ML Sood: Fish Nematodes from South Asia. Second
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©2018 Institute of Parasitology, SAS, Košice DOI 10.2478/helm-2018-0031 HELMINTHOLOGIA, 55, 4 • 2018 NEW BOOK M. L. Sood: Fish nematodes from South Asia. Second revised and enlarged edition Kalyani Publishes, Ludhiana, New Delhi etc., India, 2017, 1039 pp., including 752 plates of illustrations. South Asia, representing the main part of the zoogeographical Host Index. In contrast to the fi rst edition of the book, now the illus- Oriental Region, is a remarkable area the fauna of which is noted trations are placed directly in the respective texts, which makes for its high degree of diversity and species-richness. This also con- the use of the book for readers easier. Like in the author’s earlier cerns fi shes and their helminth parasites including nematodes, in volumes, the description, hosts, localization, distribution and rel- both freshwater and marine environments. Nematodes are com- evant notes are given for each species. The majority of species mon parasites of fi shes, in which they attack practically all body are also illustrated, with line drawings and few SEM micrographs organs, parasitizing them as adults or as larvae. Fish nematodes, taken from the original papers. as one of the most signifi cant groups of fi sh parasites in tropical The survey contains almost all nematode species described to and subtropical countries, are not only a theoretical interest, but date from fi shes of this geographical region, including those which some of them are known to be the agents of serious diseases of have already been synonymized with others (this being mentioned fi shes, domestic animals and man. The signifi cance of nematodes in accompanying remarks) or the forms (e.g. Cylicostrongylus, as important fi sh pathogens is also increasing with the rapid de- Furconema, Ichthyostrongylus, Neocylicostrongylus, Neoichthy- velopment of marine, brackish-water and freshwater aquaculture ostrongylus, Premana, Pseudomazzia, Rastellascaris, Spirocoty- in different countries during recent years. le) that are evidently doubtful. On the other hand, representatives Regardless of the large number of mostly taxonomic and faunis- of Hakynema, Ichthyouris, Neosynodontisia and Royandersonia tic papers treating fi sh nematodes in South Asian countries, (all Oxyuroidea) and Orientatractis (Cosmocercoidea), as well as knowledge of the fauna of these parasites in the region in question Camallanus hampalae, Oceanicucullanus chitwoodae, Procama- is still scarce. Nearly twenty years ago, the much needed compila- llanus punctatus or Rhabdochona equispiculata, reported from tion of this extensive literature was initiated by Prof. M. L. Sood of fi shes in Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam, are missing. the Punjab Agricultural University in Ludhiana, a well-known Indian Although the author of this monograph has stated that the nema- helminthologist, when his comprehensive book “Fish Nematodes tode fauna of fi shes in South Asia is “fairly well known”, this sur- of South Asia” (1989) appeared, being followed by his subsequent vey again documents the unsatisfactory situation in the taxonomy monographs “Amphibian Nematodes of South Asia” (1990), “Rep- of these parasites in this region where, usually without a critical tilian Nematodes of South Asia” (1999) and “Nematode Parasites evaluation of previous data, a number of additional, mostly poorly of Birds (Including Poultry) from South Asia” (2006). described species are newly established, resulting in an apparent During two decades since the fi rst of the above-mentioned Sood’s infl ation of species. For example, Kakar et al. (2011) reported 17 books was published, more than 200 additional forms of fi sh (!) poorly described species of Rhabdochona from three species nematodes from this region appeared in the literature. So there of fi shes of Balochistan, Pakistan, although representatives of this was a need for the author to undertake the very diffi cult work to genus are known to exhibit a rather high degree of host speci- compile all the extensive materials for the second revised and en- fi city. Therefore, future detailed taxonomic revisions in individual larged edition of “Fish Nematodes of South Asia”. He coped this groups of these nematodes will undoubtedly reduce considerably task very well and produced the comprehensive book, which will the number of species of fi sh nematodes in this region. undoubtedly serve for years as an indispensible tool for studies of Nevertheless, this monograph represents one of the fundamental fi sh parasites in the region. ichthyoparasitological works in the countries of South Asia and The text of the volume is divided into 5 chapters. After the short In- may become a basis for subsequent revisions of taxonomy as well troduction (3 pages), the most extensive part of the book is the text as studies on the biology, ecology and zoogeography of fi sh nema- entitled Description of Species (847 pages), dealing with repre- tode parasites in this region. It will serve as an important source of sentatives of the individual nematode taxa of the subclasses Ade- information for parasitologists, biologists, veterinarians, workers in nophorea and Secernentea, being followed by Systematic Position fi sheries and university students, although it will also be of interest of Fish Nematodes from South Asia (26 pages), Host-Parasite List to ichthyologists, museum curators and those engaged in nature (41 pages) and Literature Cited (49 pages). Included is also Ap- conservation. pendix (29 pages), compiling mostly more recently published data on fi sh nematodes, followed by Author Index, Parasite Index and František Moravec ©2018 Institute of Parasitology, SAS, Košice DOI 10.2478/helm-2018-0029 HELMINTHOLOGIA, 55, 4: 261 – 274, 2018 Biomolecular changes and cortical neurodegenerative lesions in Trichinella spiralis infected BALB/c mice: a preliminary study elucidating a potential relationship between systemic helminthic infections and idiopathic Parkinson’s M. HASBY SAAD1*, O. SAFWAT2, D. EL-GUINDY3, R. RAAFAT2, D. ELGENDY1, E. HASBY3 1M.D. Medical Parasitology, Tanta University, Faculty of Medicine, *E-mail: [email protected]; 2M.D. Biochemistry, Tanta University, Faculty of Medicine; 3M.D. Pathology, Tanta University, Faculty of Medicine Article info Summary Received December 21, 2017 Idiopathic Parkinson’s (IP) is a neurodegenerative disease that is suspected to be due to exposure to Accepted September 28, 2018 infections during early life. Toxoplasmosishas been the only suspected parasitic infection in IP (Celik et al., 2010). Recently, some non-central nervous system bacterial and viral infections have been incriminated in IP (Çamcı & Oğuz, 2016). So in the current study, we tried to explore if the systemic infl ammatory reactions triggered by some helminths like Trichinella spiralis can induce Parkinsonian lesions in the brain, especially that the cerebral complications have been reported in 10-20% of Trichinella spiralis infected patients . An experimental study was designed to assess the neurode- generative and biomolecular changes that may occur in Trichinella spiralis infected BALB/C mice in comparison to rotenone induced PD model and apparently healthy ones. The motor affection was signifi cantly lesser in the Trichinella infected mice than the Parkinson’s model, but when the catalep- sy score was calculated (through the grid and bar tests) it was found to be signifi cantly higher in the infected mice than in the healthy ones. A signifi cant increase in the blood advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), IFN-γ, TGF-β, and brain DNA fragmentation was also detected in the Trichinella spiralis infected mice. After histopathological examination, a signifi cant increase in the cortical apop- totic neurons and Lewy’s body were observed in the Trichinella infected and the rotenone induced Parkinson’s model sections. A signifi cant decrease in the immunohistochemical expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the brain sections and the ELISA measured dopamine level in the brain homogenate was also reported in the infected mice group. This study fi ndings may collectively suggest that the systemic infl ammatory reactions and the oxidative stresses associated with some systemic helminthic infections like trichinellosis are possible to precipitate neurodegenerative lesions and biomolecular changes in the brain , and manifest with IPD later in life. Keywords: Trichinella spiralis, Idiopathic Parkinson’s,Lewy’s bodies, Tyrosine hydroxylase, DNA fragmentation, proinfl ammatory cytokines IFN-γ & TGF-β Introduction tory manifestations all over the body before habituating their fi nal destination in the striated muscles. Infection with T. spiralis basi- The brain is considered the most defended organ in the human cally starts with ingestion of the encysted larvae in the infected body. However, this doesn’t prevent the continuous trials of some undercooked pork meat. Afterward, the larvae mature into adult parasites to invade it or to initiate a status of cerebro-vascular and worm in the small intestine, and then fertilization takes place while meningeal irritation (Filiano et al., 2015). Trichinella spiralis (T. spi- the worms are stitched to the intestinal mucosa (Dupouy-Camet, ralis) is a nematodal helminth that can cause systemic infl amma- 2000). Such location allows the newborn larvae to be spelled out * – corresponding author 261 directly into the circulation to initiate the migratory phase. The lar- The rotenone induced Parkinson’s disease model was chosen val migratory phase is considered the most dangerous phase