Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine

Jean-Louis Vincent and Jesse B. Hall (Eds)

With 716 Figures and 450 Tables Editors Jean-Louis Vincent Head Dept of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital (Free University of Brussels) Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels Belgium

Jesse B. Hall University of Chicago Medical Center 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC 6076 Chicago, IL 60637 USA

ISBN 978-3-642-00417-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-00418-6 Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-642-00419-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012931922

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) List of Contributors

N. I. ABATE RAEANNA C. ADAMS Internal Medicine – Endocrinology Department of Surgery University of Texas Medical Branch Vanderbilt University Medical Center Galveston, TX Nashville, TN USA USA

ADEEL ABBASI BASHEAL M. AGRAWAL Emergency Medicine Department of Neurological Surgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania University of Wisconsin Philadelphia, PA Madison, WI USA USA

OMAR AHMAD KAREEM R. ABDELFATTAH Division of Burns, Trauma, and Critical Care Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Surgery University of British Columbia Critical Care, Emergency UT-Southwestern Medical Center and Trauma Medicine, Royal Columbian Hospital Dallas, TX New Westminster, BC USA Canada

HESHAM M. AHMED BENJAMIN S. ABELLA Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of UMDNJ-RWJMS, Robert Wood Johnson University Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division Hospital Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania New Brunswick, NJ Philadelphia, PA USA USA

KEVIN S. AKERS EDWARD ABRAHAM Department of Medicine Department of Medicine Brooke Army Medical Center University of Alabama Fort Sam Houston, TX Birmingham, AL USA USA

JAMEEL ALI GIHAN ABUELLA Division of General Surgery Department of General Intensive Care St. Michael’s Hospital University of Toronto St. George’s Hospital Toronto, ON London Canada UK

AHMED M. AL-MOUSAWI CHARLES A. ADAMS JR. Department of Surgery Department of Surgery University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Rhode Island Hospital Hospital for Children Providence, RI Galveston, TX USA USA vi List of Contributors

N. AL-SUBAIE DJILLALI ANNANE Department of Intensive Care General ICU St. George’s Hospital Raymond Poincare´ Hospital (APHP) London University of Versailles SQY UK Garches France

JAFFAR A. AL-TAWFIQ Speciality Internal Medicine DAVID R. ANTHONY Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization Emergency Medicine Residency Kingdom of Saudi Arabia New York-Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY USA NAGESH S. ANAVEKAR Department of Cardiology The Northern Hospital MASSIMO ANTONELLI Melbourne Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Policlinico Australia Universitario A. Gemelli Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

CAESAR A. ANDERSON Rome University of Pennsylvania, Hyperbaric Medicine Italy San Diego, CA USA ANASTASIA ANTONIADOU Fourth Department of Internal Medicine KENTON L. ANDERSON University General Hospital ATTIKON Emergency Medicine Athens Duke University Medical Center Greece Durham, NC USA

CHRISTOPHER T. AQUINA

RONALD ANDERSON Division of Acute Care Surgery MRC Unit for Inﬂammation and Immunity, Department UMDNJ-RWJMS, Robert Wood Johnson University of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences Hospital University of Pretoria, and Tshwane Academic Division New Brunswick, NJ of the National Health Laboratory Service USA Pretoria South Africa YASEEN M. ARABI Intensive Care Department MARTIN K. ANGELE King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Department of Surgery King Abdulaziz Medical City Klinikum Grosshadern Riyadh Munich Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Germany

DEVASHISH J. ANJARIA Y. ASENCIO Department of Surgery Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School La Timone Hospital Newark, NJ Marseille USA France List of Contributors vii

JUAN A. ASENSIO JOAN R. BADIA Department of Surgery Unitat de Vigilancia Intensiva Respirato`ria University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Clı´nic del To´rax Ryder Trauma Center IDIBAPS and CIBER de enfermedades respiratorias Miami, FL Hospital Clı´nic de Barcelona USA Barcelona Spain

RU¨ DIGER AUTSCHBACH Clinic for THG Surgery SEAN M. BAGSHAW University of Aachen Division of Critical Care Medicine Aachen University of Alberta Germany Edmonton, AB Canada

MICHELLE BAACK CHRISTOPHER C. BAKER Department of Pediatrics University of Iowa Children’s Hospital The Isidore Cohn Carver College of Medicine LSU Health Sciences Center – LSUHSC Iowa City, IA New Orleans, LA USA USA

JONATHAN BALL HILARY M. BABCOCK General Intensive Care Unit Department of Internal Medicine St. George’s Hospital & Medical School Washington University, School of Medicine University of London St. Louis, MO London USA UK

JAY P. BABICH MANSOOR N. BANGASH Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Winthrop University Hospital Intensive Care Unit Royal London Hospital Mineola, NY London USA UK and School of Medicine LUIGI BARBERIS State University of New York Dipartimento di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione Stony Brook, NY Universita` di Torino USA Turin Italy DANIEL DE BACKER

Department of Intensive Care ADRIAN BARBUL Erasme University Hospital Department of Surgery Free University of Brussels Sinai Hospital of Baltimore and the Johns Hopkins Brussels Medical Institutions Belgium Baltimore, MD USA DAVID BACON and General Intensive Care Unit Department of Surgery St. George’s NHS Trust Hackensack University Medical Center London Hackensack, NJ UK USA viii List of Contributors

CARLTON C. BARNETT JR. BRIGITTE M. BAUMANN Rocky Mountain Regional Trauma Center Department of Emergency Medicine Denver Health Medical Center Cooper University Hospital Denver, CO Camden, NJ USA USA

JOSEPH B. BARNEY DANIEL G. BAUSCH Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Department of Adult Infectious Diseases University of Alabama at Birmingham Tulane University Health Sciences Center Birmingham, AL New Orleans, LA USA USA

TYLER W. BARRETT KATHRYN M. BEAUCHAMP Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Neurosurgery Vanderbilt University Denver Health Medical Center Oxford House University of Colorado School of Medicine Nashville, TN Denver, CO USA USA

JOEL M. BARTFIELD BRETT F. BECHTEL Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Albany Medical College Vanderbilt University Albany, NY Oxford House USA Nashville, TN USA GIANLUIGI LI BASSI Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine JENNIFER BECK Hospital Clinic St. Michael’s Hospital Barcelona Toronto Spain Canada

JANE BATT RICHARD H. BEIGI Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Reproductive Sciences Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital Magee-Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh University of Toronto Medical Center Toronto, ON Pittsburgh, PA Canada USA

ANDREW M. BAUER THOMAS BEIN Department of Neurological Surgery Leiter Operative Intensivstation University of Wisconsin Universita¨tsklinikum Regensburg Madison, WI Regensburg USA Germany

WERNER BAULIG MARIA L. BELALCAZAR Institute of Anesthesiology Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Zurich The University of Texas Medical Branch Zurich Galveston, TX Switzerland USA List of Contributors ix

VENKATESH BELLAMKONDA-ATHMARAM FRANCESCA BERNABE` Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Perioperative Medicine, Intensive Care The George Washington University Medical Center and Emergency Washington, DC Cattinara Hospital, Trieste. USA University School of Medicine Trieste Italy GIACOMO BELLANI Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care A.O. Ospedale S. Gerardo KRISHNENDU BHADRA University of Milan-Bicocca Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Monza Medicine Italy University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT USA SCOTT E. BELL Department of Neurosurgery PARITA BHUVA School of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Division of Neurocritical Care Denver, CO Departments of neurology USA University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA USA

GIUSEPPE BELLO Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione B. J. BIEMOND Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Academisch Medisch Centrum Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Universiteit van Amsterdam Rome Amsterdam Italy The Netherlands

RINALDO BELLOMO B. KIRKE BIENEMAN Department of Intensive Care Department of Radiology Austin Hospital Saint Louis University School of Medicine Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC St. Louis, MO Australia USA

DENIS D. BENSARD WALTER L. BIFFL Department of Acute Care Surgery Denver Health Department of Surgery Medical Center Denver Health Medical Center University of Colorado School of Medicine Denver, CO Denver, CO USA USA

LLUIS BLANCH METTE M. BERGER CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCiii, Spain and Adult Intensive Care Medicine Service and Burn Center Critical Care Center CHUV (University Hospital) Hospital de Sabadell Lausanne Corporacio Parc Tauli, Sabadell Switzerland Spain x List of Contributors

FRANK BLOOS RICHARD D. BRANSON Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Division of Trauma and Critical Care Medicine University of Cincinnati Jena University Hospital Cincinnati, OH Jena USA Germany

PETER G. BRINDLEY STIJN BLOT Division of Critical Care Medicine Department of General Internal Medicine & Infectious University of Alberta Hospitals Diseases Edmonton, AB Ghent University Hospital Canada Ghent Belgium L. D. BRITT Department of Surgery KEITH BONIFACE Eastern Virginia Medical School Department of Emergency Medicine Norfolk, VA The George Washington University Medical Center USA Washington, DC USA ANUPAMA G. BRIXEY Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine JORDAN BONOMO Vanderbilt University Medical Center Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurosurgery Nashville, TN University of Cincinnati USA Cincinnati, OH USA ITZHAK BROOK Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine DANIEL G. BOUTSIKARIS Georgetown University School of Medicine Intensive Care Unit Washington, DC University of Maryland USA Mount Airy, MD USA and PATRICK D. BROPHY Combined Emergency Medicine/Internal Department of Pediatrics Medicine/Critical Care Program University of Iowa Children’s Hospital Baltimore, MD Carver College of Medicine USA Iowa City, IA USA

