forumforum...... journal journal The Journalof the National Trust for • Summer 2007 • Volume 21 • No. 4

Periodicals Viewpoints: Postage Paid ...... Washington, D.C. Contemporary Design in 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Historic Districts Washington, DC 20036 Four Strategies for Additions to Historic Settings Return Postage Guaranteed Address Correction Requested The Greenest Building Is…One That Is Already Built New Uses for Existing House Save the Guthrie! Again Preservation in China

Published by National Trust Forum, a program of the National Trust’s Center for Preservation Leadership be far from fully realized. new buildings are added. Can Seeking salvation through sustainability be achieved if green building fails to account our green vision extends only The Greenest Building Is...One for the overwhelming vastness to new buildings, ignoring the of the existing building stock. enormous challenges of exist- That Is Already Built The accumulated building ing buildings and communi- ...... Carl Elefante, AIA, LEED AP stock is the elephant in the ties? After two decades work- room: Ignoring it, we risk ing to promote green building A page has turned. In decades cut in half fossil fuel consump- being trampled by it. We can- within the architectural and hence, 2006 may well be tion in architect-designed not build our way to sustain- environmental policy sectors, regarded as the year when the buildings by 2010, yes 2010, ability; we must conserve our I believe that it is up to the national discussion about the and create carbon-neutral way to it. preservation community to future of our cities, perhaps our buildings by 2030 (thus the Consider the numbers. call attention to the elephant civilization, changed from a name). Green building is The U.S. Department of Energy in the room. debate over whether human maturing. “Green Buildings maintains a database of Amer- impacts on the environment and the Bottom Line,” pub- ica’s nonresidential buildings, Sustaining the Existing are leading to potentially lished by Building Design + its Commercial Building Energy Building Stock severe problems to one focused Construction2 states the busi- Consumption Survey.3 As of on what we can do to diminish ness case for green building, its latest update in 2003, there About 6 percent of the exist- and even reverse them. Hal- documenting increases in pro- are some 65 billion square feet ing building stock was con- leluiah! ductivity, performance, and of nonresidential buildings structed before 1920. This Evidence for this supposi- profitability and reductions in in the U.S. According to eco- small slice contains America’s tion is widespread. Certainly, risk, insurance premiums, and nomic projections reported by best-loved historic buildings, Al Gore’s Oscar-winning film, financing costs. Green has Architect magazine in 2006,4 a the “poster children” of his- An Inconvenient Truth, has found its way into the board- prolonged building boom of toric preservation. From a been singularly important in room. historic proportions will pro- green design viewpoint, this raising public awareness and However, this growth duce an estimated 28 billion segment also includes those defining environmental stew- process is far from complete. square feet of new construction structures built before the ardship as a fundamental trait Largely, the green building by 2030, an increase of more introduction of climate-control of American patriotism. Today, movement remains blind to than 40 percent. The report and lighting systems powered preventing climate change is its most troubling truth: We also notes (almost as an aside) with fossil fuels. There is a the rallying call for millions, cannot build our way to sus- that during the same period, wealth of traditional, vernacu- not just the environmental tainability. Even if, with the more than 54 billion square feet lar, and indigenous structures intelligentsia. There are hun- wave of a green wand, every of the existing nonresidential that deserve close study, by dreds of examples of how building constructed from this building stock, about 84 per- and green deeply our sense of national day hence has a vegetative cent of it, will undergo sub- building professionals alike. purpose has transformed. My roof, is powered only with stantial modification. Another 11 percent of profession accepted the Archi- renewable energy sources, and Picture it this way: Four the nonresidential building tecture 2030 Challenge1 laid is built entirely of environ- out of every five existing build- stock consists of mid-20th- down by Ed Mazria at the 2006 mentally appropriate materi- ings will be renovated over century buildings constructed AIA National Convention to als, sustainability would still the next generation while two up to the close of World

