that invasive aphids feed not just on agricultural crops, but also on native Hawaiian Introduction R.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of Sexuales of Brachycolus Cucubali (Passerini, 1863) (Hemiptera Aphididae)
    REDIA, 103, 2020: 47-53 http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/REDIA-103.20.09 ALICE CASIRAGHIa,b -VÍCTOR MORENO-GONZÁLEZ c - NICOLÁS PÉREZ HIDALGO a, d DESCRIPTION OF SEXUALES OF BRACHYCOLUS CUCUBALI (PASSERINI, 1863) (HEMIPTERA APHIDIDAE) a) Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio). Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia-CSIC (Paterna, Va- lencia). Spain. b) Agroecosystems Research Group, Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Section of Botany and Mycology, Depart- ment of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-8353 c) Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, área de Zoología. Universidad de León. 24071 León Spain. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-1559 d) Departamento de Artrópodos, Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8143-3366 Corresponding Author: Alice Casiraghi; [email protected] Casiraghi A., Moreno-González V., Pérez Hidalgo, N. – Description of sexuales of Brachycolus cucubali (Passerini 1863) [Hemiptera Aphididae]. The hitherto unknown oviparous females and apterous males of Brachycolus cucubali (Passerini, 1863), living in pseudogalls on Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, (1869) (Caryophyllaceae), are described based on material from the North-West of Iberian Peninsula (Province of León). Sampling and morphometric data are given for every morph. Also, field data of monitored Brachycolus cucubali colonies are reported and information of polyphenism in males is discussed. KEY WORDS: Aphids, morphology, sexual dimorphism, polyphenism INTRODUCTION 2014), or with the species of this work, Brachycolus cucu- bali (Passerini, 1863) (BLACKMAN and EASTOP, 2020).
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Aphid Fauna of Greece
    Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 31-38, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece 1,5 2 1,6 3 John A. TSITSIPIS , Nikos I. KATIS , John T. MARGARITOPOULOS , Dionyssios P. LYKOURESSIS , 4 1,7 1 3 Apostolos D. AVGELIS , Ioanna GARGALIANOU , Kostas D. ZARPAS , Dionyssios Ch. PERDIKIS , 2 Aristides PAPAPANAYOTOU 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Heraklion, Crete, Greece 5Present address: Amfikleia, Fthiotida, Greece 6Present address: Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems, Center for Research and Technology, Technology Park of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece 7Present address: Department of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Abstract In the present study a list of the aphid species recorded in Greece is provided. The list includes records before 1992, which have been published in previous papers, as well as data from an almost ten-year survey using Rothamsted suction traps and Moericke traps. The recorded aphidofauna consisted of 301 species. The family Aphididae is represented by 13 subfamilies and 120 genera (300 species), while only one genus (1 species) belongs to Phylloxeridae. The aphid fauna is dominated by the subfamily Aphidi- nae (57.1 and 68.4 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively), especially the tribe Macrosiphini, and to a lesser extent the subfamily Eriosomatinae (12.6 and 8.3 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia N. FAUZI , K
    Malayan Nature Journal 2013, 65(4), 280-287 A preliminary checklist of macromoths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia N. FAUZI1, K. HAMBALI1 , F.K. EAN1, N.S. SUBKI1, S.A. NAWAWI1, and M. H. JAMALUDIN2 Abstract : Limited information is available on moth diversity in the Jeli District of Kelantan. An initial checklist of moths at three sites, namely Gunung Stong Tengah State Park, Jeli Permanent Forest Reserve and Gemang within the Jeli district, Kelantan was documented. A total of 161 species was recorded and included in the list. Keywords: Checklist, Macromoths, Lepidoptera, Jeli, Kelantan. INTRODUCTION Studies on moth diversity in different habitats and conditions in Malaysia such as tropical rainforest (Barlow 1989; Schulze and Fiedler 1997), lowland tropical rainforest (Robinson & Tuck ,1993; Intachat and Holloway, 2000), hill dipterocarp forest (Abang and Karim, 2005), peat swamp forest (Abang and Karim 1999) and plantation area (Chey 1994) elucidated that the diversity values differs due to the difference in vegetation types, altitudes and status of the forest. The highest diversity of macromoths was found from the lower montane forest at the altitude of about 1000m (Holloway 1984). Conversely, the sites of the mixed dipterocarp forest, mostly has low diversity value (Holloway 1984). One of the factors that have been considered as contributing to the lower moth diversity in the lowland areas is the predominance of dipterocarps, which are known to have a high content of alkaloids (defense against insects) in their foliage (Holloway 1984). The study on the zonation in the Lepidoptera of northern Sulawesi found that the highest diversity is found in the range of 600m to 1000m (Holloway et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of the Natural Enemies of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey
    Phytoparasitica https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-019-00781-8 Biodiversity of the natural enemies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey Şahin Kök & Željko Tomanović & Zorica Nedeljković & Derya Şenal & İsmail Kasap Received: 25 April 2019 /Accepted: 19 December 2019 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract In the present study, the natural enemies of (Hymenoptera), as well as eight other generalist natural aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their host plants in- enemies. In these interactions, a total of 37 aphid-natural cluding herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees were enemy associations–including 19 associations of analysed to reveal their biodiversity and disclose Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) with natural enemies, 16 tritrophic associations in different habitats of the South associations of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) with natural Marmara region of northwest Turkey. As a result of field enemies and two associations of Aphis craccivora Koch surveys, 58 natural enemy species associated with 43 with natural enemies–were detected on Medicago sativa aphids on 58 different host plants were identified in the L. during the sampling period. Similarly, 12 associations region between March of 2017 and November of 2018. of Myzus cerasi (Fabricius) with natural enemies were In 173 tritrophic natural enemy-aphid-host plant interac- revealed on Prunus avium (L.), along with five associa- tions including association records new for Europe and tions of Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) with natural Turkey, there were 21 representatives of the family enemies (including mostly parasitoid individuals) on Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), 14 of the family Syrphidae Brassica oleracea L. Also in the study, reduviids of the (Diptera) and 15 of the subfamily Aphidiinae species Zelus renardii (Kolenati) are reported for the first time as new potential aphid biocontrol agents in Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Trabala Vishnou Guttata (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and the Related Phylogenetic Analyses
    The complete mitochondrial genome of Trabala vishnou guttata (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and the related phylogenetic analyses Liuyu Wu, Xiao Xiong, Xuming Wang, Tianrong Xin, Jing Wang, Zhiwen Zou & Bin Xia Genetica An International Journal of Genetics and Evolution ISSN 0016-6707 Volume 144 Number 6 Genetica (2016) 144:675-688 DOI 10.1007/s10709-016-9934-x 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer International Publishing Switzerland. This e- offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Genetica (2016) 144:675–688 DOI 10.1007/s10709-016-9934-x The complete mitochondrial genome of Trabala vishnou guttata (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and the related phylogenetic analyses 1 1 2 1 1 Liuyu Wu • Xiao Xiong • Xuming Wang • Tianrong Xin • Jing Wang • 1 1 Zhiwen Zou • Bin Xia Received: 20 May 2016 / Accepted: 17 October 2016 / Published online: 21 October 2016 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 Abstract The bluish yellow lappet moth, Trabala vishnou related species (Dendrolimus taxa) are clustered on Lasio- guttata is an extraordinarily important pest in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts IUFRO Eucalypt Conference 2015
    21-24 October,2015 | Zhanjiang, Guangdong, CHINA Scientific cultivation and green development to enhance the sustainability of eucalypt plantations Abstracts IUFRO Eucalypt Conference 2015 October 2015 IUFRO Eucalypt Conference 2015 Sponsorer Host Organizer Co-organizer 金光集团 PART Ⅰ Oral Presentations Current Situation and Development of Eucalyptus Research in China 1 Management of Forest Plantations under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in a Perspective of Climate Change 2 Eucalypts, Carbon Mitigation and Water 3 Effects of Forest Policy on Plantation Development 4 Nutrient Management of Eucalypt Plantations in Southern China 5 Quality Planning for Silviculture Operations Involving Eucalyptus Culture in Brazil 6 Eucahydro: Predicting Eucalyptus Genotypes Performance under Contrasting Water Availability Conditions Using Ecophysiological and Genomic Tools 7 Transpiration, Canopy Characteristics and Wood Growth Influenced by Spacing in Three Highly Productive Eucalyptus Clones 8 Challenges to Site Management During Large-scale Transition from Acacia mangium to Eucalyptus pellita in Short Rotation Forestry on Mineral Soils in Sumatra, Indonesia 9 Operational Issues in Growing Eucalyptus in South East Asia: Lessons in Cooperation 10 Nutrition Studies on Eucalyptus pellita in the Wet Tropics 11 Sustainable Agroforestry Model for Eucalypts Grown as Pulp Wood Tree on Farm Lands in India–An ITC Initiative 12 Adaptability and Performance of Industrial Eucalypt Provenances at Different Ecological Zones of Iran 13 Nutrient Management of Eucalyptus pellita