ARIANNE BOYLAN Department of Neurosurgery CALVIN A. BROWN III University of Colorado Denver Department of Emergency Medicine School of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Denver, CO Boston, MA USA USA

DEES P. M. BRANDJES PATRICIA D. BROWN Department of Internal Medicine Department of Medicine Slotervaart Hospital Wayne State University Amsterdam Detroit, MI The Netherlands USA List of Contributors xi

CHARLES S. BRUDNEY DIANE P. CALELLO Department of Anesthesiology Department of Emergency Medicine Duke University Medical Center Morristown Memorial Hospital Durham, NC Morristown, NJ USA USA

AMY E. BRYANT JAUME CANET Infectious Diseases Section Department of Anaesthesiology and Postoperative Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID Care Unit University of Washington School of Medicine Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Seattle, WA Badalona, Barcelona USA Spain

DANIEL BURKHOFF MAXIME CANNESSON Department of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care Columbia University School of Medicine New York, NY University of California USA Irvine, CA USA CLAY COTHREN BURLEW Department of Surgery ABELARDO CAPDEVILA Denver Health Medical Center French Authority For Health University of Colorado Denver Haute Autorite´ de sante´ Denver, CO Saint-Denis, La Plaine Cedex USA France

JONATHAN L. BURSTEIN E. CARLESSO Emergency Medicine Dipartimento di Anestesiologia Harvard University Terapia Intensiva e Scienze Dermatologiche; Boston, MA Universita` degli Studi USA Milan Italy JOHN H. BURTON Department of Emergency Medicine JEAN CARLET Carilion Clinic Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine French Authority For Health Roanoke, VA Haute Autorite´ de sante´ USA Saint-Denis, La Plaine Cedex France CHRISTIAN BYHAHN Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care JORDI CARRATALA` Medicine, and Pain Management Infectious Disease Department J.W. Goethe-University Hospital Center Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut Frankfurt d’Investigacions Biome`diques de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) Germany L’Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona PIETRO CAIRONI Spain Dipartimento di Anestesiologia and Terapia Intensiva e Scienze Dermatologiche Department of Clinical Sciences Universita` degli Studi University of Barcelona Milan Barcelona Italy Spain xii List of Contributors

STEVEN E. CARSONS VIKAS P. CHAUBEY Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology Department of Critical Care Medicine Winthrop–University Hospital University of Calgary and Calgary Health Region Mineola, NY Calgary, AB USA Canada and Stony Brook University School of Medicine IRSHAD H. CHAUDRY Stony Brook, NY Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery USA University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL DIEGO CASTANARES-ZAPATERO USA Department of Critical Care Medicine Saint-Luc University Hospital-Louvain Medical School ESTHER H. CHEN Brussels Department of Emergency Medicine Belgium San Francisco General Hospital San Francisco, CA

MAURIZIO CECCONI USA Department of Intensive Care ALFRED B. CHENG St. George’s Hospital London Department of Emergency Medicine UK Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA

JORGE CERDA´ USA Division of Nephrology DAVIDE CHIUMELLO Albany Medical College U.O. Anestesia e Rianimazione Albany, NY Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione (Intensiva e USA Subintensiva) e Terapia del Dolore Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore JAMES D. CHALMERS Policlinic Centre for Inﬂammation Research Milan Queens Medical Research Centre Italy Edinburgh, Scotland

UK JULIE P. CHOU Department of Internal Medicine HOWARD R. CHAMPION University of Calgary Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Calgary, AB Bethesda, MD Canada USA

ANAN CHUASUWAN JEFFREY CHAN Department of Critical Care Medicine Cardiology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine VA San Diego Healthcare System Scaife Hall San Diego, CA Pittsburgh, PA USA USA

M. CHANDALIA WILLIAM G. CIOFFI Internal Medicine – Endocrinology Department of Surgery University of Texas Medical Branch Rhode Island Hospital Galveston, TX Providence, RI USA USA List of Contributors xiii

G. CITERIO KERI A. COHN Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care Unit Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Department of Perioperative Medicine and Diseases Intensive Care Children’s Hospital Boston San Gerardo Hospital Harvard Medical School Monza Boston, MA Milan USA Italy

RAUL COIMBRA

WILLIAM R. CLARK Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, and Burns Gambro Renal Products Department of Surgery Lakewood, CO University of California USA San Diego School of Medicine and San Diego, CA Nephrology Division USA Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN DAVID W. COLLINS USA The Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick, NSW Australia C. COCCIA Department of Critical Care Medicine National Institute for Cancer “Regina Elena” ALEXANDER L. COLONNA Rome Wake Forest University Baptist, Medical Center Italy Medical Center Boulevarde Winston-Salem, NC USA THOMAS H. COGBILL Department of Surgery CHRISTOPHER B. COLWELL Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center Department of Emergency Medicine La Crosse, WI Denver Health Medical Center USA Denver, CO USA EDMOND COHEN Anesthesiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery ALAIN COMBES Mount Sinai Medical Center Service de Re´animation Me´dicale New York, NY Institut de Cardiologie, Groupe Hospitalier USA Pitie´–Salpeˆtrie`re Paris Cedex France J. COHEN and Royal Brisbane Hospital Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris Universitas Brisbane, QLD Paris Australia France

MITCH COHEN DAVID C. CONE Department of Surgery Department of Emergency Medicine University of California Yale University San Francisco, CA New Haven, CT USA USA xiv List of Contributors

JOHN B. CONNEELY MARIA GABRIELLA COSTA Department of Surgery Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine National University of Ireland Medical School of the University of Udine Dublin 2 University of Udine Ireland Udine Italy

ANDREW K. P. CONNER TODD W. COSTANTINI Indiana University School of Medicine Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, and Burns Indianapolis, IN Department of Surgery USA University of California San Diego School of Medicine

MICHAEL D. CONNOLLY San Diego, CA USA Department of Surgery Rhode Island Hospital CLAY C. COTHREN Providence, RI The Department of Surgery USA Denver Health Medical Center University of Colorado School of Medicine MIHAI A. CONSTANTINESCU Denver, CO Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery USA University Hospital Bern and University of Bern Bern DOUGLAS B. COURSIN Switzerland Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health LAURA A. COOLEY Madison, WI Department of Adult Infectious Diseases USA Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA DANIEL B. CRAIG USA Denver, CO USA

CRAIG M. COOPERSMITH MECHEM C. CRAWFORD Department of Surgery Philadelphia Fire Department Emory University School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Atlanta, GA Philadelphia, PA USA USA

JACQUES CRETEUR JEREMY CORDINGLEY Adult Intensive Care Unit Department of Intensive Care Royal Brompton Hospital Erasme University Hospital London Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles UK Brussels Belgium

HOWARD L. CORWIN ROSELLE CROMBIE Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology Department of Surgery Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center Yale University School of Medicine Lebanon, NH New Haven, CT USA USA List of Contributors xv

JOVANY CRUZ INNEKE E. DE LAET Department of Neurosurgery Department of Internal medicine Baylor College of Medicene Ghent University Hospital Houston, TX Ghent USA Belgium

BARBARA DE MEUTER CAITLIN CURTIS Medical Director Cardiac ITU Clinical Science Center University of Wisconsin Hartcentrum Hasselt Hospital and Clinics Hasselt Madison, WI Belgium USA

BART DE MOOR RAMSEY J. DAHER Department of Nephrology Division of Nephrology and the Center for Immunity Jessa ziekenhuis Inﬂammation and Regenerative Medicine Hasselt University of Virginia Health System Belgium Charlottesville, VA USA JAN J. DE WAELE Department of Critical Care Medicine Ghent University Hospital MARTIN DAMM Ghent Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Belgium Care Medicine University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of CHARLES D. DEAKIN Technology of Dresden Dresden Department of Anaesthetics Germany Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust Southampton UK ANDREW DAVENPORT Department of Nephrology & Transplantation ANTHONY J. DEAN Royal Free Hospital Division of Emergency Ultrasonography London Department of Emergency Medicine UK Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA USA JAMES W. DAVIS Department of Surgery EDWIN A. DEITCH Community Regional Medical Center Department of Surgery University of California – UCSF UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Fresno, CA Newark, NJ USA USA

STEFAN DE HERT GIORGIO DELLA ROCCA Department of Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Academic Medical Centre Medical School of the University of Udine University of Amsterdam University of Udine Amsterdam Udine The Netherlands Italy xvi List of Contributors

ROLF DEMBINSKI ROCHELLE DICKER Klinik fu¨r Operative Intensivmedizin University of California Universita¨tsklinikum Aachen San Francisco, CA Aachen USA Germany

EDWARD T. DICKINSON DEMETRIOS DEMETRIADES Department of Emergency Medicine University of Southern California Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Ground Los Angeles, CA Ravdin USA Philadelphia, PA USA ANEET DEO Division of Nephrology JENNIFER M. DICOCCO Tufts Medical Center General Surgery Resident Boston, MA University of Tennessee Health Science Center USA Memphis, TN USA FRANCIS DEROOS Emergency Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania DEBORAH B. DIERCKS Philadelphia, PA Department of Emergency Medicine USA University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA

CLIFFORD S. DEUTSCHMAN USA Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (AJR, CSD) ANA CRISTINA DIOGO University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Intensive Care Unit Philadelphia, PA Hospital dos Capuchos, CHL-ZC, E.P.E USA Lisbon Portugal PRASAD DEVARAJAN

Department of Nephrology and Hypertension BRADLEY P. DIXON Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH Cincinnati, OH USA USA

ABHAY DHAND REBECCA M. DODSON Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Department of Surgery New York Medical College Sinai Hospital of Baltimore and the Johns Hopkins Valhalla, NY Medical Institutions USA Baltimore, MD USA

MANUEL DIBILDOX Department of Surgery GORDON S. DOIG University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Northern Clinical School Hospital for Children University of Sydney Galveston, TX Sydney USA Australia List of Contributors xvii

JESSICA A. DOMINGUEZ ALI EL-SOLH Department of Anesthesiology Medical Research University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine VA Western New York Healthcare System Aurora, CO Buffalo, NY USA USA

´ STEPHANE Y. DONATI E. WESLEY ELY Service de Re´animation Polyvalente Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Hoˆpital Font-Pre´ Center for Health Services Research Toulon Vanderbilt University Medical Center France Nashville, TN USA CHARLES G. DURBIN JR. and Anesthesiology and Surgery Veteran’s Affairs Geriatric Research Education Clinical University of Virginia Center (GRECC) of the VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare Charlottesville, VA System USA Nashville, TN USA A. BRENT EASTMAN

Scripps TOBY M. ENNISS San Diego, CA Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center USA Medical Center Boulevarde Winston-Salem, NC RAUL EASTON-CARR USA Department of Emergency Medicine Olive View-UCLA Medical Center DANIEL W. ENTRIKIN Sylmar, CA Department of Radiology and Internal Medicine USA Section on Cardiology Wake Forest University School of Medicine JONATHAN R. EGAN Winston-Salem, NC The Children’s Hospital at Westmead USA Westmead Australia SCOTT K. EPSTEIN

PETER Q. EICHACKER Tufts University School of Medicine Critical Care Medicine Department Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Clinical Center Tufts Medical Center National Institutes of Health Boston, MA Bethesda, MD USA USA SILVANO ESPSOSITO

TAREK EID Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive Oregon Health and Sciences University Seconda Universita` degli Studi di Napoli Portland, OR Naples USA Italy

ITORO ELIJAH ANTHONY L. ESTRERA Department of Surgery, Medical Branch Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery University of Texas The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Galveston, TX Houston, TX USA USA xviii List of Contributors

TIMOTHY C. FABIAN DAVID V. FELICIANO Surgery – General Department of Surgery University of Tennessee Health Science Center Emory University School of Medicine Memphis, TN Grady Memorial Hospital USA Atlanta, GA USA

MATTHEW E. FALAGAS NIALL D. FERGUSON Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS) Marousi, Athens Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine Greece Department of Medicine and Division of Respirology Department of Medicine University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Henry Dunant Hospital University of Toronto Athens Toronto, ON Greece Canada and

Department of Medicine MASSIMO FERLUGA Tufts University School of Medicine Department of Perioperative Medicine, Intensive Care Boston, MA and Emergency USA Cattinara Hospital, Trieste. University School of Medicine Trieste VITO FANELLI Italy Dipartimento di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione Universita` di Torino Turin ARNY A. FERRANDO Italy Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity DWR Institute on Aging BRENNA M. FARMER Little Rock, AR Division of Emergency Medicine USA Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, NY JASON FERRIES USA Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of California, Davis School of Medicine

CHRISTOPHER FEE Sacramento, CA Department of Emergency Medicine USA University of California

San Francisco, CA MARINO S. FESTA USA The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Westmead Australia CHARLES FELDMAN Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic J. MATTHEW FIELDS Hospital, and School of Clinical Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine University of the Witwatersrand Thomas Jefferson University Parktown, Johannesburg Philadelphia, PA South Africa USA List of Contributors xix

FREDERICK FIESSELER MICHAEL A. FLIERL Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Morristown Memorial Hospital Denver Health Medical Center Morristown, NJ University of Colorado School of Medicine USA Denver, CO USA

JOHN FILDES Department of Surgery DANA FORMAN University of Nevada School of Medicine Las Vegas, NV Department of Surgery USA Community Regional Medical Center University of California – UCSF Fresno, CA KEVIN W. FINKEL USA The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension The University of Texas Medical School

Houston, TX MARIE FRO¨ BERG USA Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge GREGORY W. FISCHER Stockholm Adult Cardiac Anesthesia, Anesthesiology and Sweden Cardiothoracic Surgery Mount Sinai Medical Center New York, NY JACOB FREEMAN USA Department of Neurosurgery University of Colorado JONATHAN I. FISCHER Denver, CO Division of Emergency Ultrasonography USA Department of Emergency Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA ERIC R. FRYKBERG USA Department of Surgery University of Florida Health Science Center

MICHELLE A. FISCHER Jacksonville, FL USA Penn State Hershey Hershey Medical Center Emergency Medicine Hershey, PA DAVID F. GAIESKI USA Department of Emergency Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania STUART M. FLECHNER Philadelphia, PA Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute USA Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Cleveland, OH

USA OGNJEN GAJIC Department of Intensive Care Medicine NICK FLETCHER Mayo Epidemiology and Translational Research in Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Intensive Care (METRIC) St. George’s Hospital Mayo Clinics London Rochester, MN UK USA xx List of Contributors

MARCELO GAMA DE ABREU LUCIANO GATTINONI Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione e Scienze Medicine Dermatologiche. Fondazione IRCCS Ca` Granda - University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico University of Technology of Dresden Universita` degli Studi di Milano Dresden Milan Germany Italy

RICHARD L. GAMELLI GERD G. GAUGLITZ Stritch School of Medicine Department of Dermatology and Allergology Loyola University Medical Center Ludwig-Maximilian-University Maywood, IL Munich USA Germany

DIMITRIOS GEORGOPOULOS MICHAEL T. GANTER Institute of Anesthesiology Department of Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Zurich University Hospital of Heraklion Zurich University of Crete Switzerland Heraklion Crete Greece

JAVIER GARAU Department of Medicine VICTOR E. A. GERDES Hospital Mutua de Terrassa Department of Internal Medicine Terrassa, Barcelona Slotervaart Hospital Spain Amsterdam The Netherlands

CAROLINA GARCIA-VIDAL

Infectious Disease Department R. T. NOEL GIBNEY Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut Division of Critical Care Medicine d’Investigacions Biome`diques de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) University of Alberta Hospital L’Hospitalet de Llobregat Edmonton, AB Barcelona Canada Spain

C. GIUSSANI JOSE´ GARNACHO-MONTERO Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit San Gerardo Hospital Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocı´o Monza Sevilla Milan Spain Italy

SUSAN GARWOOD JESSIE S. GLASSER Department of Anesthesiology Department of Medicine Yale University School of Medicine Brooke Army Medical Center New Haven, CT Fort Sam Houston, TX USA USA List of Contributors xxi

STUART L. GOLDSTEIN CESARE GREGORETTI Department of Pediatrics Intensive Care Unit, Dipartimento di emergenza e Baylor College of Medicine Texas Childrens Hospital accettazione Houston, TX Azienda Ospedaliera CTO-CRF-ICORMA USA Turin Italy

EDUARDO GONZALEZ Denver Health HOWARD A. GRELLER Denver, CO North Shore University Hospital USA Manhasset, NY USA BRENT P. GOODMAN Mayo Clinic College of Medicine JAMES H. GRENDELL Mayo Clinic Arizona Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Scottsdale, AZ Winthrop University Hospital USA Mineola, NY USA ANTHONY GORDON and Imperial College London School of Medicine Critical Care Unit, Charing Cross Hospital State University of New York London Stony Brook, NY UK USA

MUNISH GOYAL DONALD GRIESDALE Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Anesthesia & Program of Critical Washington Hospital Center Care Medicine Washington, DC Vancouver General Hospital and the University USA of British Columbia Vancouver, BC

VICENTE H. GRACIAS Canada Division of Acute Care Surgery UMDNJ-RWJMS, Robert Wood Johnson University LIVIU-ADELIN GULDFRED Hospital Department of Otolaryngology and Head New Brunswick, NJ and Neck Surgery USA Rigshospitalet Copenhagen

M. SEAN GRADY Denmark Department of Neurosurgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania OLIVER L. GUNTER Philadelphia, PA Department of Surgery Philadelphia Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN

ROBERT S. GREEN USA Department of Anesthesia, Division Critical Care Med. and Department of Emergency Medicine, QEII Health KALPALATHA K. GUNTUPALLI Sciences Centre, VG Site Baylor College of Medicine Capital Health and Dalhousie University Ben Taub General Hospital Halifax, NS Houston, TX Canada USA xxii List of Contributors

MIKKO HAAPIO STEPHAN JU¨ RGEN HARBARTH Division of Nephrology Charite´ Campus Benjamin Franklin Infection Control HUCH Meilahti Hospital Program, Division of Infectious Diseases Helsinki Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School Finland Geneva Switzerland