26 ...... 27 F ORUM J OURNAL S UMMER 2 0 0 7 document, and report the building stock in the United effectiveness of preservation as States, a whopping 36 billion a green building strategy based square feet. In part, the post- on the work we have accom- war building boom was made plished with these core ele- possible by new design atti- ments of the historic building tudes, ones that emphasized stock. the new building forms and However, it must also be the application of new tech- acknowledged that the build- nology over traditional build- ings preservationists most ing types and craft. frequently address represent Modern-era architecture a very small percentage of is markedly different aestheti- the entire stock. Preservation cally from its traditional pred- will become more relevant to ecessors and generally per- sustainability by expanding forms very differently as well. requires that we find efficient the scope of the buildings we Both preservation and green yet effective ways to transform Preservationists too often conserve. In my view, this building advocates readily them, elevating their perform- assume that renewable War II. Building technology expanded role should be par- agree that modern-era build- ance to sustainable levels. energy technologies can’t began to change rapidly during alleled by a shift in priorities ings present greater chal- The need to transform the be added comfortably to this period, turning away among preservationists toward lenges to both disciplines. modern-era building stock is historic buildings. But from traditional construction neighborhood revitalization Preservation professionals an important point deserving ground-coupled heating materials and methods and models, where ordinary build- have begun to wrestle with more elaboration. Quite fre- and cooling systems, dramatically increasing the ings are embraced for their the problems of modern-era quently, with the preservation requiring minimal complexity of mechanical and contribution to a larger con- structures, including their of 18th-, 19th-, and early electricity to operate, have electrical systems. text. I see it as emphasizing construction using materials 20th-century buildings, we been installed successfully The buildings that make more of our Main Street and assemblies that often lack endeavor to retain or restore at two National Historic up these two, older segments preservation culture. durability and their absolute their original function as Sites,The Monroe School of the building stock garner reliance on equipment that well as fabric. Repairing opera- (above) inTopeka, Kans., by far the most attention from The Modern-era consumes fossil fuels. ble windows, shutters, and and the Ulysses S. Grant preservationists. Over the past Building Stock This large and problem- awnings on a Victorian house National Historic Site four decades, tried-and-true atic segment of the building in a historic neighborhood (page 28) in St. Louis, conservation treatments have By the sheer force of numbers, stock is going to require new overarched with 100-year-old Mo. Photos courtesy of been developed that employ preservation will have to thinking about both preserva- trees is so obviously a win-win QUINN / EVANS remarkably efficient methods address a much larger building tion and green building. I for both preservation and sus- ARCHITECTS. to sustain these traditional stock when modern-era build- see it as both a challenge and tainability. The character of a structures. Preservationists are ings become more fully the an opportunity. In practical historic resource is preserved justified in heralding these stuff of preservation. The terms, the quantity of the and effective weather- and achievements as sustainable buildings of the 1950s, ’60s, modern-era building stock dic- climate-responsive devices are in their own right. Indeed, we ’70s, and ’80s constitute more tates that we find ways to use returned to their intended need to make a much more than half, about 55 percent, of these buildings far into the function. But it is hard to methodical effort to measure, the existing nonresidential future. Their (lack of) quality discover such win-win scenar-