    [Show full text]
  • Strasbourg, 22 May 2002
    Strasbourg, 3 July 2015 T-PVS/Inf (2015) 17 [Inf17e_2015.docx] CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS Standing Committee 35th meeting Strasbourg, 1-4 December 2015 GROUP OF EXPERTS ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES 4-5 June 2015 Triglav National Park, Slovenia - NATIONAL REPORTS - Compilation prepared by the Directorate of Democratic Governance / The reports are being circulated in the form and the languages in which they were received by the Secretariat. This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera plus distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. T-PVS/Inf (2015) 17 - 2 – CONTENTS / SOMMAIRE __________ 1. Armenia / Arménie 2. Austria / Autriche 3. Azerbaijan / Azerbaïdjan 4. Belgium / Belgique 5. Bulgaria / Bulgarie 6. Croatia / Croatie 7. Czech Republic / République tchèque 8. Estonia / Estonie 9. Italy / Italie 10. Liechtenstein / Liechtenstein 11. Malta / Malte 12. Republic of Moldova / République de Moldova 13. Norway / Norvège 14. Poland / Pologne 15. Portugal / Portugal 16. Serbia / Serbie 17. Slovenia / Slovénie 18. Spain / Espagne 19. Sweden / Suède 20. Switzerland / Suisse 21. Ukraine / Ukraine - 3 - T-PVS/Inf (2015) 17 ARMENIA / ARMÉNIE NATIONAL REPORT OF REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA Presented report includes information about the invasive species included in the 5th National Report of Republic of Armenia (2015) of the UN Convention of Biodiversity, estimation works of invasive and expansive flora and fauna species spread in Armenia in recent years, the analysis of the impact of alien flora and fauna species on the natural ecosystems of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the information concluded in the work "Invasive and expansive flora species of Armenia" published by the Institute of Botany of NAS at 2014 based on the results of the studies done in the scope of the scientific thematic state projects of the Institute of Botany of NAS in recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • Methane Production in Terrestrial Arthropods (Methanogens/Symbiouis/Anaerobic Protsts/Evolution/Atmospheric Methane) JOHANNES H
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 5441-5445, June 1994 Microbiology Methane production in terrestrial arthropods (methanogens/symbiouis/anaerobic protsts/evolution/atmospheric methane) JOHANNES H. P. HACKSTEIN AND CLAUDIUS K. STUMM Department of Microbiology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Science, Catholic University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL-6525 ED Nimegen, The Netherlands Communicated by Lynn Margulis, February 1, 1994 (receivedfor review June 22, 1993) ABSTRACT We have screened more than 110 represen- stoppers. For 2-12 hr the arthropods (0.5-50 g fresh weight, tatives of the different taxa of terrsrial arthropods for depending on size and availability of specimens) were incu- methane production in order to obtain additional information bated at room temperature (210C). The detection limit for about the origins of biogenic methane. Methanogenic bacteria methane was in the nmol range, guaranteeing that any occur in the hindguts of nearly all tropical representatives significant methane emission could be detected by gas chro- of millipedes (Diplopoda), cockroaches (Blattaria), termites matography ofgas samples taken at the end ofthe incubation (Isoptera), and scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae), while such meth- period. Under these conditions, all methane-emitting species anogens are absent from 66 other arthropod species investi- produced >100 nmol of methane during the incubation pe- gated. Three types of symbiosis were found: in the first type, riod. All nonproducers failed to produce methane concen- the arthropod's hindgut is colonized by free methanogenic trations higher than the background level (maximum, 10-20 bacteria; in the second type, methanogens are closely associated nmol), even if the incubation time was prolonged and higher with chitinous structures formed by the host's hindgut; the numbers of arthropods were incubated.
    [Show full text]