SAMIR H. HADDAD Intensive Care Department BRIAN G. HARBRECHT King Abdulaziz Medical City Department of Surgery Riyadh University of Louisville Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Louisville, KY USA

DAVID J. HAK

Denver Health JEFFREY N. HARR Denver, CO Department of Surgery USA Denver Health Medical Center University of Colorado School of Medicine

MARK HAMILTON Denver, CO Department of Intensive Care USA St. George’s Hospital London CHARLES E. HARTFORD UK Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery (The Children’s Hospital) CHRISTIAN A. HAMLAT University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Department of Surgery Center Harborview Medical Center Aurora, CO Seattle, WA USA USA

CHRISTIANE S. HARTOG

PETER M. HAMMER Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Department of Surgery Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Jena University Hospital Philadelphia, PA Jena USA Germany

E. MARK HAMMERBERG PER-OLOF J. HASSELGREN Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Department of Surgery Medical Center Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical University of Colorado School of Medicine School Denver, CO Boston, MA USA USA

SONJA HANSEN JOHN E. HEFFNER Charite´ Campus Benjamin Franklin Department of Medicine Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Providence Portland Medical Center Charite´ – University Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Berlin Portland, OR Germany USA List of Contributors xxiii

J. CLAUDE HEMPHILL III CHRISTOPH E. HEYDE Department of Neurology Department of Orthopaedic Surgery San Francisco General Hospital University of California University of Leipzig San Francisco, CA Leipzig USA Germany

ULF HEMPRICH CAITLIN W. HICKS Department of Anesthesiology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine University of Rochester School of Medicine and Cleveland, OH Dentistry USA Rochester, NY and USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute–National Institutes of Health Research Scholar DIETRICH HENZLER National Institutes of Health Division of Critical Care Bethesda, MD Dalhousie University and QEII Health Sciences Center USA Halifax, NS Canada ADAM T. HILL Department of Respiratory Medicine STEFAN HERGET-ROSENTHAL Royal Inﬁrmary and University of Edinburgh Department of Nephrology Edinburgh, Scotland University of Duisburg-Essen UK Duisburg Germany NICHOLAS S. HILL Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep DAVID N. HERNDON Medicine Department of Surgery Tufts-New England Medical Center University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Boston, MA Hospital for Children USA Galveston, TX USA A. L. HOEFNAGEL Department of Anesthesiology MARGARET S. HERRIDGE University of Rochester School of Medicine and Toronto General Hospital Dentistry University Health Network Rochester, NY Toronto, ON USA Canada CHRISTOPH K. HOFER DEAN HESS Institute of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Respiratory Care Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Triemli City Hospital Zurich Boston, MA Zurich USA Switzerland

RUSS HEWSON BRIAN K. HOGAN Barts and The London NHS Trust Department of Medicine Intensive Care Unit Royal London Hospital San Antonio Military Medical Center London Fort Sam Houston, TX UK USA xxiv List of Contributors

JUDD E. HOLLANDER W. GREGORY HUNDLEY Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology University of Pennsylvania and Department of Radiology Philadelphia, PA Wake Forest University School of Medicine USA Winston-Salem, NC USA HITOSHI HONDA

Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious OLIVER L. HUNG Diseases Department of Emergency Medicine Teine Keijinkai Medical Center Morristown Memorial Hospital Teine, Sapporo Morristown, NJ Japan USA

WALDEMAR HOSCH RYAN T. HURT Department of Radiology Division of General Internal Medicine Heidelberg University Hospital Mayo Clinic Heidelberg Rochester, MN Germany USA and ERIC A. J. HOSTE Departments of Medicine, Physiology & Biophysics Department of Internal Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine Ghent University Hospital Louisville, KY Ghent USA Belgium

MUSTAFA HUSSAIN ANDREW A. HOUSE Department of Surgery Division of Nephrology NYU Langone Medical Center London Health Sciences Centre New York, NY London USA Canada

MUHAMMAD N. IQBAL TJASA HRANJEC Department of Surgery Cardiology University of Virginia Health System VA San Diego Healthcare System Charlottesville, VA San Diego, CA USA USA

LAURENCE HUANG ROBERT A. IZENBERG Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center HIV/AIDS Division Department of Surgery University of California University of California San Francisco School of Medicine San Francisco, CA San Francisco General Hospital USA San Francisco, CA USA LA SCIENYA M. JACKSON Department of Surgery ZHONGPING HUANG UCSF/Fresno University of California Department of Mechanical Engineering San Francisco/Fresno, Community Regional Medical Widener University Center Chester, PA Fresno, CA USA USA List of Contributors xxv

NATTAPONG JAIMCHARIYATAM SARAH E. JUDKINS Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Rocky Mountain Regional Trauma Center Department of Medicine Denver Health Medical Center Chulalongkorn University Denver, CO Bangkok USA Thailand

THOMAS JUNGHANSS DAVID H. JANG Section Clinical Tropical Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Infectious Diseases New York University Heidelberg University Hospital New York, NY Heidelberg USA Germany

MARC G. JESCHKE GREGORY J. JURKOVICH Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery University of Toronto Harborview Medical Center Sunnybrook Research Institute Seattle, WA Toronto, ON USA Canada

ANDERS KALLNER ARUN JEYABALAN Department of Clinical Chemistry Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Karolinska University hospital Reproductive Sciences Stockholm University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Sweden Pittsburgh, PA USA TSUYOSHI KANEKO

AARON M. JOFFE Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Houston, TX University of Washington USA Harborview Medical Center Seattle, WA USA NEETA KANNAN Department of Critical Care Medicine

JEFFREY JOHNSON University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Denver Health Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA University of Colorado Denver USA Denver, CO USA LEWIS J. KAPLAN Department of Surgery DARYL JONES Yale University School of Medicine Department of Intensive Care New Haven, CT Austin Hospital USA Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC Australia CONSTANTINE KARVELLAS Divisions of Gastroenterology and Critical Care JANEEN R. JORDAN Medicine University of Colorado University of Alberta Denver, CO Edmonton, AB USA Canada xxvi List of Contributors

JOHN KASHANI FERNANDO J. KIM Department of Emergency Medicine Denver Health Medical Center Morristown Memorial Hospital Department of Surgery (Urology) Morristown, NJ Denver, CO USA USA

JEFFRY L. KASHUK JOCELYN T. KIM Division of Trauma, Acute Care and Critical Care Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine and Section of Acute Care Surgery University of California Penn State Hershey Medical Center Los Angeles, CA Hershey, PA USA USA

SANDRA L. KAVALUKAS WILLIAM A. KNIGHT Department of Surgery Emergency Medicine Sinai Hospital of Baltimore and the Johns Hopkins University of Cincinnati Medical Institutions Cincinnati, OH Baltimore, MD USA USA

M. MARGARET KNUDSON CHRISTIAAN KEIJZER Department of Anesthesiology Department of Surgery Academic Medical Centre University of California University of Amsterdam San Francisco, CA Amsterdam USA The Netherlands

MARIN H. KOLLEF JOHN A. KELLUM Department of Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Washington University School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine St. Louis, MO Pittsburgh, PA USA USA

GILI KENET JAY L. KOYNER Thrombosis Unit School of Medicine and Medical Science The Israel National Hemophilia Center University College Dublin Tel-Hashomer Dublin Israel Ireland

F. KERBAUL ROSEMARY A. KOZAR Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit University of Texas Health Science Center La Timone Hospital Houston, TX Marseille USA France

JEREMY KILBURN ROBERT KRAFT Department of Medicine Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine Medical Branch University of Texas St. Louis, MO Galveston, TX USA USA List of Contributors xxvii

JOHN P. KRESS STEPHEN E. LAPINSKY Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Critical Care Department of Medicine University of Chicago Mount Sinai Hospital Chicago, IL University of Toronto USA Toronto, ON Canada

KENNETH A. KUDSK Division of General Surgery SUSAN M. LAREAU Clinical Science Center University of Wisconsin Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Madison, WI Reproductive Sciences USA Magee-Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA HRISHIKESH S. KULKARNI USA Baylor College of Medicine Ben Taub General Hospital JULIUS LARIOZA Houston, TX USA Division of Infectious Diseases Baystate Medical Center Springﬁeld, MA

MATTHEW KUTCHER USA Department of Surgery University of California PIERRE-FRANC¸ OIS LATERRE San Francisco, CA Department of Critical Care Medicine USA Saint-Luc University Hospital-Louvain Medical School Brussels Belgium SONIA LABEAU Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences

Ghent University KEVIN B. LAUPLAND Ghent Department of Critical Care Medicine Belgium University of Calgary and Calgary Health Region Calgary, AB Canada DAVID LAMBERT Department of Emergency Medicine (KMW) and Environmental Medicine (DL) MARTINE LEBLANC University of Pennsylvania Service de ne´phrologie Philadelphia, PA Hoˆpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Centre hospitalier USA affilie´ a` l’Univ. de Montreál Montreál, QC Canada THOMAS LANGER Dipartimento di Anestesiologia, Terapia Intensiva e Scienze Dermatologiche ANNA M. LEDGERWOOD Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Department of Surgery Ospedale Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena Wayne State University Milan Detroit, MI Italy USA xxviii List of Contributors

