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Breviaries Are One of the Most Common NEO-GOTHIC Types of Manuscript Surviving from the Later Primer | 5 Sandra Hindman Middle Ages

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Breviaries Are One of the Most Common NEO-GOTHIC Types of Manuscript Surviving from the Later Primer | 5 Sandra Hindman Middle Ages SERMONS primer | 1 Laura Light primer | 8 ALCHEMY Each volume in the series of “primers” primer | 2 Lawrence M. Principe and Laura Light introduces one genre or a problematic of medieval manuscripts to a wider audience L AW by providing a brief general introduction, primer Susan L’Engle | 3 and Ariane Bergeron-Foote followed by descriptions of manuscripts, study aids, and suggestions for further BesTsellers reading. Pascale Bourgain primer | 4 and Laura Light Breviaries are one of the most common NEO-GOTHIC types of manuscript surviving from the later primer | 5 Sandra Hindman Middle Ages. The introduction to this with Laura Light primer provides a general guide to their LES ENLUMINURES LTD. history and contents. It is followed by 23 East 73rd Street MANUSCRIPT examples of Breviaries, both monastic and PRODUCTION 7th Floor, Penthouse primer | 6 Richard H. Rouse New York, NY 10021 secular, from across Europe, ranging in and Laura Light Tel: (212) 717 7273 date from the twelfth through the fifteenth Fax: (212) 717 7278 centuries. The texts found in manuscript primer DIPLOMATICS Breviaries, and their order, can vary widely | 7 Christopher de Hamel [email protected] and Ariane Bergeron-Foote from manuscript to manuscript, a fact that is LES ENLUMINURES LTD. illustrated here by an innovative chart that provides a visual guide to their contents. primer BREVIARIES One Magnificent Mile | 8 Laura Light 980 North Michigan Ave. Breviaries are essential sources for experts Suite 1330 BREVIARIES including liturgical scholars, musicologists, Chicago IL 60611 SCRIPT and historians of the medieval church and primer | 9 Marc H. Smith Tel: (773) 929 5986 and Laura Light Fax: (773) 528 3976 religious orders. They can, however, be [email protected] intimidating to non-specialists. This primer aims to make this essential medieval book – one that is often particularly well-suited for forthcoming title: ES NLUMINURES L E classroom use to illustrate the history of the 1, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau HEBREW medieval book – accessible to everyone. primer 75001 Paris | 10 MANUSCRIPTS Tel: (33) (0)1 42 60 15 58 Fax: (33) (0)1 40 15 63 88 [email protected] general editor Sandra Hindman a series published by LES ENLUMINURES www.lesenluminures.com primer New York • Chicago • Paris www.textmanuscripts.com | 8 primer | 8 general editor Sandra Hindman BREVIARIES Laura Light a series published by LES ENLUMINURES New York • Chicago • Paris Chart of contents Indutus Liturgical Table Added planeta Statutes from Office of Noted Breviary Ceremonial | 1 Table of of Office Office Liturgy Blessings Prayers (Ordo for the General Corpus Secular (Roman Use; Franciscan) Texts for General Common of Salt for Choir Calendar Ferial Scripture Temporale Sanctorale of the of the for Death and Private Chapter Blessings Christi Italy, c. 1260-1300, with later additions Vespers Rubrics of Saints Virgin Dead and Water and Altar Antiphons Readings and Burial Sequences Mass) of 1254 (added) Noted Breviaryfor the Winter Season Musical | 2 Common Secular (Premonstratensian) Temporale Sanctorale settings of of Saints Belgium, c. 1250-1275 Psalm 94 Breviary for the Summer Season Blessings | 3 Common Monastic (Cistercian) of Salt and Antiphons Calendar Collects Temporale Sanctorale Canticles Hymns of Saints Germany, c. 1260; c. 1320-1330; 1491 Water | 4 Breviary for the Day Offices Added Texts, Common Office including many Secular (Dominican) Calendar Temporale Sanctorale of the Psalter Southern Germany or Alsace (Strasbourg?), of Saints additions Virgin to the Sanctorale c. 1300-1320, with later additions Breviary Blessings | 5 Blessings Table of Table of (with the General Rubricae Common Office Office Office of the Secular (Roman Use; Franciscan) Calendar Psalter Temporale Litany of Salt Scripture Ferial Sanctorale of the of the Order of Mass text Rubrics novae of Saints Passion Northern Italy (Verona?), dated 1456 and Water Readings Antiphons Virgin Dead Grace) Breviary Compustic | 6 Common Office Office Monastic (Benedictine) Tables and Temporale Psalter Hymns Sanctorale of the of the of Saints Northern Italy, Lombardy (Piacenza), c. 1457 Diagrams Virgin Dead Breviary Capitula Collects for Antiphons and Ferial Matins Matins | 7 Liturgical Monastic (Carthusian) Calendar Psalter Canticles Hymns Litany for the the whole Responsories for Lessons for Blessings Lessons for the Lessons for the directions Northern Northern Italy, Lombardy (Milan?), c. 1430-1450 whole year year the whole year Matins Temporale Sanctorale Ferial Psalter Gradual Penitential Confessionale | 8 Computistic Office Office Marian Office of the Secular Calendar