PATTULLO BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT EAC APPLICATION

Note to the Reader

This report was finalized before the Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project was transferred from TransLink (South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority) to the BC

Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (MoTI).

References to TransLink should be read as MoTI unless referring specifically to

TransLink policies or other TransLink-related aspects.

Translink Hatfield Consultants

Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project

Historical Heritage Study

April 2018

Submitted by: Denise Cook Design

Team: Denise Cook, Denise Cook Design

Project contact: Denise Cook, CAHP Principal, Denise Cook Design #1601-1555 Eastern Avenue North Vancouver BC V7N 2X7 Telephone: 604-626-2710 Email: [email protected]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 OBJECTIVES ...... 1 3.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 3 3.1 General Methodology ...... 3 3.2 Planning and policy context ...... 4 4.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT ...... 4 4.1 Brief Historical Context of Bridge and Environs ...... 4 4.2 Early Land Uses ...... 5 4.3 Transportation networks ...... 11 4.4 The Pacific Highway ...... 12 4.5 Opening of the Bridge ...... 13 4.6 B.C.’s politics and transportation infrastructure ...... 14 4.7 Engineering and technological feats ...... 15 4.8 Regional Connections ...... 16 4.9 Opening Day ...... 18 5.0 HERITAGE VALUES + SITE DOCUMENTATION ...... 29 5.1 Description ...... 29 5.2 Heritage Values ...... 29 6.0 CHARACTER DEFINING ELEMENTS ...... 32 6.1 Site and landscape ...... 32 6.2 Bridge and infrastructure ...... 33 6.3 Intangible ...... 33 6.4 Natural systems and features ...... 33 6.5 Circulation ...... 33 6.6 Land use ...... 34 6.7 Cultural Traditions ...... 34 6.8 Spatial organization ...... 34 6.9 Topography ...... 34 6.10 Vegetation and open space ...... 34 6.11 Buildings and structures ...... 34 6.12 Views ...... 34 6.13 Pattullo Bridge characteristics ...... 37 6.14 Site Integrity ...... 39 7.0 HERITAGE RESOURCES INVESTIGATION ...... 40 7.1 Pattullo Bridge ...... 40 7.2 City of New Westminster ...... 40 7.3 City of Surrey ...... 50

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8.0 APPENDICES ...... 53 Appendix A: Sources Historical ...... 53 Appendix B: Glossary of Heritage Terms ...... 60 Appendix C: Additional Site Photographs ...... 62 Appendix D: Historical Aerial Photographs ...... 63

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1.0 INTRODUCTION The South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority (TransLink) is proposing to replace the existing 4-lane Pattullo Bridge connecting the cities of Surrey and New Westminster, with a new 4-lane bridge spanning the Fraser River in the same general location (Figure 1 and 2). The existing Pattullo Bridge is 1.22 km long and was opened in 1937. The Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project (Project) will tie into the existing municipal and provincial road networks. Major components of the Project will include infrastructure upgrades, construction of a new bridge and approaches and decommissioning and removal of the existing bridge. This report documents and characterizes heritage values in the project areas. The study was completed to support environmental effects assessment for the Project’s Environmental Certification Application. It is also intended to inform the development of appropriate mitigation and management strategies related to heritage values. 2.0 OBJECTIVES This heritage study aims to describe the locations, characterize, and understand the heritage values associated with the existing Pattullo Bridge and environs. The Project area has been substantially altered by development, but there are recorded heritage sites within and adjacent to the project alignment. In addition to documenting these values, this heritage study provides a historical overview that includes an understanding of context and the assessment and documentation of the documented historical heritage values and resources.

Under British Columbia’s Heritage Conservation Act, heritage value means the historical, cultural, aesthetic, scientific or educational worth or usefulness of a site or object. In assessing heritage value, distinction is usually made between heritage values that pre-date the year AD 1846, the year recognized by Canadian courts as the establishment of British sovereignty in B.C. and the heritage values that originate subsequent to that date. This report focuses on post-1846 heritage values. Although this report references pre-1846 history, where contextualization of later heritage values is relevant, pre-1846 history is primarily captured in other studies supporting the Project Environmental Assessment Certificate Application, such as archaeological overview assessments. It is acknowledged that there may be other perspectives on what constitutes heritage value. For example, for Musqueam, “Heritage Resources are the tangible and intangible aspects of Musqueam’s culture passed down from their ancestors and to which there is an onus to protect and maintain for successive generations. Heritage resources include, but are not limited to, transformer sites, sƛel̓ əqəm sites, named sites, “archaeological” sites, spiritual use sites (e.g. bath sites), aspects of the landscape and all associated hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓ ən̓q̓əmin̓əm sites, “archaeological resources are central to Musqueam’s continuity and sense of place” (Musqueam 2017a). These perspectives have been considered in the preparation of this report and are further examined in Section 7.1 Archaeological Heritage Resources Assessment and Section 12 Aboriginal Consultation.

This report conforms with the BC Heritage Branch HIA guidance with respect to historical heritage studies that are initiated in response to development proposals that could potentially disturb or alter property that may have heritage value, thereby endangering heritage sites. Historical heritage studies are also a means of documenting heritage values and historical understanding through the preparation of a historical context and statement of significance.

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Figure 1: Boundaries of the Local and Regional Study Areas

Figure 2: The Project Boundary and Location of the Reference Concept

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3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 General Methodology The methodology for this project consisted of several steps. A desktop literature review was conducted for related histories and studies about the Pattullo Bridge and the project area, review of plans in the TransLink archive, research sessions at the New Westminster and Surrey Archives and a search of online sources. The field study comprised the documentation of existing historical cultural landscape features including the Pattullo Bridge itself, features in New Westminster and Surrey, and Highway 5, the Pacific Highway, from Kingsway in Vancouver to the Pacific border crossing.

Desktop Literature Review A wide range of documentary information was reviewed and evaluated for heritage, industrial heritage, ethnographic and archaeological relevance for the study area, including secondary sources such as written works, reports and studies, current and historical photographs, primary source archival material, newspapers, maps and plans and online sources including relevant heritage inventories and the Canadian Register of Historic Places. A full list of the literature reviewed in support of the heritage study can be found in Appendix A. Information on heritage resources and heritage values has been sought from the work of experts, local agencies and organizations such as: • Musqueam Nation • Alice Storey, Archer CRM • Richard Linzey, Director, BC Heritage Branch • Berdine Jonker, Manager, Heritage Programs and Services, BC Heritage Branch • B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure • Bob Moore,TransLink • Julie Schueck, Heritage Planner, City of New Westminster • Carla Stewart, Senior Heritage Planner, Planning and Development, City of Surrey • Barry Dykes, Archivist, City of New Westminster • Chelsea Bailey, Archivist, City of Surrey • Surrey Historical Society • New Westminster Historical Society Historical photographs are courtesy of the New Westminster Museum and Archives (NWMA), New Westminster Public Library (NWPL), Surrey Archives (SA), City of Vancouver Archives (CVA), BC Archives (BCAR), UBC Rare Books and Special Collections (UBC RBSC) and Vintage Airphotos (VA).

Field Methods A heritage field study supported the evaluation and synthesis of findings to support project planning and historical heritage assessment. These activities were designed to augment existing knowledge and provide new documentation about the heritage resources and values of the project site, including the Pattullo Bridge and cultural landscape and built heritage features in the Local Study Area (LSA) and the Regional Study Area (RSA). The scope and methods follow current best practice in heritage conservation and existing published guidance documents supported by BC Heritage Branch.

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3.2 Planning and policy context Provincial heritage legislation Section 14 of the Heritage Conservation Act empowers the Minister to order a “heritage inspection” or a “heritage investigation” where, in the minister’s opinion, land may have heritage value or contain heritage property, and may be subject to alteration by natural or human causes. The purpose of a heritage inspection is to assess the heritage significance of land or other property. In this regard, the inspection determines the presence of heritage sites which warrant protection, or are already protected, under the Act. A heritage investigation is undertaken in order to inform mitigation strategies or recover information which might otherwise be lost as a result of site alteration or destruction. The Pattullo Bridge is not currently recognized through a heritage inventory or register in New Westminster or Surrey, and is not on the B.C. Register of Historic Places. Community plans The boundaries of the LSA and the RSA overlap the municipalities of New Westminster and Surrey. As such, official community plans and neighbourhood plans for New Westminster and Surrey form part of the policy context for the Pattullo Bridge replacement and include sections on the importance of heritage conservation to their communities. Both have robust heritage programs which recognize and conserve significant heritage resources. There are currently no Aboriginal reserves, villages or settlements in or near the LSA or the RSA, as such no Aboriginal community or land use plans were considered for this study. Some Aboriginal Groups have indicated that these non‐Indigenous land‐use plans and current heritage legislation do not adequately address the protection of Aboriginal title and rights. In particular, Musqueam has commented that “MIB Rights and Title, […] should supersede the [Heritage Conservation Act] and local community plans and that Musqueam’s established constitutional rights are paramount and require protection over what the HCA and LUPs can provide. Aboriginal rights and title are discussed further in Section 12 Aboriginal Consultation.1 4.0 HISTORICAL CONTEXT An understanding of the history and context of the Pattullo Bridge and its surrounding environs is important in assessing its heritage value, guiding decisions about the future management of the bridge, and in interpretation or conservation planning for the bridge and its site. 4.1 Brief Historical Context of Bridge and Environs The Fraser River is the largest river lying entirely within B.C. It stretches 1,375 kilometres from the western side of the Rocky Mountains at Mount Robson Provincial Park, and ends in the Strait of Georgia at Vancouver. It collects almost 25% of B.C.’s rain and snow runoff and is one ofe th most tidally influenced rivers in the world, with tides reaching Mission B.C. It is also the one of the largest salmon producing rivers on the coast. Aboriginal groups have lived, and continue to live, in the Fraser River basin for more than 10,000 years, relying on the river for its abundant resources and transportation routes. In the early post‐contact or newcomer history of B.C.’s Lower Mainland, the Fraser River served as the major transportation link in the region, with farm settlement oriented towards the river. In 1998, the Fraser River was designated as a Canadian Heritage River based on sit vast cultural and natural heritage, including geologic formations, rich First Nations history, and importance to European settlement.

1 In terms of existing provincial legislation, it is beyond the control of [TransLink] to determine what legislative regime exists and whether it is adequate or appropriate in respect to the issues raised by Aboriginal Groups in respect thereof.

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Historical vegetation in the LSA and RSA areas of the Pattullo Bridge. (North, Dunn and Teversham. Vegetation of the Southwestern Fraser Lowland 1858-1880.)

4.2 Early Land Uses The existing Pattullo Bridge and the proposed replacement bridge are located in an area of longstanding human occupation and use. Information about historic and current significance of the environs of the existing and proposed Pattullo Bridges is included in this report as context for identified heritage resources. The following is not a comprehensive ethnographic or historic account of human occupation and use of the area or a comprehensive list of places and sites of significance. A more comprehensive account of these sites can be found in a complimentary Archaeological Overview Assessment (AOA) prepared by ARCHER CRM Partnership. However, the inclusion of named places in this study does not purport to reflect the importance and meaning of the places referenced in this report to Aboriginal groups. It is included to acknowledge the enduring presence of Aboriginal groups within the project area.

In pre-contact times, Indigenous peoples accessed resources in the areas on each side of the Fraser River, such as hunting grounds, berry patches, habitation and fishing sites. The Fraser River has always been significant for harvesting and cultural purposes and also as a transportation route.

There are a number of sites in the study area that were important for Indigenous peoples prior to European contact and which have continued to be significant to the present day. This report describes specific locations in proximity to the Pattullo Bridge site but it should be understood that these sites are not separate from their larger context. This context includes not only residential sites but the transportation systems that connected them (e.g. trails, streams, and rivers), and the areas for resource acquisition, cultural, spiritual, and educational activities that were located between and around them. These sites were overwritten with British urban landscaping and architecture, and as a result clearly identifying the location of specific sites and their associated names is complicated by conflicting information reports, differences in mapping the locations of places, and the fact that some place names may have been relocated with populations through time. However, the density of place names, oral traditions, and reported events that took place during a period of ancient history that are located in this area is suggestive of the concentration and potential long term occupation(s) that occurred along the Fraser in the New Westminster and Surrey areas.

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4.2.1 Sites Recorded Near the North Bridgehead (Currently Known as New Westminster) 4.2.1.1 sӽəyəməɬ sӽəyəməɬ (also sxˇ wéyəməɬ ) is a significant site in the project area. The term, sӽəyəməɬ, may refer to New Westminster as a whole (Neary 2011; Suttles 2004) a more specific locale. It has also been asserted that sxˇ wéyəməɬ represents the general eastern limit of Musqueam territory (Musqueam Indian Band 2017). A more specific location bearing the same name related to the transformer stone [referred to alternatively as sxˇ wəyém (Suttles 2004) and sxwóymelh (Carlson 2001)] was likely located near the Pattullo Bridge or close to Albert Crescent Park (Jenness 1955; Musqueam Indian Band 2017a; Suttles 2005). Chief Joe of the Tsawwassen indicated that the site was located in New Westminster at the end of the Railway Bridge, and was associated with sockeye salmon fishing and preparation (Bouchard & Kennedy, 1991). Accounts as a whole seem to indicate that the more general area refers to the land along or immediately adjacent to the first high point at the narrows when one heads inland along the Fraser. A significant number of episodes from ancient history are associated with New Westminster, particularly transformation events (Jenness 1955). The topography of New Westminster has long provided defensive advantage, being the highest point of land at the narrowest point of the river, and the original inhabitants of the area used the landscape with an eye to defensibility (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017). The topographical military advantages and the stunning view that was available from the sea cliff the area led to this site being selected by Moody for the site of Queensborough (later New Westminster), with the high land feature at the northern end of the railway bridge designated in the town plan as an upper class British neighbourhood. In order to realize this vision, Indigenous people were moved from the area and traces of their initial occupation were removed and overwritten by colonial architecture and urban landscapes. Plate 1 Photograph shows Albert Crescent Park and Albert Crescent, as seen from the New Westminster (Railway) Bridge. Note the steep bluff that abuts Columbia Street. Photo from New Westminster Archives online ‐ item number IHP2956, record ID 39515. 4.2.1.2 ćićəɬ or qʷ́ a:ṅƛəl’n Simon Fraser noted that a permanent village was located two miles upriver from the place where the river divides into several channels (most likely referring to Lulu Island), placing the observed village in the approximate location of the old Woodlands Asylum east of the Pattullo Bridge (Neary 2011). This may represent eth site of ćićəɬ or qʷa:ṅƛəl’ń (Kwantlen First Nation 2017). This is likely the site that once occupied the lands that were site of a large First Nations village, occupied predominantly by the Kwantlen in the early 1800s. 4.2.1.2 t̕sicə̓ l̕əs While the site of t̕sicəl̓ ̕əs is not in within the study area, it is related to the site of qəqəyt. It was reported that the land associated with the Government House in New Westminster (now the approximately location of Royal City Manner near the Glenbrook Ravine) was the residence of ćsəmlenəxw and his family, who were affiliated with Musqueam (Brew 1865; Roy 2007). Other sources have reconstructed the location of the house as being closer to the mouth of the Brunette River (Musqueam 2017a). When the Royal Engineers set up camp and laid out the town of New Westminster the people living in this area, including ćsəmlenəxw, were moved across the river to the Reserve in South Westminster that is associated with a portion of the site of qəqəyt.

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Plate 1: A segment of a map of the New Westminster District in 1886. Note the large IR or Indian Reserve indicated in Lot 1 of what is now Surrey. Map by the Rand Brothers. Map by R. J. Williams. Full map can be found in the electronic holdings of the City of Vancouver Archives, Reference code AM1594- Map1184.

Plate 2: A First Nations settlement on the recently cleared grounds of New Westminster. Note the eulachon drying outside the hut in the foreground. Photo taken between 1866-1872 by Frederick Dally. