Introduction to Surgery Theory
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Mapping Class Group of a Handlebody
FUNDAMENTA MATHEMATICAE 158 (1998) Mapping class group of a handlebody by Bronis law W a j n r y b (Haifa) Abstract. Let B be a 3-dimensional handlebody of genus g. Let M be the group of the isotopy classes of orientation preserving homeomorphisms of B. We construct a 2-dimensional simplicial complex X, connected and simply-connected, on which M acts by simplicial transformations and has only a finite number of orbits. From this action we derive an explicit finite presentation of M. We consider a 3-dimensional handlebody B = Bg of genus g > 0. We may think of B as a solid 3-ball with g solid handles attached to it (see Figure 1). Our goal is to determine an explicit presentation of the map- ping class group of B, the group Mg of the isotopy classes of orientation preserving homeomorphisms of B. Every homeomorphism h of B induces a homeomorphism of the boundary S = ∂B of B and we get an embedding of Mg into the mapping class group MCG(S) of the surface S. z-axis α α α α 1 2 i i+1 . . β β 1 2 ε x-axis i δ -2, i Fig. 1. Handlebody An explicit and quite simple presentation of MCG(S) is now known, but it took a lot of time and effort of many people to reach it (see [1], [3], [12], 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 20F05, 20F38, 57M05, 57M60. This research was partially supported by the fund for the promotion of research at the Technion. [195] 196 B.Wajnryb [9], [7], [11], [6], [14]). -
[Math.GT] 31 Mar 2004
CORES OF S-COBORDISMS OF 4-MANIFOLDS Frank Quinn March 2004 Abstract. The main result is that an s-cobordism (topological or smooth) of 4- manifolds has a product structure outside a “core” sub s-cobordism. These cores are arranged to have quite a bit of structure, for example they are smooth and abstractly (forgetting boundary structure) diffeomorphic to a standard neighborhood of a 1-complex. The decomposition is highly nonunique so cannot be used to define an invariant, but it shows the topological s-cobordism question reduces to the core case. The simply-connected version of the decomposition (with 1-complex a point) is due to Curtis, Freedman, Hsiang and Stong. Controlled surgery is used to reduce topological triviality of core s-cobordisms to a question about controlled homotopy equivalence of 4-manifolds. There are speculations about further reductions. 1. Introduction The classical s-cobordism theorem asserts that an s-cobordism of n-manifolds (the bordism itself has dimension n + 1) is isomorphic to a product if n ≥ 5. “Isomorphic” means smooth, PL or topological, depending on the structure of the s-cobordism. In dimension 4 it is known that there are smooth s-cobordisms without smooth product structures; existence was demonstrated by Donaldson [3], and spe- cific examples identified by Akbulut [1]. In the topological case product structures follow from disk embedding theorems. The best current results require “small” fun- damental group, Freedman-Teichner [5], Krushkal-Quinn [9] so s-cobordisms with these groups are topologically products. The large fundamental group question is still open. Freedman has developed several link questions equivalent to the 4-dimensional “surgery conjecture” for arbitrary fundamental groups. -
Evaluating TQFT Invariants from G-Crossed Braided Spherical Fusion
Evaluating TQFT invariants from G-crossed braided spherical fusion categories via Kirby diagrams with 3-handles Manuel Bärenz October 16, 2018 Abstract A family of TQFTs parametrised by G-crossed braided spherical fusion categories has been defined recently as a state sum model and as a Hamiltonian lattice model. Concrete calculations of the resulting manifold invariants are scarce because of the combinatorial complexity of triangulations, if nothing else. Handle decompositions, and in particular Kirby diagrams are known to offer an economic and intuitive description of 4-manifolds. We show that if 3-handles are added to the picture, the state sum model can be conveniently redefined by translating Kirby diagrams into the graphical calculus of a G-crossed braided spherical fusion category. This reformulation is very efficient for explicit calculations, and the manifold invariant is calculated for several examples. It is also shown that in most cases, the invariant is multiplicative under connected sum, which implies that it does not detect exotic smooth structures. Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Kirby calculus with 3-handles 4 2.1 Handledecompositions. ..... 4 2.2 Kirbydiagrams................................... 6 2.2.1 Remainingregionsascanvases . .... 6 2.2.2 Attachingspheresandframings. ..... 7 2.2.3 Kirbyconventions .............................. 8 2.2.4 Kirbydiagramsand3-handles. .... 11 2.3 Handlemoves..................................... 11 2.3.1 Cancellations ................................. 11 arXiv:1810.05833v1 [math.GT] 13 Oct 2018 2.3.2 Slides ...................................... 12 2.4 Examples ........................................ 16 2.4.1 S1 × S3 ..................................... 16 2.4.2 S1 × S1 × S2 .................................. 16 2.4.3 Fundamentalgroup. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 1 3 Graphical calculus in G-crossed braided spherical fusion categories 17 3.1 Sphericalfusioncategories . -
Poincare Complexes: I
Poincare complexes: I By C. T. C. WALL Recent developments in differential and PL-topology have succeeded in reducing a large number of problems (classification and embedding, for ex- ample) to problems in homotopy theory. The classical methods of homotopy theory are available for these problems, but are often not strong enough to give the results needed. In this paper we attempt to develop a branch of homotopy theory applicable to the classification problem for compact manifolds. A Poincare complex is (approximately) a finite cw-complex which satisfies the Poincare duality theorem. A precise definition is given in ? 1, together with a discussion of chain complexes. In Chapter 2, we give a cutting and gluing theorem, define connected sum, and give a theorem on product decompositions. Chapter 3 is devoted to an account of the tangential proper- ties first introduced by M. Spivak (Princeton thesis, 1964). We then start our classification theorems; in Chapter 4, for dimensions up to 3, where the dominant invariant is the fundamental group; and in Chapter 5, for dimension 4, where we obtain a classification theorem when the fundamental group has prime order. It is complicated to use, but allows us to construct two inter- esting examples. In the second part of this paper, we intend to classify highly connected Poin- care complexes; to show how to perform surgery, and give some applications; by constructing handle decompositions and computing some cobordism groups. This paper was originally planned when the only known fact about topological manifolds (of dimension >3) was that they were Poincare com- plexes. -
On the Work of Michel Kervaire in Surgery and Knot Theory
1 ON MICHEL KERVAIRE'S WORK IN SURGERY AND KNOT THEORY Andrew Ranicki (Edinburgh) http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/eaar/slides/kervaire.pdf Geneva, 11th and 12th February, 2009 2 1927 { 2007 3 Highlights I Major contributions to the topology of manifolds of dimension > 5. I Main theme: connection between stable trivializations of vector bundles and quadratic refinements of symmetric forms. `Division by 2'. I 1956 Curvatura integra of an m-dimensional framed manifold = Kervaire semicharacteristic + Hopf invariant. I 1960 The Kervaire invariant of a (4k + 2)-dimensional framed manifold. I 1960 The 10-dimensional Kervaire manifold without differentiable structure. I 1963 The Kervaire-Milnor classification of exotic spheres in dimensions > 4 : the birth of surgery theory. n n+2 I 1965 The foundation of high dimensional knot theory, for S S ⊂ with n > 2. 4 MATHEMATICAL REVIEWS + 1 Kervaire was the author of 66 papers listed (1954 { 2007) +1 unlisted : Non-parallelizability of the n-sphere for n > 7, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 44, 280{283 (1958) 619 matches for "Kervaire" anywhere, of which 84 in title. 18,600 Google hits for "Kervaire". MR0102809 (21() #1595) Kervaire,, Michel A. An interpretation of G. Whitehead's generalizationg of H. Hopf's invariant. Ann. of Math. (2)()69 1959 345--365. (Reviewer: E. H. Brown) 55.00 MR0102806 (21() #1592) Kervaire,, Michel A. On the Pontryagin classes of certain ${\rm SO}(n)$-bundles over manifolds. Amer. J. Math. 80 1958 632--638. (Reviewer: W. S. Massey) 55.00 MR0094828 (20 #1337) Kervaire, Michel A. Sur les formules d'intégration de l'analyse vectorielle. -
