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The Ideological Discourse of the Islamist Humor Magazines in Turkey: the Case of Misvak

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The Ideological Discourse of the Islamist Humor Magazines in Turkey: the Case of Misvak THE IDEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE OF THE ISLAMIST HUMOR MAGAZINES IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF MISVAK A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NAZLI HAZAL TETİK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA AND CULTURAL STUDIES JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barış Çakmur Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Özgür Avcı (METU, PADM) Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan (METU, PADM) Prof. Dr. Lütfi Doğan Tılıç (Başkent Uni., ILF) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Nazlı Hazal Tetik Signature: iii ABSTRACT THE IDEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE OF THE ISLAMIST HUMOR MAGAZINES IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF MISVAK Tetik, Nazlı Hazal M.S., Department of Media and Cultural Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan July 2020, 259 pages This thesis focuses on the ideological discourse of Misvak, one of the most popular Islamist humor magazines in Turkey in the 2000s. By analyzing the magazine’s cartoons, the study first attempts to reveal the general characteristics and the function of humor in Misvak. Then it discusses how Islamism is presented as the primary ideological position in the magazine. In order to uncover absences and silences in the discourse, the purpose of the thesis is also to investigate whether there is discursive parallelism between the magazine and the AKP government or not. Finally, within the context of kulturkampf and hegemony debates, the study aims to show how enemy images are constructed in Misvak by analyzing visual texts. Keywords: humor, Islamist humor magazines, hegemony, the AKP, enemy images iv ÖZ TÜRKİYE’DEKİ İSLAMCI MİZAH DERGİLERİNİN İDEOLOJİK SÖYLEMİ: MİSVAK ÖRNEĞİ Tetik, Nazlı Hazal Yüksek Lisans, Medya ve Kültürel Çalışmalar Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan Temmuz 2020, 259 sayfa Bu tez, 2000’ler Türkiye’sinin en popüler İslamcı mizah dergilerinden biri olan Misvak’ın ideolojik söylemine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma öncelikle dergi karikatürlerini analiz ederek Misvak’ta sunulan mizahın genel özelliklerini ve işlevini ortaya çıkarmaya girişmektedir. Ardından, dergide ana ideolojik pozisyon olan İslamcılığın nasıl sunulduğu tartışılmaktadır. Söylemdeki eksiklikleri ve suskunlukları ortaya çıkarabilmek maksadıyla bu tez ayrıca derginin ve AKP Hükümetinin söylemleri arasında parallellik bulunup bulunmadığını araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Son olarak, hegemonya ve kulturkampf tartışmaları bağlamında düşman imajlarının dergide nasıl inşa edildiği görsel metinlerin analizi yoluyla gösterilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: mizah, İslamcı mizah dergileri, hegemonya, AKP, düşman imajları v DEDICATION This thesis work is lovingly dedicated to my mother, Lale Erzenli, who raised me to be a strong woman. You have always believed in me, regardless of the circumstances. This work is also dedicated to my husband, Ozan, who has been a constant source of encouragement during the challenges of graduate school as well as life. Without your support, I could never accomplish this study. I am deeply grateful for having you in my life. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan, not only because he provided me invaluable advice and guidance about my research but also his endless patience and enthusiasm motivated me so much from the beginning of the graduate school. Above all, his immense knowledge and unique insight inspired me for my future studies. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. L. Doğan Tılıç and Assist. Prof. Özgür Avcı for their support, positive comments, and valuable suggestions. I am also grateful to Assoc. Prof. Barış Çakmur for his words of encouragement during my studies. I owe a special thanks to my friends for their continuous support. Öykü Ertepınar, Tuğçe Ulu, Begüm Yücel, Sinem Demirel, Onur Ali Gitmez, and Onur Özel; you have shown me the true meaning of the act of solidarity. Thank you for your kindness and sympathy that motivated me throughout the whole process. I am also truly indebted to my mother, Lale Erzenli, for her endless love and support; thank you for believing in me. Finally, I want to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to my husband, Ozan Çoğalan. Thank you for everything; without you, I could never accomplish this study. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................. v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Aim and Significance of the Study .............................................................. 5 1.2 Literature Review ............................................................................................... 7 1.3 Research Method and Theoretical Framework ................................................. 10 1.4 Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................ 23 2. APPROACHING HUMOR, ISLAMIC HUMOR AND ISLAMIST HUMOR MAGAZINES IN TURKEY ...................................................................................... 26 2.1 On Laughter and Humor ................................................................................... 26 2.2 Humor and Religion ......................................................................................... 38 2.3 Mainstream and Islamist Humor Magazines in Turkey ................................... 46 2.3.1. Mainstream Humor Magazines ................................................................. 46 2.3.2. Islamist Humor Magazines ....................................................................... 52 2.4 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................ 60 3. THE AKP’S IDEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE AND THE HEGEMONIC PROJECT ................................................................................................................... 62 3.1 Crisis of Hegemony Before the Reconfiguration of the Politics by the AKP .. 63 3.2 Features of the AKP’s Hegemony Project and Its Transition .......................... 66 3.3 Cultural Hegemony and the Ideological Discourse .......................................... 74 3.4 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................ 86 4. MISVAK, HUMOR, AND IDEOLOGY ............................................................... 88 4.1 Production Process of Misvak .......................................................................... 88 viii 4.2 Humor in Misvak .............................................................................................. 94 4.3 Cafcaf, Hacamat and Misvak: Some Distinctive Features of the Islamist Humor Magazines of the 2000s ............................................................................ 101 4.4 Islamist Ideological Discourse of Misvak ...................................................... 108 4.5 Representation of the Self-Image Through Ideology in Misvak .................... 115 4.6 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................... 134 5. THE CONSTRUCTION OF ENEMY IMAGES IN MISVAK .......................... 136 5.1 Representations of the Left in Turkey ............................................................ 138 5.2 Representations of Intellectuals ...................................................................... 149 5.3 Representations of the Gezi Protesters ........................................................... 156 5.4 Representations of the Political Parties in Opposition ................................... 162 5.5 Representations of Women and the LGBTQ+ ............................................... 171 5.5.1 Representations of Women ...................................................................... 171 5.5.2 Representations of LGBTQ+ ................................................................... 178 5.5.3 The Use of Hegemonic Masculinity for the Construction of Enemy Images ..............................................................................................................
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