ANDIE S. LEE DONALD P. LEVINE Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Department of Medicine Division of Medicine Wayne State University Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney Detroit, MI Sydney USA Australia and Charite´ Campus Benjamin Franklin Infection Control MITCHELL M. LEVY Program, Division of Infectious Diseases Brown University School of Medicine Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School Rhode Island Hospital Geneva Providence, RI Switzerland USA

ANDREW G. LEE PHILLIP D. LEVY Department of Radiology Department of Emergency Medicine University of Calgary Wayne State University Calgary, AB Detroit, MI Canada USA

JONG O. LEE Department of Surgery RICHARD J. LEVY Medical Branch University of Texas Division of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (RJL) Galveston, TX Children’s National Medical Center USA Washington, DC USA and CEDRIC W. LEFEBVRE Stavropoulos Sepsis Research Program (AJR, RJL, CSD) Emergency Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Wake Forest University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA Winston Salem, NC USA USA

SEBASTIANO LEONE DAVID LEWINSOHN U.S.C. Malattie Infettive Portland VA Medical Center Ospedali Riuniti Portland, OR Bergamo USA Italy

LUCAS LIAUDET ANDREW S. LEVEY Adult Intensive Care Medicine Service and Burn Center Division of Nephrology CHUV (University Hospital) Tufts Medical Center Lausanne Boston, MA Switzerland USA

MARCEL M. LEVI ELAINE CHIEW-LIN LIEW Department of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology Academic Medical Center Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern University of Amsterdam California Amsterdam Los Angeles, CA The Netherlands USA List of Contributors xxix

RICHARD W. LIGHT IAN LOFTUS Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine St. George’s Healthcare NHS Trust Vanderbilt University Medical Center London Nashville, TN UK USA

TOM LIM JOSE´ A. LORENTE Department of Internal Medicine CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias University of Calgary Hospital Universitario de Getafe Calgary, AB Universidad Europea de Madrid Canada Madrid Spain

CATHARINA F. M. LINSSEN Department of Medical Microbiology UMBERTO LUCANGELO University Hospital Maastricht Maastricht, AZ Department of Perioperative Medicine, Intensive Care The Netherlands and Emergency Cattinara Hospital, Trieste.

HAROLD LITT University School of Medicine Trieste Department of Radiology Italy University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA USA CHARLES E. LUCAS Department of Surgery OLLE LJUNGQVIST Wayne State University Department of Surgery Detroit, MI O¨ rebro University Hospital USA O¨ rebro Sweden

GINA LUCKIANOW CLARA LLUBIA` Department of Surgery Department of Anaesthesiology and Postoperative Yale University School of Medicine Care Unit New Haven, CT Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol USA Badalona, Barcelona Spain

THOMAS LUECKE DILEEP N. LOBO Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery Medicine Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre NIHR Biomedical University Hospital Mannheim Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals Mannheim Queen’s Medical Centre Germany Nottingham UK CARLOS M. LUNA PHILIP LOBUE Department of Internal Medicine Division of Tuberculosis Elimination Hospital de Clinicas Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Universidad de Buenos Aires Atlanta, GA Banﬁeld, Buenos Aires USA Argentina xxx List of Contributors

CHARLES-EDOUARD LUYT MARK A. MALANGONI Service de Re´animation Me´dicale Department of Surgery Institut de Cardiologie Groupe Hospitalier MetroHealth Medical Center Pitie´-Salpeˆtrie`re Cleveland, OH Paris USA France

JOSEPH P. LYNCH III MANU L. N. G. MALBRAIN Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Allergy, Intensive Care Unit and Clinical Immunology Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen Hospital Campus The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Stuivenberg Los Angeles, CA Antwerp USA Belgium

LUKE MACYSZYN KATHERINE MANDELL Department of Neurosurgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Department of Surgery Philadelphia, PA Harborview Medical Center Philadelphia Seattle, WA USA

SHELDEN MAGDER Critical Care Division LIONEL A. MANDELL McGill University Health Centre McMaster University Hamilton Health Sciences Royal Victoria Hospital Henderson Montreal, QC Hamilton, ON Canada Canada

DUSHYANT MAHARAJ

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology PAUL E. MARIK University of Otago Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Wellington South Thomas Jefferson University New Zealand Philadelphia, PA USA RONALD V. MAIER Department of Surgery

Harborview Medical Center ANTONELLA MARINO Seattle, WA U.O. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di USA Anestesia, Rianimazione (Intensiva e Subintensiva) e Terapia del Dolore ALAN S. MAISEL Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore VA San Diego Healthcare System Policlinic University of California Cardiology Section Milan San Diego, CA Italy USA

NIMA MAJLESI THOMAS J. MARRIE Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Medicine Morristown Memorial Hospital University of Alberta Morristown, NJ Edmonton, AB USA Canada List of Contributors xxxi

ERIC M. MASSICOTTE STEPHEN A. MCCLAVE Division of Neurosurgery Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition University of Toronto University of Louisville School of Medicine University Health Network Toronto Western Hospital Louisville, KY Toronto, ON USA Canada

JAMES MCCORD Henry Ford Hospital Center BRITTANY MATAVA Detroit, MI Department of Orthopaedic Surgery USA Denver Health Medical Center University of Colorado School of Medicine ERIN MCDONOUGH GRISE Denver, CO USA Emergency Medicine University of Cincinnati UC Health Emergency Medicine Cincinnati, OH RICARDO MATOS USA Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente (UCIP) Hospital de St. Anto´nio dos Capuchos - Centro MICHELLE K. MCNUTT Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E. University of Texas Health Science Center Lisbon Houston, TX Portugal USA

NORMAN E. MCSWAIN JR. KENNETH L. MATTOX Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Tulane University School of Medicine Ben Taub General Hospital New Orleans, LA Houston, TX USA USA C. CRAWFORD MECHEM Department of Emergency Medicine CLIVE MAY Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Howard Florey Institute Philadelphia, PA University of Melbourne USA Parkville and Victoria Philadelphia Fire Department Australia Philadelphia, PA USA

JOHN C. MAYBERRY GABRIEL A. MECOTT Trauma/Critical Care Division of Plastic Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Portland, OR Monterrey, NL USA Mexico

KONSTANTIN MAYER WOUTER MEERSSEMAN Department of Internal Medicine II Department of General Internal Medicine University of Giessen Lung Center University Hospital Giessen Leuven Germany Belgium xxxii List of Contributors

ZIAD A. MEMISH ARGYRIS MICHALOPOULOS Ministry of Health Department of Critical Care Medicine Riyadh Henry Dunant Hospital Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Athens Greece and NATALIA MENDOZA Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS) Center for Clinical Studies Marousi, Athens Houston, TX Greece USA and El Bosque University FREDERIC MICHARD Bogota, Colombia Director, Medical Strategy Canada Edwards Lifesciences Nyon Switzerland DAVID K. MENON Department of Anaesthesiology CHADWICK D. MILLER University of Cambridge & Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge Department of Emergency Medicine UK Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC

ARES KRISHNA MENON USA Klinik f. Thorax-, Herz-, Gefa¨ßchirurgie Klinikum der RWTH MELISSA A. MILLER Aachen Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Germany Medical Center Drive Taubman Center Ann Arbor, MI J. WAYNE MEREDITH USA Wake Forest University Baptist, Medical Center Medical Center Boulevarde

Winston-Salem, NC ANGELA M. MILLS USA Department of Emergency Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA ELISABETH MEYER USA Charite´ Campus Benjamin Franklin Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Charite´ – University Medicine JOSEPH P. MINEI Berlin Division of Burns, Trauma, and Critical Care Germany Department of Surgery UT-Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX MINI MICHAEL USA Department of Pediatrics, Renal Section Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children’s Hospital MARY K. MIRANOWSKI Houston, TX Nestle´ Health Care Nutrition USA List of Contributors xxxiii

CHRISTOPHER H. MODY HUNTER B. MOORE Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology University of Vermont College of Medicine Immunology and Infectious Disease Burlington, VT University of Calgary USA Calgary, AB

Canada LAURA J. MOORE Department of Surgery BERTON R. MOED The Methodist Hospital Research Institute Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Houston, TX Saint Louis University School of Medicine USA St. Louis, MO USA GREGORY J. MORAN

WILSON MOLINA Department of Emergency Medicine Olive View-UCLA Medical Center Denver Health Medical Center Sylmar, CA Department of Surgery (Urology) USA Denver, CO USA RUI P. MORENO

BRUCE A. MOLITORIS Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente, Hospital Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine de Santo Anto´nio dos Capuchos Indiana University School of Medicine Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E Indianapolis, IN Lisbon USA Portugal

XAVIER MONNET MARINA S. MORGAN Medical Intensive Care Unit, Biceˆtre Hospital Department of Medical Microbiology Assistance Publique – Hoˆpitaux de Paris and Paris-Sud Royal Devon & Exeter Foundation NHS Trust University Exeter, Devon Le Kremlin-Biceˆtre UK France

ALISON MORRIS A. MONTCRIOL Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit Medicine La Timone Hospital University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Marseille Pittsburgh, PA France USA

ERNEST E. MOORE ANDREW M. MORRIS Department of Surgery Denver Health Medical Center Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, University of Colorado Denver University of Toronto Denver, CO Toronto, ON USA Canada