How to Depict 5-Dimensional Manifolds
HOW TO DEPICT 5-DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS HANSJORG¨ GEIGES Abstract. We usually think of 2-dimensional manifolds as surfaces embedded in Euclidean 3-space. Since humans cannot visualise Euclidean spaces of higher dimensions, it appears to be impossible to give pictorial representations of higher-dimensional manifolds. However, one can in fact encode the topology of a surface in a 1-dimensional picture. By analogy, one can draw 2-dimensional pictures of 3-manifolds (Heegaard diagrams), and 3-dimensional pictures of 4- manifolds (Kirby diagrams). With the help of open books one can likewise represent at least some 5-manifolds by 3-dimensional diagrams, and contact geometry can be used to reduce these to drawings in the 2-plane. In this paper, I shall explain how to draw such pictures and how to use them for answering topological and geometric questions. The work on 5-manifolds is joint with Fan Ding and Otto van Koert. 1. Introduction A manifold of dimension n is a topological space M that locally ‘looks like’ Euclidean n-space Rn; more precisely, any point in M should have an open neigh- bourhood homeomorphic to an open subset of Rn. Simple examples (for n = 2) are provided by surfaces in R3, see Figure 1. Not all 2-dimensional manifolds, however, can be visualised in 3-space, even if we restrict attention to compact manifolds. Worse still, these pictures ‘use up’ all three spatial dimensions to which our brains are adapted by natural selection. arXiv:1704.00919v1 [math.GT] 4 Apr 2017 2 2 Figure 1. The 2-sphere S , the 2-torus T , and the surface Σ2 of genus two. -
Surgery on Compact Manifolds, by C.T.C. Wall
SURGERY ON COMPACT MANIFOLDS C. T. C. Wall Second Edition Edited by A. A. Ranicki ii Prof. C.T.C. Wall, F.R.S. Dept. of Mathematical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX England, UK Prof. A.A. Ranicki, F.R.S.E. Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JZ Scotland, UK Contents Forewords .................................................................ix Editor’sforewordtothesecondedition.....................................xi Introduction ..............................................................xv Part 0: Preliminaries Noteonconventions ........................................................2 0. Basichomotopynotions ....................................................3 1. Surgerybelowthemiddledimension ........................................8 1A. Appendix: applications ...................................................17 2. Simple Poincar´e complexes ................................................21 Part 1: The main theorem 3. Statementofresults .......................................................32 4. Animportantspecialcase .................................................39 5. Theeven-dimensionalcase ................................................44 6. Theodd-dimensionalcase .................................................57 7. The bounded odd-dimensional case . .......................................74 8. The bounded even-dimensional case .......................................82 9. Completionoftheproof ...................................................91 Part 2: Patterns -
Trisections of 4-Manifolds SPECIAL FEATURE: INTRODUCTION
SPECIAL FEATURE: INTRODUCTION Trisections of 4-manifolds SPECIAL FEATURE: INTRODUCTION Robion Kirbya,1 The study of n-dimensional manifolds has seen great group is good. If the manifolds are smooth, then advances in the last half century. In dimensions homeomorphism can be replaced by diffeomorphism greater than four, surgery theory has reduced classifi- if m > 4. We have assumed that the manifolds are cation to homotopy theory except when the funda- closed, connected, and oriented. Note that, if mental group is nontrivial, where serious algebraic π1ðM0Þ = 0, then simply homotopy equivalent is the issues remain. In dimension 3, the proof by Perelman same as homotopy equivalent. The point to this of Thurston’s Geometrization Conjecture (1) allows an theorem is that algebraic topological invariants algorithmic classification of 3-manifolds. The work are enough to produce homeomorphisms, a geo- of Freedman (2) classifies topological 4-manifolds metric conclusion. if the fundamental group is not too large. Also, In dimension 3, stronger results now hold due to gauge theory in the hands of Donaldson (3) has pro- Perelman (e.g., simple homotopy equivalence implies vided invariants leading to proofs that some topo- diffeomorphism). logical 4-manifolds have no smooth structure, that However, in dimension 4, we only have powerful many compact 4-manifolds have countably many invariants that distinguish different smooth structures smooth structures, and that many noncompact 4- on 4-manifolds but nothing like the s-cobordism manifolds, in particular 4D Euclidean space R4,have theorem, which can show that two smooth structures uncountably many. are the same. Conjecturally, trisections of 4-manifolds However, the gauge theory invariants run into may lead to progress. -
Surgery on Compact Manifolds, Second Edition, 1999 68 David A
http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/surv/069 Selected Titles in This Series 69 C. T. C. Wall (A. A. Ranicki, Editor), Surgery on compact manifolds, Second Edition, 1999 68 David A. Cox and Sheldon Katz, Mirror symmetry and algebraic geometry, 1999 67 A. Borel and N. Wallach, Continuous cohomology, discrete subgroups, and representations of reductive groups, Second Edition, 1999 66 Yu. Ilyashenko and Weigu Li, Nonlocal bifurcations, 1999 65 Carl Faith, Rings and things and a fine array of twentieth century associative algebra, 1999 64 Rene A. Carmona and Boris Rozovskii, Editors, Stochastic partial differential equations: Six perspectives, 1999 63 Mark Hovey, Model categories, 1999 62 Vladimir I. Bogachev, Gaussian measures, 1998 61 W. Norrie Everitt and Lawrence Markus, Boundary value problems and symplectic algebra for ordinary differential and quasi-differential operators, 1999 60 Iain Raeburn and Dana P. Williams, Morita equivalence and continuous-trace C*-algebras, 1998 59 Paul Howard and Jean E. Rubin, Consequences of the axiom of choice, 1998 58 Pavel I. Etingof, Igor B. Frenkel, and Alexander A. Kirillov, Jr., Lectures on representation theory and Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations, 1998 57 Marc Levine, Mixed motives, 1998 56 Leonid I. Korogodski and Yan S. Soibelman, Algebras of functions on quantum groups: Part I, 1998 55 J. Scott Carter and Masahico Saito, Knotted surfaces and their diagrams, 1998 54 Casper Goffman, Togo Nishiura, and Daniel Waterman, Homeomorphisms in analysis, 1997 53 Andreas Kriegl and Peter W. Michor, The convenient setting of global analysis, 1997 52 V. A. Kozlov, V. G. Maz'ya> and J. Rossmann, Elliptic boundary value problems in domains with point singularities, 1997 51 Jan Maly and William P. -
Arxiv:1506.05408V1 [Math.AT]
NOVIKOV’S CONJECTURE JONATHAN ROSENBERG Abstract. We describe Novikov’s “higher signature conjecture,” which dates back to the late 1960’s, as well as many alternative formulations and related problems. The Novikov Conjecture is perhaps the most important unsolved problem in high-dimensional manifold topology, but more importantly, vari- ants and analogues permeate many other areas of mathematics, from geometry to operator algebras to representation theory. 