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Evaluation of a Novel Classification of Heat-Related Illnesses International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Evaluation of a Novel Classification of Heat-Related Illnesses: A Multicentre Observational Study (Heat Stroke STUDY 2012) Takahiro Yamamoto 1,†, Motoki Fujita 2,† , Yasutaka Oda 2,*, Masaki Todani 1, Toru Hifumi 3, Yutaka Kondo 4 , Junya Shimazaki 5, Shinichiro Shiraishi 6, Kei Hayashida 7, Shoji Yokobori 8 , Shuhei Takauji 9, Masahiro Wakasugi 10, Shunsuke Nakamura 11, Jun Kanda 12, Masaharu Yagi 13, Takashi Moriya 14, Takashi Kawahara 15, Michihiko Tonouchi 16, Hiroyuki Yokota 8, Yasufumi Miyake 12, Keiki Shimizu 17 and Ryosuke Tsuruta 1,2 1 Advanced Medical Emergency and Critical Care Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; [email protected] (T.Y.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (R.T.) 2 Department of Acute and General Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan; [email protected] 3 Emergency and Critical Care medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8560, Japan; [email protected] 4 Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan; [email protected] 5 Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; [email protected] 6 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aizu Chuo Hospital, 1-1 Tsuruga-machi, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima 965-8611, Japan; [email protected] 7 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; [email protected] 8 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (H.Y.) 9 Department of Emergency Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka-higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; [email protected] 10 Emergency and Critical Care Center, Toyama University Hospital, 2630, Sugitani, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0152, Japan; [email protected] 11 Department of Emergency Medicine, Wakayama Rosai Hospital, 93-1 Kinomoto, Wakayama City, Wakayama 640-8505, Japan; [email protected] 12 Department of Emergency Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8606, Japan; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (Y.M.) 13 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Urasoe General Hospital, 4-16-1 Iso, Urasoe, Okinawa 901-2132, Japan; [email protected] 14 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847 Amanuma-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 330-8503, Japan; [email protected] 15 Japan Sport Council, 2-8-35 Kita-Aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0061, Japan; [email protected] 16 Japan Meteorological Business Support Center, To-nen Bld, 3-17 Kanda-Nishikicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, Japan; [email protected] 17 Emergency and Critical Care Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Centre, 2-8-29 Musashidai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8524, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-836-22-2343; Fax: +81-836-22-2344 † Authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 2 August 2018; Accepted: 6 September 2018; Published: 8 September 2018 Abstract: The Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Committee recently proposed a novel classification system for the severity of heat-related illnesses. The illnesses are simply classified into three stages based on symptoms and management or treatment. Stages I, II, and III broadly Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1962; doi:10.3390/ijerph15091962 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1962 2 of 17 correspond to heat cramp and syncope, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, respectively. Our objective was to examine whether this novel severity classification is useful in the diagnosis by healthcare professionals of patients with severe heat-related illness and organ failure. A nationwide surveillance study of heat-related illnesses was conducted between 1 June and 30 September 2012, at emergency departments in Japan. Among the 2130 patients who attended 102 emergency departments, the severity of their heat-related illness was recorded for 1799 patients, who were included in this study. In the patients with heat cramp and syncope or heat exhaustion (but not heat stroke), the blood test data (alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and platelet counts) for those classified as Stage III were significantly higher than those of patients classified as Stage I or II. There were no deaths among the patients classified as Stage I. This novel classification may avoid underestimating the severity of heat-related illness. Keywords: heat-related illness; international classification; heat cramp; syncope; heat exhaustion; heat stroke; novel classification 1. Introduction The international classification for heat-related illnesses, which considers heat cramp and syncope, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, has been used globally to assess the severity of heat-related illnesses [1,2]. In the international classification, heat stroke is defined as severe heat illness characterized by a core temperature above 40 ◦C and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Heat exhaustion is defined as a mild to moderate heat illness caused by water or salt depletion, in which the core temperature may be normal, below normal, or slightly elevated (>37 ◦C but <40 ◦C) [1]. Thus, core temperature is one index used to evaluate the severity of heat stroke in the international classification. The core temperatures of patients with heat-related illnesses have probably already begun to decrease in response to various factors before they are transferred to hospital [3,4], which could lead to a misdiagnosis or mismanagement. Therefore, the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Committee recently proposed a novel classification system for the severity of heat-related illnesses with no reference to core temperature, to avoid underestimating the illness (Supplementary Figure S1) [5]. Stage I is any minor heat-related illness, including heat cramp and syncope. The signs and symptoms include dizziness, faintness, slight yawning, heavy sweating, muscle pain, and stiff muscles (muscle cramps). No impaired consciousness is observed. Stage II is any heat-related illness not covered by Stage I or Stage III. The signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, fatigue, a sinking feeling, reduced concentration, and impaired judgment. Stage III refers to severe conditions in a patient with hyperthermia who has been under heat stress. Stage III patients show signs of brain dysfunction, such as loss of consciousness, cerebellar signs, or convulsive seizures. They also display liver, kidney, or blood clotting system dysfunction on blood tests. In practice, Stage I is a clinical condition that can be managed on site; Stage II is a clinical condition requiring immediate examination at a medical institution; and Stage III is a clinical condition requiring admission to hospital after blood sampling and assessment by medical workers (and depending on the case, intensive care). It is only permissible to restrict care to first aid and monitoring the patient when the Stage I symptoms are gradually improving. The patient should be taken to hospital immediately if Stage II symptoms occur or if no improvement in Stage I is observed (as assessed by someone other than the patient). Stage III must be confirmed by ambulance workers or by examination after arrival at hospital. Blood tests generally include measurement of the markers of renal (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]), liver (aspartic aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), or blood clotting system (platelet counts, D-dimer, prothrombin time [PT]) dysfunction, which show change at the early phase of organ dysfunction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1962 3 of 17 Although the symptoms observed at each level of severity are commonly observed symptoms, they do not always occur at the appropriate level of severity, and the illness should not be classified at a different level of severity if a symptom does not occur. The clinical status (severity) of heat stroke changes by the minute, depending on the timing and type of measures taken, and the condition of the patient. The purpose of this severity classification is to recognize abnormalities early, to expedite treatment and avoid serious consequences. The novel classification broadly corresponds to the international classification (Stage I, heat cramp and syncope; Stage II, heat exhaustion; Stage III, heat stroke). However, the usefulness of the novel classification in assessing the severity of heat-related illness has not been fully validated. The possibility that Stage III patients with organ failure, according to the novel classification, may be included among patients diagnosed as having mild to moderate illness with the international classification system (heat cramp and syncope, and heat exhaustion) should be considered. In other words, it may be possible to underestimate severe heat-related illness in patients with organ failure when the international
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