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The Concept of Political Responsibility

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The Concept of Political Responsibility Durham E-Theses The concept of political responsibility Holmes, Lorraine How to cite: Holmes, Lorraine (2008) The concept of political responsibility, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3888/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk The Concept of Political Responsibility The coPyrigh(of this thesis rests with the autho,r or the university to which it was subIDltted, No quotation from it ' ti ' , or m o~atlOn derived from it may be published without the prior written con~ent of t?e au~or or university, and any mformation denved from it should be acknowledged, Lorraine Holmes St. Cuthbert's Society o3 MAR 2009 "This thesis is the result of my own work. Material from the published or unpublished work of others which is used in the thesis is credited to the author in question in the text." Lorraine Holmes 1st September 2008 Introduction 'Since human beings are not merely political animals but also language-using animals, their behaviour is shaped by their ideas. What they do and how they do it depends upon how they see themselves and their world, and this in tum depends upon the concepts through which they see.' Hanna Fenichel Pitkin I This investigation is concerned with the possibility of establishing a concept of political responsibility. For, if Pitkin is correct and our behaviour is shaped by our ideas and concepts, then if we understand what it means to be responsible, and in this case in particular politically responsible, that understanding should direct or delineate our behaviour. Even the most superficial examination of the behaviour of those who operate and act within the political milieu would confirm that there appears to be a failure to accept responsibility for these actions. This, in Pitkin's terms, would suggest that there is no understanding of the meaning of a concept of responsibility, and in particular political responsibility. That this is the case seems to be borne out by the findings of the Butler Enquiry, into the events leading to the war waged against Iraq where it appeared that almost everybody had done something wrong but that nobody was responsible. The fact that it is possible to find many examples in which there are calls for the ascription of political responsibility suggests that indeed political responsibility is a concept through which we see 'ourselves and our world'. However, it would appear that the political realm consists of political actors who seek to avoid the ascription of and/or the acceptance of political responsibility. Is this because they do not understand what it means to be politically responsible or is it that they are all too well aware of the ramifications and consequences of I Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, The Concept of Representation, (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1967), p. 1. such a concept and, therefore, seek to avoid it, or is it a combination of both? This investigation will explore the apparent gap between the theoretical concept and practice. It will clarify the possibility of, and also make explicit the parameters of the concept of political responsibility. In addition it will suggest strategies that may make the ascription and/or acceptance of political responsibility less objectionable to political actors. To begin this process of clarification it is essential to understand the prevailing environment in which claims for the ascription and/or acceptance of political responsibility are made. There is no doubt that "responsible" and political responsibility are terms that are in frequent use and appear to be afforded elevated importance in the political realm. In fact at any point in time, within the public sphere, there will be demands made to identify those to whom responsibility can be ascribed, and if experience has demonstrated anything it is that it will be equally certain that these demands will almost certainly remain unfulfilled. The diversity of the calls for political responsibility is illustrated by the following examples. From across Europe, come belated demands from Spain for an investigation of atrocities committed by both sides engaged in the Civil war and also to establish who it is that is politically responsible for the death squads, the GAL, in the 'dirty war' against ETA.2 From the United Kingdom there are calls to attribute political responsibility for the events that contributed to the death of the scientist David Kelly and the false "intelligence" information that appeared in the Iraq dossiers. From Germany come demands for the identification and prosecution of those who were politically responsible for the repression in the former German Democratic Republic in the Cold War era and in The Hague the international criminal court has begun to try those who are alleged to be politically responsible for war crimes. From Africa, the discovery by the Truth and Reconciliation Committee in South 2 Woodworth, Paddy, 'The stain of Spain's dirty war', Irish Democrat, August/September 2001. 2 Africa, of those politically responsible for atrocities committed in the apartheid era, and the trials of those who are similarly accused in Rwanda and in Sierra Leone. From the Americas, lawyers still seek in South America those politically responsible and, therefore, justice for victims of the Pinochet regime; and in North America human rights activists seek to attribute political responsibility for international war crimes to Henry Kissinger and for the torture of Iraqi civilians to Donald Rumsfeld. As interesting as these diverse calls for political responsibility are, our real concern here is the confusion and complexity to which these calls for political responsibility give rise. The following examples underline this concern. At the time of the trial of the now late Slobodan Milosovic it was confidently asserted that Milosovic 'clearly shares political responsibility for the country's immolation, with his opportunist pandering to rapacious nationalism.,3 Or that 'with every passing day, Iraq becomes a bigger challenge than many Americans imagined ... Rather than deny that a problem exists, Mr Bush should invite the UN to assume political responsibility for restoring Iraqi sovereignty'. 4 A succinct example of our concerns is shown by the problems associated with the Victoria Climbie case. Climbie, a Nigerian child, was brought into Britain illegally, and was subsequently beaten and starved to death by her "carers". The problems associated with this very distressing case regularly resurface and remain unresolved. At a subsequent enquiry into her death, the lines of responsibility were found to be confused and in fact unfortunately still remain so. This confusion is illustrated by a conference declaration where it was suggested that 'it could be the [elected] leader [of the local authority] who would take political responsibility and the nd 3 Milne, Seumas, 'Hague is not the place to try Milosevic', The Guardian, 2 August 2001. th 4 Toronto Star, Editorial 28 October 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/editor/story/O, 12900, 1072824,OOhtml 16111103. 3 chief executive who would be ultimately responsible for the operational management'. 5 The Climbie case still leaves many questions unanswered, and the only person to have been disciplined and punished (apart from the direct perpetrators) is the newly qualified junior social worker involved. The problem with each of these cases is that there is no explanation of what is understood by political responsibility or how it could be achieved. These few of many available examples illustrate how diverse and elusive the concept of political responsibility can be. The need to ascribe political responsibility is very often in order to attribute blame or invoke sanctions, because 'people spontaneously attribute responsibility for the behaviours they observe. Attributions of responsibility are known to exert powerful influence over a broad spectrum of ... social attitudes.,6 This study is not however, an empirical investigation of political responsibility, although numerous examples are cited, but is instead a conceptual analysis. As a conceptual analysis of political responsibility this work will explore its meaning, to discover if indeed such a concept as political responsibility can be a real phenomenon in the political realm. It will also examine how political responsibility is used in everyday and academic contexts and the validity of such usage in the political lexicon. The problem with political responsibility as a concept is that it concerns the juxtaposition of two highly contested terms and is therefore about two words, nevertheless, 'it is not about mere words, not merely about words.' For, as Pitkin reminds us, for social scientists words cannot be "mere", they are not only the 'tools of his trade' but also 'a vital part of his 5 Carvel, John, 'Where the buck stops',
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