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7 1. EINLEITUNG __________________________________________________________ 1.1 DIE SAMMLUNG LIENEMANN Die Sammlung Lienemann wurde von Prof. Dr. theol. Christine Lienemann- Perrin und Prof. Dr. theol. Wolfgang Lienemann1 im Frühjahr 1999 den Basler Afrika Bibliographien als Dauerleihgabe übergeben. Sie beinhaltet Materialen zum südlichen Afrika, im Besonderen zu Südafrika sowie Dokumente aus Deutschland und (in geringerem Umfang) aus der Schweiz, die sich mit der Apartheidproblematik auseinandersetzen. Der zeitliche Rahmen umfasst die siebziger, achtziger und neunziger Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts. C. und W. Lienemann übten zur fraglichen Zeit ihre Forschungstätigkeit in der "Forschungsstätte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft” (FEST) in Heidelberg und (später als korrespondierende Mitglieder der FEST) in Marburg aus - beide mit einem besonderen Interesse an den aktuellen theologischen und ethischen Fragen, die sich angesichts der Situation in Südafrika unter dem Apartheid-Regime stellten. Durch die Auseinandersetzung mit Südafrika kam es zu zahlreichen Kontakten innerhalb der ökumenischen Bewegung (im Umfeld des Ökumenischen Rates der Kirchen und vor allem zu südafrikanischen Theologen und Theologinnen sowie Anti-ApartheidaktivistInnen), Kontakte, die sich auch in den Dokumenten und Briefen der Sammlung widerspiegeln. C. Lienemann war zudem an der "Studien- und Dialoggruppe südliches Afrika” der Evangelischen Kirche Deutschland (EKD) beteiligt - eine Arbeitsgruppe mit 1C. Lienemann-Perrin ist zur Zeit Professorin für Missions- und Ökumenewissenschaft an der theologischen Fakultät der Universität Basel. W. Lienemann lehrt als Professor für Ethik an der theologischen Fakultät der Universität Bern. 8 internationaler Besetzung, die als eine der ersten Gruppierungen in Deutschland das direkte Gespräch mit den Befreiungsbewegungen und den Gewerkschaften im südlichen Afrika suchte, um deren Anliegen Gehör zu verschaffen. Auf Anregung des South African Council of Churches (SACC) und des südafrikanischen lutherischen Theologen Wolfram Kistner (vgl. die Dokumente unter III.32), der mit der FEST in enger Verbindung stand, bildete sich innerhalb der Forschungsstätte eine interdisziplinär angelegte Kommission, die sich mit der Frage der Legitimität bzw. Illegitimität von Unrechtsregimen, insbesondere mit der Situation in Südafrika, beschäftigte. Die Resultate der Kommissionsarbeit wurden schliesslich von C. und W. Lienemann in einem Aufsatzband mit dem Titel Politische Legitimität in Südafrika. Freiheits-Charta gegen Minderheitsherrschaft3 publiziert. Ende der achtziger Jahre verfasste C. Lienemann ihre Habilitationsschrift, die 1992 unter dem Titel Die politische Verantwortung der Kirchen in Südkorea und Südafrika4 publiziert wurde. C. Lienemann fragt darin nach den Bedingungen und Konkretisierungen einer 'ökumenischen Ethik des Politischen' und untersucht vergleichend, wie die Kirchen in Südafrika (am Beispiel des South African Council of Churches) einerseits und in Südkorea andererseits ihre politische Verantwortung in einer Krisensituation theologisch begründen und in ihrem jeweils spezifischen Kontext wahrnehmen. Die Grundlagenmaterialien der wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeit von C. und W. Lienemann5 sind in der vorliegenden Sammlung in 36 Ordnern zusammengefasst. Die Sammlung umfasst publiziertes und unpubliziertes 2Zum System der Signaturen siehe weiter unten unter Kapitel 1.2 "Hinweise zur Registratur und zur Ordnung der Materialien". 