28 ...... 29 F ORUM J OURNAL S UMMER 2 0 0 7 ios with many, if not most, the issues we must tackle value materials are cycled toward sustainability? I believe ...... modern-era buildings. Far too together are complex and var- down to low-value ones. there are three fundamentals frequently, the windows never ied. Although emerging green While this approach may which translate directly into Both scientifically operated and the mechanical building principles and prac- divert millions of tons of new directions that will help and culturally, we system never performed effi- tices must be duly credited waste from landfills today, bring preservation into part- ciently. Something different, for identifying solutions to how many more cycles can nership with green building. simply don’t know something new, something many of the unintended con- these materials endure into As biological creatures everything we need layered on to what already sequences of the industrial age, the future? With the expendi- we are, literally, one with the exists is needed. we cannot ignore the necessity ture of energy, glass bottles environment. To appreciate to know to say By accepting the need to both preserve and transform can be recycled into glass bot- this best, study the work of with authority to transform modern-era build- the buildings and communi- tles time and again; however, Dr. David Suzuki,7 who docu- ings, we may also need ties we already live in. plastic bottles are reduced to a ments in scientific terms our what constitutes to accept that preservation pulp material that can only be direct connection with sustainability. Then will transform as well. In my What Is Sustainable, formed into the most elemen- nature’s four elements: earth, view, preservationists have Really? tary objects. Can it be said air, water, and energy. What how does the been somewhat too quick to that both examples of recy- we do in the environment, preservation embrace historic exemptions, If preservation is going to cling are sustainable? we do to ourselves. To create most relevantly, from standards make a valuable contribution What is sustainable, really? sustainable communities, we community proceed like the National Energy Code. to sustaining our communities, There is no easy answer. Study must fully appreciate that they toward sustainability? As we face our responsibility to it needs a deeper understand- the partnership between The are seamlessly part of the natu- sustain the existing building ing of what constitutes sustain- Natural Step and Interface ral world...... stock, we should challenge ability. In today’s “green mar- Carpets.6 For more than a To paraphrase architect ourselves to meet every high- ketplace,” where green claims decade, Interface has been and industrial philosopher performance benchmark possi- are made about virtually every leading a revolution in the William McDonough: “Being ble. There are alternatives to product and service, clarifica- building products industry. It less bad is not being good.”8 historic exemptions. Achiev- tion is required. What makes has conducted perhaps the Today, we are taking the first ing reasonable accommodation clarity most elusive is that our most complete analysis of its steps toward sustainability, and proposing alternative com- perspective on sustainability is products and processes of any reducing our “environmental pliance methods are two. evolving so rapidly. company in history. Yet Inter- footprint” by consuming less For both preservation and Take recycling as an face is still looking quite far energy, releasing fewer harmful green building professionals, it example. Most everyone rec- into the future, 2020, to realize substances, and increasing is absolutely critical to study ognizes that recycling is an its mission of eliminating all the efficiency of technology. in detail and truly appreciate effective and productive sus- negative impacts on the envi- Such retooling is important; the characteristics that define tainable strategy, which it ronment. however, sustainability goals the existing building stock. is. However when recycling Both scientifically and must reach beyond doing less The preservation community is studied in more detail, it culturally, we simply don’t harm. To be sustainable, needs to invest more resources becomes apparent that things know everything we need to human activities need to into this endeavor. Even a are not as simple as they seem. know to say with authority increase the vitality of the brief overview makes it obvi- Much of what is called “recy- what constitutes sustainability. planet, not diminish it. ous that the scope of the chal- cling” is more accurately Then how does the preserva- Increasingly, green building lenge is monumental and that “down-cycling,”5 where high- tion community proceed professionals seek regenerative

30 ...... 31 F ORUM J OURNAL S UMMER 2 0 0 7 ...... solutions that restore the natu- respect and renew what is ment of the conditions of each Where is the work of preserva- Taking into account ral environment. We need to already here and a vision for material and element. Build- tion that gives buildings new break through to new plateaus. where and how to transform ings are complex assemblies. life? the massive Why can’t buildings produce the legacy of the past into the Conservators pick apart each In my architectural prac- investment of safe, affordable, reliable, and promise of tomorrow. assembly into its components tice, I am working to codify renewable energy instead of and repair or replace what building life-cycles by drawing materials