FREDERICK A. MOORE JOHN A. MORRIS JR. Department of Surgery Department of Surgery The Methodist Hospital Vanderbilt University Medical Center Houston, TX Nashville, TN USA USA xxxiv List of Contributors

KATIE MORRISON BRYN E. MUMMA Center for Clinical Studies Department of Emergency Medicine Houston, TX University of California Davis Medical Center USA Sacramento, CA USA

RYAN P. MORRISSEY CLINTON K. MURRAY Central Texas Poison Center Department of Medicine Scott & White Memorial Hospital San Antonio Military Medical Center Temple, TX Fort Sam Houston, TX USA USA and New York City Poison Control Center New York University Medical Center and Bellevue PATRICK T. MURRAY Hospital Center School of Medicine and Medical Science New York, NY University College Dublin USA Dublin Ireland

PETER F. MOUNT RAGHAVAN MURUGAN Austin Research Institute Austin Hospital Department of Critical Care Medicine, The CRISMA Heidelberg, VIC (Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling Australia of Acute Illness) Center University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA NATHAN T. MOWERY USA Wake Forest University Baptist, Medical Center Medical Center Boulevarde JOHN G. MUSCEDERE Winston-Salem, NC Department of Medicine USA Kingston General Hospital Kingston, ON Canada J. PAUL MUIZELAAR Department of Neurological Surgery University of California KURT G. NABER Davis, CA Technical University USA Straubing, Munich Germany

ASHLEY MULL JOHN TOBIAS NAGURNEY Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Denver Health Medical Center Massachussets General Hospital Denver, CO Harvard Medical School USA Boston, MA USA

RICHARD J. MULLINS Department of Surgery PAYAM NAHID Oregon Health & Sciences University University of California, San Francisco Portland, OR San Francisco, CA USA USA List of Contributors xxxv

LENA M. NAPOLITANO LORETTA NORTON Department of Surgery Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Michigan, 1C340A-UH, University Hospital University of Western Ontario Ann Arbor, MI London, ON USA Canada

BARNETT R. NATHAN MELISSA NYENDAK Division of Neurocritical Care Oregon Health and Sciences University Departments of Neurology Portland, OR University of Virginia USA Charlottesville, VA USA BLANCA OCHOA Baylor College of Medicine

LEWIS S. NELSON Houston, TX USA New York City Poison Control Center New York University Medical Center and Bellevue JUAN B. OCHOA Hospital Center New York, NY Trauma and Surgical Critical Care USA University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA USA CARLA NESTER Department of Pediatrics GAGE M. OCHSNER Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis & Savannah, GA Transplantation USA University of Iowa Children’s Hospital Carver College of Medicine DAVID N. O’DWYER Iowa City, IA USA Department of Respiratory Medicine St. Vincent’s University Hospital Dublin LINDSAY E. NICOLLE Ireland Department of Internal Medicine/Medical Microbiology

University of Manitoba/Health Sciences Centre Section MARK D. OKUSA of Infectious Diseases Division of Nephrology and the Center for Immunity, Winnipeg, MB Inﬂammation and Regenerative Medicine Canada University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA LISE E. NIGROVIC USA Division of Emergency Medicine Children’s Hospital Boston DEAN OLSEN Harvard Medical School Medical Toxicology and Emergency Medicine Boston, MA New York City Poison Control Center USA Manhattan, NY USA NICOLA´ S NIN CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias JAMES C. O’NEILL Hospital Universitario de Getafe Department of Emergency Medicine Universidad Europea de Madrid Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center Madrid Winston-Salem, NC Spain USA xxxvi List of Contributors

EDMUND ONG Renal–Electrolyte Division Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine Department of Medicine Royal Victoria Inﬁrmary University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Newcastle upon Tyne Pittsburgh, PA UK USA

OSITA I. ONUGHA NOVA L. PANEBIANCO Department of Surgery Department of Emergency Medicine Stanford University University of Pennsylvania Stanford, CA Philadelphia, PA USA USA

DAVID OSMAN NEESH PANNU Service de Re´animation Me´dicale Division of Nephrology CHU Biceˆtre, AP-HP Department of Medicine University of Alberta Universite´ Paris-Sud Edmonton, AB Le Kremlin-Biceˆtre Canada France

PETER J. PAPADAKOS GEORGES OUELLET Department of Anesthesiology Service de ne´phrologie University of Rochester School of Medicine and Hoˆpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Centre hospitalier Dentistry affilie´ a` l’Univ. de Montreál Rochester, NY Montreál, QC USA Canada

LAURENT PAPAZIAN KAGAN OZER Service de Re´animation me´dicale, Assistance Publique Denver Health Medical Center Hoˆpitaux de Marseille, URMITE CNRS-UMR 6236 University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e Aix-Marseille II Denver, CO Marseille USA France

H. LEON PACHTER GIDEON PARET Department of Surgery NYU Langone Medical Center Safra Children’s hospital, Sheba Medical Center New York, NY Tel Hashomer USA Israel

JOSE´ ARTUR PAIVA TANYALAK PARIMON UAG da Urgeˆncia e Cuidados Intensivos Pulmonary and Critical Care Division Hospital Sao Joao and Medical School Department of Medicine University of Porto Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID Porto University of Washington School of Medicine Portugal Seattle, WA USA PAUL M. PALEVSKY Renal Section MARGARET M. PARKER VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System Department of Pediatrics Pittsburgh, PA Stony Brook University Medical Center USA Stony Brook, NY and USA List of Contributors xxxvii

AMBICA PARMAR ANDREW B. PEITZMAN Division of Critical Care Medicine Department of Surgery University of Alberta University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Edmonton, AB Pittsburgh, PA Canada USA

MATTEO PAROTTO Istituto di Anestesia e Rianimazione PAOLO PELOSI Dipartimento di Farmacologia e Anestesia Department of Ambient, Health and Safety Universita` degli Studi di Padova Universita` degli Studi dell’Insubria Padova Varese Italy Italy

DAVID A. PARTRICK MARIANO ALBERTO PENNISI Division of Pediatric Surgery The Children’s Hospital Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione University of Colorado School of Medicine Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Denver, CO Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore USA Rome Italy

JOSE L. PASCUAL Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and J. M. PEREIRA Emergency Surgery UAG da Urgeˆncia e Cuidados Intensivos University of Pennsylvania Health System Hospital Sao Joao and Medical School Philadelphia, PA University of Porto USA Porto Portugal MEHUL PATEL Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine

University of Toronto and University Health Network RUI PEREIRA Toronto, ON Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente (UCIP) Canada Hospital de St. Anto´nio dos Capuchos - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, E.P.E. W. FRANK PEACOCK Lisbon Department of Emergency Medicine Portugal The Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH

USA AZRIEL PEREL Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care RUPERT M. PEARSE Sheba Medical Center Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Tel Aviv University Intensive Care Unit Royal London Hospital Tel Aviv London Israel UK

MARCUS PECK JEANMARIE PERRONE Department of Intensive Care Department of Emergency Medicine St. George’s Hospital Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania London Philadelphia, PA UK USA xxxviii List of Contributors

ANTONIO PESENTI DIDIER PITTET Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Infection Control Programme Care A.O. Ospedale S. Gerardo University of Geneva Hospitals University of Milan-Bicocca Geneva Monza Switzerland Italy

LUCIDO L. PONCE ALOIS PHILIPP Department of Neurosurgery Leiter Kardiotechnik Baylor College of Medicine Universita¨tsklinikum Regensburg Houston, TX Regensburg USA Germany

ANNE-CORNE´LIE J. M. DE PONT BARBARA J. PHILIPS Academisch Medisch Centrum St. George’s University of London Academisch Ziekenhuis bij de Universiteit van London Amsterdam UK Amsterdam The Netherlands

JASON M. PHILLIPS Denver Health Medical Center LAURA J. PORRO Department of Surgery (Urology) Department of Surgery Denver, CO University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners USA Hospital for Children Galveston, TX

CLAUDE PICHARD USA Unite´ de Nutrition Hoˆpitaux Universitaires de Gene`ve JOSEPH A. POSLUSZNY JR. Geneva Department of Surgery Switzerland Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, IL

FREDRIC M. PIERACCI USA Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Department of Surgery NIKHIL PREMCHAND Denver Health Medical Center Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Royal Victoria Inﬁrmary Denver, CO Newcastle upon Tyne USA UK

JESSE M. PINES SUSANNA PRICE Center for Health Care Quality Department of Intensive Care Departments of Emergency Medicine and Health Policy Royal Brompton Hospital George Washington University London Washington, DC UK USA

SEAN PRIMLEY SARAH E. PINSKI Denver Health Medical Center Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Surgery (Urology) Denver, CO Denver, CO USA USA List of Contributors xxxix

JANE M. PROSSER DANIEL K. RESNICK Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Neurological Surgery Weill Cornell Medical Center University of Wisconsin New York, NY Madison, WI USA USA

J. JAVIER PROVENCIO STEVEN REYNOLDS Cerebrovascular Center and Neuroinﬂammatory UBC Department of Medicine Research Center Royal Columbian Hospital Cleveland Clinic/NC30 New Westminster, BC Cleveland, OH Canada USA

JOHN R. PROWLE STUART F. REYNOLDS Department of Intensive Care Division of Critical Care Medicine Austin Hospital University of Alberta Hospitals Melbourne Edmonton, AB Australia Canada