Psalter Hymns Psalms and of the of the Psalms and Masses by Annius Tables Antiphons Cross Northern Italy (Liguria or Lombardy), c. 1487 Prayers Virgin Dead Litany of Viterbo | 9 Breviary for the Night Office, Winter Season Secular Temporale Sanctorale Western Germany or the Netherlands, c. 1455-1470 Breviary Selected | 10 Penitential Funeral Daily Offices Noted Texts Common Feasts from the Office Secular (Augustinian) Calendar Psalter Psalms and of the Liturgy, for the Little Hymns Prayer for Holy of Saints Temporale and Northern Italy (Alessandria), dated 1469 Litany Dead noted Hours Week Sanctorale Breviary | 11 Common Monastic (Celestine) Temporale Sanctorale Northern France (Marcoussis?), c. 1460-1475(?) of Saints 2 3 “Rejoice always. Pray without ceasing”: (By the thirteenth century, and occasionally earlier, however, there were Medieval Breviaries important exceptions to this. Traveling Franciscan and Dominican friars, (1 Thessalonians 5:16-17) for example, often had to say their Office privately.) It is divided into eight hours: Matins (the night Office, said at varying times of the night depending on the order), Lauds (morning prayer, offered at dawn), Prime (the first hour), Terce (mid-morning), Sext (midday), None (mid- Medieval manuscript Breviaries are one of the most common types of afternoon), Vespers (evening prayer, at sunset), and Compline (night manuscript surviving from the later Middle Ages. They are still widely prayer before going to bed). The entire Psalter was recited weekly in the available on the market. As a genre, Breviaries are particularly well- Office, and the psalms were accompanied by short texts that were sung, suited for institutional collections and classroom use: many survive in often from the Bible (antiphons, responsories, and versicles), together their original bindings; as a rule they are copied in accessible formal with Canticles (also biblical), hymns, prayers, and lessons from the Bible, bookhands; printed versions of Breviaries are widely available for the Church Fathers, and the lives of the saints. comparison; and they are localizable and datable through their calendars and liturgical contents. Their association with particular locales and During the Middle Ages, the liturgy varied in different locations and in religious orders, and their early bindings, as well as the beauty of their different religious orders. For the Office, the difference between script, penwork initials, and at times, illumination, make them books that monastic use (celebrated by the various monks and nuns living according are equally well-suited for exhibition and private collections. Breviaries to the Rule of St. Benedict, represented here by the Cistercians, the can, however, be intimidating to non-specialists who are unfamiliar Benedictine Congregation of Santa Giustina, the Carthusians, and the with their contents. In this short introduction we hope we can make Celestines, nos. 3, 6, 7, 11), and secular use (celebrated in cathedrals and this essential medieval book more accessible. This is necessarily only a other churches by priests, canons, and friars, represented here by the summary; interested readers can find a guide to more comprehensive Franciscans, Premonstratensians, Dominicans, and Augustinian Friars, discussions in the list of Selected Sources. nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10) was particularly significant. It is easy to spot the difference between these two types of Breviaries by examining Breviaries are the liturgical books that include all the texts needed for the the text of Matins, since monastic Breviaries include twelve lessons Divine Office. The Divine Office (today known as the Liturgy of the and responsories at Matins for major feasts, whereas secular Breviaries Hours) is the daily prayer of the Church, recited (and sung) by priests include nine lessons and responsories. The distribution of the psalms and other religious, including monks, nuns, canons, and friars. These said daily in the monastic and secular Office was also different, and the are the prayers modeled on the scriptural teaching to pray without decorated initials therefore sometimes differ in monastic and secular ceasing (for example, 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18: “Rejoice always. Pray Psalters (Hughes, 1982, p. 228). without ceasing. In all things give thanks; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you all.”). The Office during the Middle A small library was needed to chant the Office early in the Middle Ages. Ages was the public prayer of the Church sung collectively in the choir. The biblical readings were found in Bibles, the psalms in Psalters, the 4 5 antiphons and chanted responsories in Antiphonals, hymns in Hymnaries, texts for saints, generally less important, who were not included in the collects and prayers in Collectars, and other readings in hagiographic Sanctorale; it is divided into general categories (for apostles,
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