and energy consuming fossil fuels? Why Practicing Green needs to be attended to. Fol- from preservation. The overall in existing buildings, can’t buildings harvest rainfall Preservation lowing this process gives preser- outline is a simplification of and recharge aquifers with vationists a very clear view of one posed in Stewart Brand’s it is both obvious and drinkable water instead of The intersection between the life-cycles of buildings. thought-provoking How profound that releasing “stormwater” and preservation and green build- Life-cycle analysis (LCA) Buildings Learn.14 The process “wastewater”? (Listen to the ing is becoming well traveled. and life-cycle cost analysis begins with sorting building extending the useful language!) Significant cross-pollination (LCCA) are considered fun- elements into four categories: service life of the Over the past decade I has occurred and the rate of damental tools of green build- structure, building envelope, have coined a phrase: The collaboration is exploding. ing. There are quite a num- interior elements, and systems. building stock is greenest building is…one The inherently green aspects ber of well-developed LCA I have found this to be a common sense, good that is already built. Many of historic and traditional protocols for rating the cradle- workable list that differenti- who hear me say it assume that buildings are being assessed to-grave performance and ates building components business, and sound I am being metaphysical. I’m and documented.9 Greening environmental impacts of according to their life-cycle. resource management. not. In the same way that the existing buildings, including construction materials and Preservation teaches first- wisdom of indigenous cultures important historic structures, products.12 However, there hand the practical limits of ...... taught David Suzuki to see the is gaining recognition in are considerable obstacles to durability. Structural elements links between humans and green building circles.10 This applying LCA to entire build- can, and really should, be con- nature, preservation philoso- body of work contains many ing projects. The number of structed to last for a very, very phy has sensitized me to see exciting projects involving variables is simply overwhelm- long time. By code and for the value in the existing world, traditional buildings that ing. Few tools have been life-safety reasons, structural especially the built world. Tak- protect their material and cul- developed that even attempt elements must be constructed ing into account the massive tural value while significantly to encapsulate all the elements for survivability, that is, the investment of materials and improving their energy and of a building project into a ability to survive fires, earth- energy in existing buildings, it environmental performance single impact assessment.13 quakes, and storms. (Oh, add is both obvious and profound characteristics. Many well- For those of us with an to the list terrorist attacks!) In that extending the useful serv- publicized examples are worth ingrained preservation out- most cases, when survivability ice life of the building stock is “Googling.”11 I leave it to you look, more frequently than is achieved, almost unlimited common sense, good business, to explore. not, we find the use of LCA durability is achieved at the and sound resource manage- tools in green building practice same time. Doesn’t life-cycle ment. To fully capture the Building Life-Cycles to be short-sighted and shal- design suggest that there value of the existing building low. Even the most rigorous should be an intentional rela- stock requires merging two dis- As we conserve buildings, LCA standards ignore any tionship between survivability ciplines: historic preservation which treatments are under- after-use impacts other than and durability? and green building. It requires taken is often determined by demolition and disposal. What On the other hand, build- an understanding of how to careful, even exhaustive, assess- about restoration and renewal? ing envelope elements are

32 ...... 33 F ORUM J OURNAL S UMMER 2 0 0 7 year-old windows through Energy Performance such straightforward means. Preservationists must accept For preservationists, it is the need to improve the energy an absolute mystery why so performance of the existing many “high-performance” building stock. We simply can- windows are designed without not ignore the fact that the any consideration for their electrical power that runs our renewal. Such systems are sold buildings contributes substan- as maintenance-free. In fact, tially to global warming and they cannot be repaired.15 For climate change. Seeking example, today’s glazing sys- exemption from this require- tems are complex, multi- ment does nothing more than component assemblies. While marginalize preservation. We