SRINI PYATI ANDREW RHODES Division of Veterans Affairs Department of Intensive Care Duke University Medical Center St. George’s Hospital Durham, NC London USA UK

PRASANNA SIMHA MOHAN RAO ZACCARIA RICCI Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Research Bambino Gesu` Children’s Hospital Malleswaram, Bangalore Rome India Italy

RON H. RAWLINGS AARON RICHMAN Department of Anesthesiology Institute of Terrorism Research and Response Duke University Medical Center Philadelphia, PA Durham, NC USA USA

JAMES RIDDELL IV SUNIL S. RAYAN Department of Internal Medicine Scripps Division of Infectious Diseases La jolla, CA University of Michigan Health System USA Ann Arbor, MI USA KONRAD REINHART Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine JOHN T. RIEHL Jena University Hospital Geisinger Medical Center Orthopaedics Jena Danville, PA Germany USA xl List of Contributors

CLAUDIA S. ROBERTSON ANDREW K. ROY Department of Neurosurgery School of Medicine and Medical Science Baylor College of Medicine University College Dublin Houston, TX Dublin USA Ireland

GRACE S. ROZYCKI BRYCE R. H. ROBINSON Emory University School of Medicine Division of Trauma and Critical Care Chief of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care/Emergency University of Cincinnati General Surgery Department of Surgery Cincinnati, OH Atlanta, GA USA USA

JOSE´ RODOLFO ROCCO ALBERT J. RUGGIERI Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Care (AJR, CSD) Rio de Janeiro University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Brazil Philadelphia, PA USA

ADAM ROMANOVSKY SAMIR G. SAKKA Division of Critical Care Medicine University of Alberta Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Edmonton, AB Medicine, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim Canada University Witten/Herdecke Cologne Germany CLAUDIO RONCO

Department of Nephrology EDGARDO S. SALCEDO St. Bortolo Hospital Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Vicenza Emergency Surgery Italy University of Pennsylvania Health System Philadelphia, PA ANDREA O. ROSSETTI USA Service de Neurologie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV-BH07) CHRISTIAN SANDROCK Lausanne Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Switzerland University of California, Davis School of Medicine Sacramento, CA USA COLEMAN ROTSTEIN

Division of Infectious Diseases ARTHUR SANFORD Department of Medicine Stritch School of Medicine University of Toronto and University Health Network Loyola University Medical Center Toronto, ON Maywood, IL Canada USA

BRIAN H. ROWE BABAK SARANI Department of Emergency Medicine Departments of Surgery University of Alberta University of Pennsylvania The Trauma Center at Penn Edmonton, AB Philadelphia, PA Canada USA List of Contributors xli

TODD SARGE MARCUS J. SCHULTZ Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and School Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A) Boston, MA Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam USA Amsterdam The Netherlands

ANGELA SAUAIA

Colorado School of Public Health C. WILLIAM SCHWAB University of Colorado Denver Department of Surgery Aurora, CO University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine USA Philadelphia, PA USA LINA MARIA SAUCEDO Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Hospital Clinic SABINO SCOLLETTA Barcelona Department of Surgery and Bioengineering Spain Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive care, University Hospital Le Scotte Siena JUDY SAVIGE Italy Department of Medicine University of Melbourne Northern Hospital

Melbourne, VIC MARC M. SEDWITZ Australia Scripps Chief of Staff, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla.

ROBERT G. SAWYER Attending General and Vascular Surgeon, Scripps Department of Surgery La Jolla, CA University of Virginia Health System USA Charlottesville, VA USA RAGHU R. SEETHALA Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain HUGO SAX Medicine Infection Control Programme Brigham and Women’s Hospital University of Geneva Hospitals Boston, MA Geneva USA Switzerland

WAHIDA SEKANDAR THOMAS M. SCALEA Cardiology Shock Trauma Center University of California University of Maryland School of Medicine San Diego, CA Baltimore, MD USA USA

DANIEL SCHEURICH PARHAM SENDI Department of Internal Medicine University Clinic for Infectious Diseases Washington University, School of Medicine University Hospital Bern and University of Bern St. Louis, MO Bern USA Switzerland xlii List of Contributors

P. W. SERRUYS ANDREW SHAW Director of the Department of Interventional Cardiology Department of Anesthesiology Thoraxcenter Duke University Medical Center Erasmus Medical Centre Durham, NC GD, Rotterdam USA The Netherlands

YAHYA SHEHABI

JOS J. SETTELS Clinical School, University New South Wales BMEYE BV The Prince of Wales Hospital Amsterdam, BE Randwick, NSW The Netherlands Australia

SUZANNE M. SHEPHERD KIARASH SHAHLAIE Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Neurological Surgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center Philadelphia, PA University of California USA San Francisco, CA USA RICHARD D. SHIH Department of Emergency Medicine

SAJID SHAHUL Morristown Memorial Hospital Anesthesia and Critical Care Morristown, NJ Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center USA Harvard Medical School Boston, MA CATHERINE T. SHOFF USA Pulmonary/Critical Care/Sleep Medicine Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences Lackland AFB, TX HAIM SHAPIRO USA Critical Care Medicine and Institute for Nutrition Research WILLIAM H. SHOFF Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital Petah Tikva Department of Emergency Medicine Israel Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA USA ASIF SHARFUDDIN

Division of Nephrology ANDREW F. SHORR Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine Georgetown University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN Washington Hospital Center USA Washington, DC USA

TAREK SHARSHAR General Intensive Care Unit CHUIN SIAU Raymond Poincare´ Teaching Hospital (AP-HP) Division of Respiratory Medicine University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines Department of Medicine Changi General Hospital Garches Singapore France Singapore List of Contributors xliii

MICHAEL E. SILVERMAN DANIEL J. SKIEST Department of Emergency Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Morristown Memorial Hospital Baystate Medical Center Morristown, NJ Springﬁeld, MA USA USA

HEATHER E. SKILLMAN FIONA SIMPSON Pediatric Critical Care Dietitian Clinical Senior Lecturer in Intensive Care The Children’s Hospital Northern Clinical School Aurora, CO University of Sydney USA Sydney Australia and ANNIE L. SLAUGHTER Department of Intensive Care University of Colorado School of Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Denver, CO St. Leonards, NSW USA Australia

LEO SLAVIN

CARRIE A. SIMS Cardiology The Trauma Center at Penn University of California Philadelphia, PA San Diego, CA USA USA

WADE R. SMITH CHRISTER A. SINDERBY Geisinger Medical Center Orthopaedics St. Michael’s Hospital Danville, PA Toronto USA Canada

MARCEL SOESAN

KAI SINGBARTL Department of Internal Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Slotervaart Hospital University of Pittsburgh Amsterdam Pittsburgh, PA The Netherlands USA MITCHELL C. SOKOLOSKY Emergency Medicine Medical Center Boulevard BEN SINGER Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center Department of Intensive Care Winston-Salem, NC St. George’s Hospital USA London UK OTHMAN SOLAIMAN Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine PIERRE SINGER Department of Medicine Critical Care Medicine and Institute for Nutrition Division of Respirology Research University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital University of Toronto Petah Tikva Toronto, ON Israel Canada xliv List of Contributors

R. SONNEVILLE DAVID A. SPAIN General Intensive Care Unit Chief of Acute Care Surgery Raymond Poincare´ Teaching Hospital (AP-HP) Department of Surgery University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines Stanford University Garches Stanford, CA France USA

LORENZO DEL SORBO DOMINIC W. K. SPRAY Dipartimento di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Universita` di Torino St. George’s Hospital Turin London Italy UK

OLAN A. SOREMEKUN PIERRE SQUARA Emergency Medicine CERIC – ICU University of Pennsylvania Health System Clinique Ambroise Pare´ Philadelphia, PA Neuilly-sur-Seine USA France

GINA SORIYA NATTACHAI SRISAWAT Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Denver Health Medical Center University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Denver, CO Pittsburgh, PA USA USA

KARINA M. SOTO-RUIZ PHILIP F. STAHEL Dorrington Medical Associates Houston, TX Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and USA Department of Neurosurgery, and Denver Health Medical Center School of Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Universidad Autonoma de Baja California Denver, CO Tijuana USA Mexico

RENEE D. STAPLETON

C. DE SOUSA Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Cardiology Department Medicine Hospital Pulido Valente University of Vermont College of Medicine Lisbon Burlington, VT Portugal USA

DONAT R. SPAHN ANDREW STEPHEN Institute of Anesthesiology Department of Surgery University Hospital Zurich Rhode Island Hospital Zurich Providence, RI Switzerland USA List of Contributors xlv

DENNIS L. STEVENS ADDY TAN Infectious Diseases Section Department of Anaesthesia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID National University Hospital University of Washington School of Medicine Singapore Seattle, WA Singapore USA

CHARLES TATOR

ROBERT D. STEVENS Krembil Neuroscience Centre Departments of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Radiology Toronto, ON Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Canada Baltimore, MD

USA JEAN-LOUIS TEBOUL Service de Re´animation Me´dicale

MARIJA STOJKOVIC CHU Biceˆtre, AP–HP Section Clinical Tropical Medicine Universite´ Paris–Sud Department of Infectious Diseases Le Kremlin–Biceˆtre Heidelberg University Hospital France Heidelberg Germany TIFFANY TELLO Urology Denver Health Medical Center/UCHSC MICHAEL SUGRUE Denver, CO Department of Surgery USA Letterkenny General Hospital Letterkenny, Co Donegal Ireland RICHARD E. TEMES Rush University Medical Center Illinois DERRICK SUN USA Department of Neurosurgery Denver Health Medical Center University of Colorado School of Medicine ERWIN R. THAL Denver, CO Department of Surgery USA UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX USA BENJAMIN SUN Emergency Department RONAN THIBAULT University of California, Los Angeles/West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center Service d’He´pato–gastro–ente´rologie et Assistance Los Angeles, CA Nutritionnelle USA UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Nantes, CRNH Nantes, IMAD Universite´ de Nantes Nantes DANIEL TALMOR France Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical Unite´ de Nutrition School Hoˆpitaux Universitaires de Gene`ve Boston, MA Gene`ve USA Switzerland xlvi List of Contributors

GRIET VAN THIELEN S. UDDIN Department of Intensive Care Department of Intensive Care Royal Brompton Hospital King’s College Hospital London London UK UK

ASHITA J. TOLWANI AYTEKIN UNLU Department of Medicine Division of Trauma Surgery and Surgical Critical Care University of Alabama at Birmingham DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery Birmingham, AL Medical Director for Education and Training USA International Medical Institute University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Ryder Trauma Center MARCIE TOMBLYN Miami, FL H. Lee Mofﬁtt Cancer Center & Research Institute, USA Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation Associate Professor of Oncologic Sciences, USF Tampa, FL ADITYA UPPALAPATI USA Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA ANTONI TORRES USA Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Hospital Clinic Barcelona DANIEL Z. USLAN Spain David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, CA NICOLE T. TOWNSEND USA University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Denver, CO FRANCO VALENZA USA Dipartimento di Anestesiologia, Terapia Intensiva e Scienze Dermatologiche DONALD D. TRUNKEY Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Department of Surgery Ospedale Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena Oregon Health & Science University Milan Portland, OR Italy USA

MARCO VALGIMIGLI PETER I. TSAI Director of the Cath. Laboratory Department of Surgery University of Ferrara, Cardiovascular Institute Baylor College of Medicine Arcispedale S. Anna Hospital Houston, TX Ferrara USA Italy

STEPHEN K. TYRING ERIC C. M. VAN GORP Departments of Dermatology Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas and Center for Clinical Studies Slotervaart Hospital Houston, TX Amsterdam USA The Netherlands List of Contributors xlvii

MATTHIJS VAN WISSEN ANA VELEZ Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and International Slotervaart Hospital Medicine Amsterdam Department of Medicine The Netherlands Tampa, FL USA

TODD F. VANDERHEIDEN GEORGE C. VELMAHOS Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Center for Complex Fractures and Limb Restoration Critical Care Denver Health Medical Center Massachusetts General Hospital University of Colorado School of Medicine Harvard Medical School Denver, CO Boston, MA USA USA

DOMINIQUE VANDIJCK BALA VENKATESH Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Critical Care, Endocrinology and Ghent University Metabolism Research Unit Ghent University of Queensland, and Princess Alexandra and Belgium Wesley Hospitals Brisbane, QLD Australia

KRISHNA K. VARADHAN

Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery JUAN M. VERDE Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre NIHR Biomedical Division of Trauma Surgery and Surgical Critical Care Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery Queen’s Medical Centre Medical Director for Education and Training Nottingham International Medical Institute UK University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Ryder Trauma Center Miami, FL JOSEPH VARON USA Dorrington Medical Associates Houston, TX ANTOINE VIEILLARD-BARON USA Intensive Care Unit and University Hospital Ambroise Pare´ The University of Texas Health Science Center at Boulogne Houston, and The University of Texas Medical Branch at France Galveston. Memorial Hermann Hospital and Texas Medical Center Faculte´ de Me´decine Paris Ile de France Ouest Houston, TX Universite´ de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines USA France

ELISA VEDES CHRISTOPHE VINSONNEAU Department of General Intensive Care Mixt ICU St. George’s Hospital Marc Jacquet Hospital London Melun UK France xlviii List of Contributors

GORAZD VOGA LI WAN Medical ICU Department of Intensive Care and Medicine General Hospital Celje Austin Hospital Celje Melbourne Slovenia Australia

KATHLEEN M. VOLLMAN DAVID K. WARREN Advancing Nursing Division of Infectious Diseases Northville, MI Department of Medicine USA Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, MO ELENA VOLPI USA Department of Internal Medicine and Sealy Center on Aging The University of Texas Medical Branch CHRISTOPHER M. WATSON Galveston, TX Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery USA Palmetto Health Columbia, SC

PASCAL VRANCKX USA Medical Director Cardiac ITU Hartcentrum Hasselt LINDSAY-RAE B. WEITZEL Hasselt Belgium Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care University of Colorado Denver, Translational PharmacoNutrition Laboratory (TPN Lab) Anschutz FLORIAN M.E. WAGENLEHNER Medical Campus Clinic for Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology Aurora, CO Justus-Liebig-University USA Giessen Germany

XIAOYAN WEN

MATTHEW J. WALL JR. Department of Critical Care Medicine Department of Surgery University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA Houston, TX USA USA

JULIA A. WENDON SAMUEL WALLER Liver Intensive Therapy Unit Department of Neurological Surgery Institute of Liver Studies University of Colorado School of Medicine Kings College Hospital Denver, CO London USA UK

KRISTY M. WALSH Department of Emergency Medicine (KMW) and JAN WERNERMAN Environmental Medicine (DL) Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Philadelphia, PA Stockholm USA Sweden List of Contributors xlix

J. P. J. WESTER BEAU WILLISON Department of Intensive Care Medicine Center for Clinical Studies Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Houston, TX HM USA Amsterdam The Netherlands SARAH L. WINGERTER Division of Emergency Medicine DEREK S. WHEELER Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School Division of Critical Care Medicine Boston, MA Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center USA Cincinnati, OH USA KEN R. WINSTON and Department of Neurosurgery The Kindervelt Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine University of Colorado Research Denver, CO Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation USA Cincinnati, OH USA MICHAEL E. WINTERS Intensive Care Unit LARS WIDDEL University of Maryland Department of Neurosurgery Mount Airy, MD University of Colorado Denve Health Medical Center USA Denver, CO and USA Combined Emergency Medicine/Internal Medicine/ Critical Care Program University of Maryland School of Medicine LARA WIJAYASIRI Baltimore, MD Department of Anaesthesia USA St. George’s Hospital London KEVIN WINTHROP UK Oregon Health and Sciences University Portland, OR EELCO F. M. WIJDICKS USA Department of Neurology

Mayo Clinic PAUL P. E. WISCHMEYER Rochester, MN University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine USA Aurora, CO USA ANNA WILKES

Department of Surgery DAVID H. WISNER Hunter New England Area Health Network Department of Surgery Newcastle, NSW University of California Australia Sacramento, CA USA BRIAN H. WILLIAMS Division of Burns, Trauma, and Critical Care, JENS-PETER WITT Department of Surgery Neuro Spine Program, Department of Neurosurgery UT Southwestern Medical Center University of Colorado Hospital Dallas, TX Colorado, CO USA USA l List of Contributors

MAX V. WOHLAUER NEKTARIA XIROUCHAKI Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center Department of Intensive Care Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine University Hospital of Heraklion Denver, CO University of Crete USA Heraklion, Crete Greece

ROBERT R. WOLFE Center for Translational Research in Aging and YANG XUE Longevity Cardiology DWR Institute on Aging VA San Diego Healthcare System Little Rock, AR San Diego, CA USA USA

HECTOR R. WONG D. DANTE YEH Division of Critical Care Medicine Department of Surgery Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center University of California Cincinnati, OH San Francisco, CA USA USA and The Kindervelt Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine Research ANDREW D. YEOMAN Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation Liver Intensive Therapy Unit Cincinnati, OH Institute of Liver Studies USA Kings College Hospital London UK GARY P. WORMSER Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine G. BRYAN YOUNG New York Medical College Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences Valhalla, NY University of Western Ontario USA London, ON Canada

CHRISTOPHER R. WYATT Emergency Medicine LESTER YOUNG Case Western Reserve University Metro Health Medical Clinical Fellow in Hand Surgery Center Denver Health Medical Center Cleveland, OH University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine USA Denver, CO USA

WEI XIONG Departments of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine BEHROUZ ZAND and Neurology Baylor College of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Ben Taub General Hospital Baltimore, MD Houston, TX USA USA List of Contributors li

ALEXANDER ZARBOCK MARYA D. ZILBERBERG Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Critical School of Public Health and Health Sciences Care Medicine University of Massachusetts University of Mu¨nster Amherst, MA Mu¨nster USA Germany and EviMed Research Group, LLC SACHA ZEERLEDER Goshen, MA Department of Immunopathology USA Sanquin Research at CLB and Landsteiner Laboratory of the AMC ANDREAS ZOLLINGER Amsterdam Institute of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care The Netherlands Medicine and Triemli City Hospital Zurich Department of Hematology Zurich Academic Medical Center Switzerland University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands