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Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine Jean-Louis Vincent and Jesse B. Hall (Eds) Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine With 716 Figures and 450 Tables Editors Jean-Louis Vincent Head Dept of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital (Free University of Brussels) Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels Belgium Jesse B. Hall University of Chicago Medical Center 5841 S. Maryland Ave. MC 6076 Chicago, IL 60637 USA ISBN 978-3-642-00417-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-00418-6 Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-642-00419-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2012931922 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) List of Contributors N. I. ABATE RAEANNA C. ADAMS Internal Medicine – Endocrinology Department of Surgery University of Texas Medical Branch Vanderbilt University Medical Center Galveston, TX Nashville, TN USA USA ADEEL ABBASI BASHEAL M. AGRAWAL Emergency Medicine Department of Neurological Surgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania University of Wisconsin Philadelphia, PA Madison, WI USA USA OMAR AHMAD KAREEM R. ABDELFATTAH Division of Burns, Trauma, and Critical Care Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Surgery University of British Columbia Critical Care, Emergency UT-Southwestern Medical Center and Trauma Medicine, Royal Columbian Hospital Dallas, TX New Westminster, BC USA Canada HESHAM M. AHMED BENJAMIN S. ABELLA Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of UMDNJ-RWJMS, Robert Wood Johnson University Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division Hospital Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania New Brunswick, NJ Philadelphia, PA USA USA KEVIN S. AKERS EDWARD ABRAHAM Department of Medicine Department of Medicine Brooke Army Medical Center University of Alabama Fort Sam Houston, TX Birmingham, AL USA USA JAMEEL ALI GIHAN ABUELLA Division of General Surgery Department of General Intensive Care St. Michael’s Hospital University of Toronto St. George’s Hospital Toronto, ON London Canada UK AHMED M. AL-MOUSAWI CHARLES A. ADAMS JR. Department of Surgery Department of Surgery University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Rhode Island Hospital Hospital for Children Providence, RI Galveston, TX USA USA vi List of Contributors N. AL-SUBAIE DJILLALI ANNANE Department of Intensive Care General ICU St. George’s Hospital Raymond Poincare´ Hospital (APHP) London University of Versailles SQY UK Garches France JAFFAR A. AL-TAWFIQ Speciality Internal Medicine DAVID R. ANTHONY Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization Emergency Medicine Residency Kingdom of Saudi Arabia New York-Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY USA NAGESH S. ANAVEKAR Department of Cardiology The Northern Hospital MASSIMO ANTONELLI Melbourne Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Policlinico Australia Universitario A. Gemelli Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore CAESAR A. ANDERSON Rome University of Pennsylvania, Hyperbaric Medicine Italy San Diego, CA USA ANASTASIA ANTONIADOU Fourth Department of Internal Medicine KENTON L. ANDERSON University General Hospital ATTIKON Emergency Medicine Athens Duke University Medical Center Greece Durham, NC USA CHRISTOPHER T. AQUINA RONALD ANDERSON Division of Acute Care Surgery MRC Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department UMDNJ-RWJMS, Robert Wood Johnson University of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences Hospital University of Pretoria, and Tshwane Academic Division New Brunswick, NJ of the National Health Laboratory Service USA Pretoria South Africa YASEEN M. ARABI Intensive Care Department MARTIN K. ANGELE King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Department of Surgery King Abdulaziz Medical City Klinikum Grosshadern Riyadh Munich Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Germany DEVASHISH J. ANJARIA Y. ASENCIO Department of Surgery Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School La Timone Hospital Newark, NJ Marseille USA France List of Contributors vii JUAN A. ASENSIO JOAN R. BADIA Department of Surgery Unitat de Vigilancia Intensiva Respirato`ria University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Servei de Pneumologia, Institut Clı´nic del To´rax Ryder Trauma Center IDIBAPS and CIBER de enfermedades respiratorias Miami, FL Hospital Clı´nic de Barcelona USA Barcelona Spain RU¨ DIGER AUTSCHBACH Clinic for THG Surgery SEAN M. BAGSHAW University of Aachen Division of Critical Care Medicine Aachen University of Alberta Germany Edmonton, AB Canada MICHELLE BAACK CHRISTOPHER C. BAKER Department of Pediatrics University of Iowa Children’s Hospital The Isidore Cohn Carver College of Medicine LSU Health Sciences Center – LSUHSC Iowa City, IA New Orleans, LA USA USA JONATHAN BALL HILARY M. BABCOCK General Intensive Care Unit Department of Internal Medicine St. George’s Hospital & Medical School Washington University, School of Medicine University of London St. Louis, MO London USA UK JAY P. BABICH MANSOOR N. BANGASH Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Winthrop University Hospital Intensive Care Unit Royal London Hospital Mineola, NY London USA UK and School of Medicine LUIGI BARBERIS State University of New York Dipartimento di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione Stony Brook, NY Universita` di Torino USA Turin Italy DANIEL DE BACKER Department of Intensive Care ADRIAN BARBUL Erasme University Hospital Department of Surgery Free University of Brussels Sinai Hospital of Baltimore and the Johns Hopkins Brussels Medical Institutions Belgium Baltimore, MD USA DAVID BACON and General Intensive Care Unit Department of Surgery St. George’s NHS Trust Hackensack University Medical Center London Hackensack, NJ UK USA viii List of Contributors CARLTON C. BARNETT JR. BRIGITTE M. BAUMANN Rocky Mountain Regional Trauma Center Department of Emergency Medicine Denver Health Medical Center Cooper University Hospital Denver, CO Camden, NJ USA USA JOSEPH B. BARNEY DANIEL G. BAUSCH Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Department of Adult Infectious Diseases University of Alabama at Birmingham Tulane University Health Sciences Center Birmingham, AL New Orleans, LA USA USA TYLER W. BARRETT KATHRYN M. BEAUCHAMP Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Neurosurgery Vanderbilt University Denver Health Medical Center Oxford House University of Colorado School of Medicine Nashville, TN Denver, CO USA USA JOEL M. BARTFIELD BRETT F. BECHTEL Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Albany Medical College Vanderbilt University Albany, NY Oxford House USA Nashville, TN USA GIANLUIGI LI BASSI Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine JENNIFER BECK Hospital Clinic St. Michael’s Hospital Barcelona Toronto Spain Canada JANE BATT RICHARD H. BEIGI Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Reproductive Sciences Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital Magee-Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh University of Toronto Medical Center Toronto, ON Pittsburgh, PA Canada USA ANDREW M. BAUER THOMAS BEIN Department of Neurological Surgery Leiter Operative Intensivstation University of Wisconsin Universita¨tsklinikum Regensburg Madison, WI Regensburg USA Germany WERNER BAULIG MARIA L. BELALCAZAR Institute of Anesthesiology Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Zurich The University of Texas Medical Branch Zurich Galveston, TX Switzerland USA List of Contributors ix VENKATESH BELLAMKONDA-ATHMARAM FRANCESCA BERNABE` Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Perioperative Medicine, Intensive Care The George Washington University Medical Center and Emergency Washington, DC Cattinara Hospital, Trieste. USA University School of Medicine Trieste Italy GIACOMO BELLANI Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care A.O. Ospedale S. Gerardo KRISHNENDU BHADRA University of Milan-Bicocca Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Monza Medicine Italy University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, VT USA SCOTT E. BELL Department of Neurosurgery PARITA BHUVA School of Medicine University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Division of Neurocritical Care Denver, CO Departments of neurology USA University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA USA GIUSEPPE BELLO Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione B. J. BIEMOND Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Academisch Medisch Centrum Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Universiteit van Amsterdam Rome Amsterdam Italy The Netherlands RINALDO BELLOMO B. KIRKE BIENEMAN Department of Intensive Care Department of Radiology
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