their thermal and solar heat- must rise to the challenge. The gain performance characteris- carbon-neutral goals that have tics may be admirable, window been adopted across a wide assemblies made out of materi- spectrum of the green building als that last for hundreds of world are not beyond reach. heating and cooling systems at years (aluminum, glass) are However, let’s be clear that two National Historic Sites Energy modeling shows that doomed to early retirement meeting sustainable energy tar- where open land made the there is no “one size fits all” due to “differential durability” gets will require substantially requisite well-fields practical.17 solution to improving energy problems, for example edge improving building envelope Over the past 20 years, efficiency.It demonstrated exposed to weathering. Peri- seals that fail in a couple of performance, upgrading the green building practitioners that a repair-in-kind odic renewal is an unavoidable decades. A 20-year guarantee effectiveness of all energy- have developed technologies approach to window reality, ranging from simple should not mean that a build- consuming systems, and con- that make changing the energy restoration would have no routine maintenance, like ing element is guaranteed to verting to renewable energy performance of existing struc- adverse effect on energy painting, to more substantial need replacement in 20 years. sources both on and off site. tures achievable. Many preser- performance ofWashington, reconditioning and selective Currently, we are design- Far too many preserva- vationists are adopting them D.C.’s Eastern Market. But replacement. Preservationists ing our first new-building tionists bristle at the mention today.In my experience, energy major window alteration or familiar with the restoration project using an aluminum of using renewable energy at modeling is the most powerful replacement is called for at of traditional wood windows window wall system that historic sites. Images of solar one. Energy modeling has anotherWashington, D.C., know every trick to restore allows the glazing stops to be collectors that are promoted as become a routine step in our building, the American their operation and material removed, exposing the entire looking absolutely just exactly project development protocol. Institute of Architects integrity with the most mini- internal water management like a slate roof immediately Energy models are simulation National Headquarters mal means possible: a segment system. All gaskets and seals come to mind. (Believe me, tools that predict the energy (page 34). Photos courtesy of rotted wood replaced here, can be inspected, accessed, I’ve heard it all.) But preserva- performance of a building of QUINN / EVANS a patch of glazing compound and repaired or replaced if tionists should understand using computers. The charac- ARCHITECTS and the there, replace a broken pane needed. Even the frames’ more than most that good teristics of the building are Historic American Buildings with salvaged glass that thermal break elements can solutions come from well- entered including climate Survey. matches the characteristics of be replaced.16 You see, integrated design. Our office data, building orientation and the original glass. Many of us progress is possible. has installed ground-coupled form, roofing, wall materials, have experience restoring 100-

34 ...... 35 F ORUM J OURNAL S UMMER 2 0 0 7 ...... 6 and window sizes and types. quarters Building, also in to the vandalism that it has For information about the sustainability program adopted The performance characteris- Washington, D.C.19 Quite to perpetrated in the name of As preservation by Interface Carpets, go to tics of all energy-consuming the contrary of the Eastern progress. I am certain that www.interfaceinc.com/goals/ systems are input, including Market example, energy mod- all preservationists recognize teaches us all to sustainability. mechanical systems, lighting, eling showed that achieving truth in this observation. better value the past, 7 David Suzuki is a prolific writer and plug loads. Finally, opera- energy goals was, essentially, Beyond regretting these and lecturer. The David Suzuki tional and interior environ- impossible without making blows to history’s legacy, my it is my hope and Foundation website is a good mental settings are entered. significant upgrades to window deepest concern is that our source of information about his The program predicts energy performance. Nearly 60 per- intoxication blurs our vision of prayer that it also activities promoting the science of sustainability, at www.david- use around the clock and year. cent of the annual heat loss the future. I worry that our cul- helps us to fully suzuki.org. Energy simulations can be cal- and gain is directly attributa- ture equally under-appreciates ibrated to provide amazing ble to the window system. the significance of our actions awaken to our 8 William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Chapter 2, accuracy. Many scenarios can However, this does not neces- today on the future; not a dis- responsibilities to “Why Being ‘Less Bad’ Is Not be simulated so that trade-offs sarily require window replace- tant future, but our children’s. the future. Good,” in Cradle to Cradle, North between building alterations ment. We studied alternatives As preservation teaches us all Point Press, 2002, pages 45-67. and system design can be tested. for achieving the required per- to better value the past, it is ...... 9 For a good sampling of recent Over the past few formance upgrades both with my hope and prayer that it also green preservation articles, see 2 “Green Buildings and the months, our office has used and without window replace- helps us to fully awaken to our Bottom Line,” A Supplement to the APT Bulletin Special Issue on energy modeling to help ment. Energy modeling gives responsibilities to the future. Building Design + Construction, Sustainability and Preservation, design two very different us choices. In my eyes, this is the unbreak- published by Reed Business 36, no. 4 (2005), Mount Ida Press. preservation projects that able bond between preserva- Information, November 2006, 10 Two widely recognized sources serve as revealing examples of tion and sustainability. Chapter 3. “Financing Green for green building case studies A Final Thought Office Buildings,” pages 10-17. its use. The first project is the are the American Institute of Architects Committee on the restoration of Eastern Market “The earth is not given to us ...... 3 United States Department of Environment Top 10 Green in Washington, D.C.18 The by our parents, it is lent to us Energy, Energy Information Administration, Commercial Buildings (www.aiatopten.org) energy model showed that by our children.”20 Carl Elefante, AIA, LEED AP, is a Building Energy Consumption and the United States Green implementing a repair-in-kind My professional immer- principal architect and director of Building Council Leadership Sustainable Design at QUINN / Survey (CBECS), 2003 Detailed approach to window restora- sion in preservation has Tables, Table B1. Summary in Energy and Environmental EVANS ARCHITECTS, a firm with Design Green Building Rating tion did not have an adverse revealed to me something offices in Ann Arbor, Mich., andWash- Table: Total and Means of Floor- space, Number of Workers, and System Project List impact on the energy perform- about our culture that I ington, D.C. He has lectured on his- (www.usgbc.org). Both green ance of the building. Window believe to be of the very great- toric preservation and sustainability Hours of Operation for Non- Mall Buildings, 2003, can be building lists include quite a “upgrade” scenarios were est importance in the pursuit and served on various task forces and few existing building projects sustainable preservation committees. found on the internet at shown to reduce energy con- of sustainability. Our culture www.eia.doe.gov including historically designated sumption by no more than 3 is drunk on the new and now. ones that demonstrate the best 4 Arthur C. Nelson, “The Boom practices in green preservation. NOTES percent, nowhere near justifi- This intoxication clouds our To Come, America Circa 2030,” However, I cannot help but note able using an LCCA cost-ben- judgment, causing us to pro- 1 For information about Architect, 95, no. 11 (Mid- that neither list specifically efit analysis. foundly undervalue the legacy Architecture 2030 founded October 2006) Hanley Wood acknowledges building reuse The second project is the of our forbearers. Clearly, by Edward Mazria, AIA, go to Business Media, pages 93-97. and historic projects in their www.architecture2030.org where database. stewardship and greening of preservation itself is a calcu- 5 William McDonough and his speech laying out the 2030 Michael Braungart, Cradle To 11 Google these four projects the American Institute of lated reaction to our culture’s Challenge can be downloaded. Architects National Head- insensitivity to the past and Cradle, North Point Press, 2002, which present an informative page 4. spectrum of green preservation:

36 ...... 37 F ORUM J OURNAL S UMMER 2 0 0 7 Draper Hall at Berea College by 15 I have shamelessly borrowed that would have measurable Sim Van Der Ryn, Jean Vollum this point from Michael Jackson, results. Natural Capital Center (Ecotrust FAIA, with the Illinois Historic headquarters) in Portland, Ore., Preservation Agency. 19 QUINN EVANS | ARCHI- by Green Building Services, TECTS has prepared recommen- New Uses for Existing California College of Arts and 16 Headquartered in Germany dations for the greening of the Crafts (former Greyhound Bus with U.S. manufacturing and dis- American Institute of Architects House Museums tribution, Schuco International Headquarters building designed Maintenance Facility) in San ...... Francisco by Leddy Maytum KG produces an aluminum by The Architects Collaborative Donna Ann Harris Stacy, and Chicago Center for window wall, curtain wall, and (TAC), founded by Walter Green Technology by Farr skylight system that can be taken Gropius. Quite to the contrary On December 31, 2006, a intrepid band of ladies who Associates. apart down to the structural of the traditional architecture of frame and fully reconditioned by Eastern Market, the continuous front-page article in the New saved Mount Vernon for con- 12 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) inserting new gaskets and other ribbon windows at AIA make York Times announced that version into a , is tools are largely targeted at weatherizing inserts. Go to window upgrades a matter of the Colonial Williamsburg Foun- now more than 150 years old. products and, more specifically, www.schuco-usa.com for more greatest necessity. dation had decided to put its Despite the maturation of the the impacts associated with their information. 20 property Carter’s Grove on the preservation movement, house manufacture and use. The U.S. Soka Gakkai International, Environmental Protection 17 QUINN EVANS | ARCHI- War and Peace, From a Century market. The 400-acre riverside museums are still the most Agency (EPA) and National TECTS has installed ground- of War To a Century of Hope, estate with a grand 18th- common end use for a local Institute of Standards and Tech- coupled heating and cooling UN Department of Disarmament century Georgian mansion is a preservation project, whether nology (NIST) have developed systems at the Monroe School Affairs, attributed as a “Kenyon in Topeka, Kans., the Brown vs. Proverb.” renowned example of a Vir- or not there is a well-funded the Building for Environmental ginia plantation. Once open to preservation constituency that and Economic Sustainability Board of Education National (BEES) software tools for rating Historic Site, and the Ulysses S. visitors, the Foundation closed can assume the responsibilities environmental performance, Grant National Historic Site in it due to “declining atten- of preserving and interpreting in essence the “official” U.S. St. Louis, Mo. Ground source dance and changing priori- a house museum for public government LCA tool. systems provide heating and cooling by passing water through ties,” according to the article. visitation. 13 In my experience, the most a series of wells extending into The announcement sent shud- Today no one knows how comprehensive LCA system to the earth which maintains a ders throughout the preserva- many house museums there address entire building projects constant temperature year-round tion movement, if only are in the United States. The is the Environmental Impact only a few feet below its surface. because it confirmed what last count, taken in 1999 for Estimator (EIE) program devel- Electricity, generated using fossil oped by The Athena Institute, fuels or nuclear power through- most already knew: Historic the Directory of Historic House a Canadian nonprofit organiza- out most of the U.S., is used only house museums are in trouble. Museums published by the tion. Athena has applied EIE to to power pumps and fans. A far Five years ago Richard American Association of State two existing building renovation greater power need for chillers Moe’s provocative article in and Local History, listed 8,000, projects, testing contrasting and boilers is eliminated. Forum Journal (16, no. 3, and many sites were missing approaches to assessing the value of reusing buildings: “bench- 18 QUINN EVANS | ARCHI- Spring 2002) entitled “Are from that volume. In the inter- marking” and “avoided impact.” TECTS has prepared recommen- There Too Many House Muse- vening years, we have seen It should be noted that even dations for the rehabilitation of ums?” acknowledged that for many more house museums the EIE does not capture the Eastern Market in Washington D.C., Washington’s only remain- most Americans the words created by well-meaning peo- life-cycle implications of future historic preservation and house ple who want to set aside a building renewal regimens. ing 19th-century market building and one of six remaining build- museum were virtually synony- tangible piece of community 14 Stewart Brand, Chapter 2, ings designed by Adolph Cluss. mous. The house museum history for public visitation. “Shearing Layers” in How Build- The energy model showed that model, pioneered by Ann Perhaps, as Moe stated, there ings Learn, Penguin , 1994, adding insulation to the roof is pages 12-23. the only envelope improvement Pamela Cunningham and her are too many house museums.

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