1. Origins of the Original Conjecture The Novikov Conjecture is perhaps the most important unsolved problem in the topology of high-dimensional manifolds. It was first stated by Sergei Novikov, in various forms, in his lectures at the International Congresses of Mathematicians in Moscow in 1966 and in Nice in 1970, and in a few other papers [84, 87, 86, 85]. For an annotated version of the original formulation, in both Russian and English, we refer the reader to [37]. Here we will try instead to put the problem in context and explain why it might be of interest to the average mathematician. For a nice book- length exposition of this subject, we recommend [65]. Many treatments of various aspects of the problem can also be found in the many papers in the collections [38, 39]. For the typical mathematician, the most important topological spaces are smooth manifolds, which were introduced by Riemann in the 1850’s. However, it took about 100 years for the tools for classifying manifolds (except in dimension 1, which is trivial, and dimension 2, which is relatively easy) to be developed. The problem is that manifolds have no local invariants (except for the dimension); all manifolds of the same dimension look the same locally. -
Problems in Low-Dimensional Topology
Problems in Low-Dimensional Topology Edited by Rob Kirby Berkeley - 22 Dec 95 Contents 1 Knot Theory 7 2 Surfaces 85 3 3-Manifolds 97 4 4-Manifolds 179 5 Miscellany 259 Index of Conjectures 282 Index 284 Old Problem Lists 294 Bibliography 301 1 2 CONTENTS Introduction In April, 1977 when my first problem list [38,Kirby,1978] was finished, a good topologist could reasonably hope to understand the main topics in all of low dimensional topology. But at that time Bill Thurston was already starting to greatly influence the study of 2- and 3-manifolds through the introduction of geometry, especially hyperbolic. Four years later in September, 1981, Mike Freedman turned a subject, topological 4-manifolds, in which we expected no progress for years, into a subject in which it seemed we knew everything. A few months later in spring 1982, Simon Donaldson brought gauge theory to 4-manifolds with the first of a remarkable string of theorems showing that smooth 4-manifolds which might not exist or might not be diffeomorphic, in fact, didn’t and weren’t. Exotic R4’s, the strangest of smooth manifolds, followed. And then in late spring 1984, Vaughan Jones brought us the Jones polynomial and later Witten a host of other topological quantum field theories (TQFT’s). Physics has had for at least two decades a remarkable record for guiding mathematicians to remarkable mathematics (Seiberg–Witten gauge theory, new in October, 1994, is the latest example). Lest one think that progress was only made using non-topological techniques, note that Freedman’s work, and other results like knot complements determining knots (Gordon- Luecke) or the Seifert fibered space conjecture (Mess, Scott, Gabai, Casson & Jungreis) were all or mostly classical topology. -
Morse Theory and Handle Decompositions
MORSE THEORY AND HANDLE DECOMPOSITIONS NATALIE BOHM Abstract. We construct a handle decomposition of a smooth manifold from a Morse function on that manifold. We then use handle decompositions to prove Poincar´eduality for smooth manifolds. Contents Introduction 1 1. Smooth Manifolds and Handles 2 2. Morse Functions 6 3. Flows on Manifolds 12 4. From Morse Functions to Handle Decompositions 13 5. Handlebodies in Algebraic Topology 17 Acknowledgments 22 References 23 Introduction The goal of this paper is to provide a relatively self-contained introduction to handle decompositions of manifolds. In particular, we will prove the theorem that a handle decomposition exists for every compact smooth manifold using techniques from Morse theory. Sections 1 through 3 are devoted to building up the necessary machinery to discuss the proof of this fact, and the proof itself is in Section 4. In Section 5, we discuss an application of handle decompositions to algebraic topology, namely Poincar´eduality. We assume familiarity with some real analysis, linear algebra, and multivariable calculus. Several theorems in this paper rely heavily on commonplace results in these other areas of mathematics, and so in many cases, references are provided in lieu of a proof. This choice was made in order to avoid getting bogged down in difficult proofs that are not directly related to geometric and differential topology, as well as to make this paper as accessible as possible. Before we begin, we introduce a motivating example to consider through this paper. Imagine a torus, standing up on its end, behind a curtain, and what the torus would look like as the curtain is slowly lifted.