3Erschienen in der Reihe Texte und Materialien der Forschungsstätte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft, Reihe A, Nr.27, Heidelberg 1988. Siehe Dokument VI.2. Mit Beiträgen von Konrad Ginther, Gerhard Grohs, Ludwig Helbig, Winrich Kühne. 4München 1992. 5Vgl. auch die Publikationsliste im Anhang 9 Material, Briefe, Zeitungsartikel, Protokolle, Konferenzberichte, Aufsätze, Gesetzestexte etc., sowohl in Deutsch als auch in Englisch. Sie deckt ein breites Themenspektrum ab und dokumentiert die zentralen Probleme der Apartheid sowie die politischen und kirchlich-theologischen Entwicklungen in Südafrika (und Europa) bis in die Mitte der neunziger Jahre. Inhaltlich kristallisieren sich sieben Themenbereiche heraus: Der erste Teil der Dokumente (I.1-8) widmet sich der Apartheidproblematik und der politischen Situation in Südafrika im allgemeinen. Darunter fallen Texte zur Apartheidgesetzgebung, zur südafrikanischen Verfassung (I.1-2), zum Black Sash (einer Anti-Apartheidorganisation weisser südafrikanischer Frauen, vgl. I.2.GG), zu den Menschenrechten (I.2+8), zur Freiheits-Charta (Freedom Charter), Materialien zu den Befreiungsbewegungen (I.3+8), zur Diskussion um die Legitimität der südafrikanischen Regierung (I.4+5) und zu den Homelands sowie speziell zur Situation in der Provinz Natal und in Zululand (I.6). Dieser Teil der Sammlung umfasst ebenfalls einige Ausgaben der regelmässigen Publikationen "RSA nachrichten", "RSA Kirchen aktuell", "RSA 2000 - Weg in die Zukunft" der südafrikanischen Botschaft in Bonn (I.7). Der zweite Teil der Sammlung (II.1-4) dokumentiert das Verhältnis der Kirchen in Südafrika zum und ihre Auseinandersetzung mit dem Apartheidstaat. Darunter finden sich Texte von und zu C.F. Beyers Naudé, dem Gründer und Leiter des Christian Institute of Southern Africa und zeitweiligen Generalsekretär des South African Council of Churches (vgl. II.1.R.1-14), Texte zu den lutherischen und den reformierten Kirchen in Südafrika sowie zu deren Verhältnis zum Lutherischen Weltbund, resp. zum reformierten Weltbund (II.2), und Stellungnahmen verschiedener Kirchen zur Situation in Südafrika (II.3). II.4 umfasst, neben einigen eher allgemeinen Dokumenten zu Zimbabwe, Texte zum südafrikanischen Kirchenrecht. 10 Der dritte Themenbereich (III.1-6) befasst sich im speziellen mit dem South African Council of Churches (SACC) und seinen verschiedenen Abteilungen, besonders mit der Abteilung Justice and Reconciliation, deren Leitung Wolfram Kistner inne hatte. Texte von W. Kistner bilden einen Schwerpunkt in den Teilen III.3 und III.5. Die Abteilung Justice and Reconciliation befasste sich mit den konkreten Auswirkungen der Apartheidpolitik, mit dem Erziehungswesen und den Schulboykotten (III.3.E.1-18), der Situation in den Townships und Homelands (III.4.A), der Frage des Kirchenasyls (Sanctuary Programme, III.4.B), mit der Flüchtlingsproblematik (III.4.D) und den Zwangsumsiedlungen (III.4.E). Dazu verfolgte sie verschiedene Projekte wie die Aktion Bundesschluss, die den Kontakt zwischen von Zwangsumsiedlungen bedrohten Gemeinden und (kirchlichen) Gruppierungen in Deutschland iniziierte und förderte (III.3.D), oder das Detainees' Parents Support Committee, das Inhaftierte - besonders Kinder und Jugendliche - und deren Angehörige unterstützte. Die apartheidkritische Haltung des SACC und sein Engagement für Gerechtigkeit und Demokratie veranlasste den südafrikanischen Staat 1981 zur Einsetzung der Eloff- Commission of Inquiry, die die Institution und ihre Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen einer strengen Überprüfung unterzog (III.2). In Teil III.5 sind Texte zum SACC nach 1990 - also nach der demokratischen Wende in Südafrika - zusammengefasst. Eine Sammlung verschiedener Ausgaben der Ecunews, eines Informationsorgans des South African Council of Churches beschliesst den Teil III. Der vierte Themenbereich umfasst Dokumente zum Programme to Combat Racism (PCR) des World Council of Churches (WCC)6 (IV.1-6). Das Antirassismusprogramm wurde 1969/1970 ins Leben gerufen und sollte neue gezieltere Massnahmen in der Bekämpfung des Rassismus eröffnen. Das 6 Vgl. J.W. de Gruchy, The Church Struggle in South Africa, Grand Rapids/ London/ Claremont 21986; pp. 127 - 138. 11 Programm fand weithin grosse Resonanz, wurde aber auch heftig kritisiert, vor allem als 1970 an einer Konferenz in Arnoldshain (Deutschland) beschlossen wurde, die Befreiungsbewegungen finanziell zu unterstüzten. Dieser Entschluss, der die Solidarität mit den Unterdrückten im südlichen Afrika zum Ausdruck bringen sollte, war sowohl in Südafrika, als auch in Europa sehr umstritten. Die südafrikanischen Kirchen sahen sich mit Anschuldigungen seitens der Regierung konfrontiert, der WCC (und demzufolge auch der SACC) würden "terroristische Gruppierungen" und somit die Gewalt gegen die Bevölkerung Südafrikas unterstützen. Einerseits brachte dies den SACC in eine unangenehme Lage - die Institution wurde seitens der Regierung mit Repressionen bedroht - andererseits äusserten die Mitgliedskirchen auch theologische Bedenken gegenüber einer scheinbaren Legitimierung der Gewalt seitens der Kirchen. Die Reaktionen in Europa reichten von bedingungsloser Unterstützung über eine sympathisierende kritische Haltung bis hin zu völliger Ablehung. Die Diskussion zog sich über mehrere Jahre hin und erreichte einen neuen Höhepunkt, als das PCR 1977 das Hintergrundpapier zur Lage in Südafrika Südafrika heute - Hoffnung um welchen Preis veröffentlichte, in dem es u.a. ebenfalls um die Frage der Gewalt als (letzte?) Möglichkeit in einem "gerechten" Kampf gegen den Rassismus ging. Während der Zeit in der FEST verfassten C. und W. Lienemann in Zusammenarbeit mit Wolfgang Huber die Studie ‘Südafrika heute - Hoffnung um welchen Preis?’ Auswertung der Reaktionen auf das Hintergrundpapier des ökumenischen Rats der Kirchen, Programmeinheit ‘Gerechtigkeit und Dienst’, Kommission für das Programm zur Bekämpfung des Rassismus, die die Kommentare zur genannten Publikation des PCR systematisierte und analysierte (vgl. IV.4). In Teil IV.6 finden sich ausserdem einige Ausgaben der PCR Information.
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    This article was downloaded by: [Geoffrey Macdonald] On: 04 July 2015, At: 05:01 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London, SW1P 1WG Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cpsa20 Racial Politics and Campaign Strategy in South Africa's 2009 Election Geoffrey Macdonalda a Geoffrey Macdonald. Department of Political Science, Grinnell College, IA, USA. Published online: 02 Jul 2015. Click for updates To cite this article: Geoffrey Macdonald (2015) Racial Politics and Campaign Strategy in South Africa's 2009 Election, Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 42:2, 155-176, DOI: 10.1080/02589346.2015.1005792 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2015.1005792 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.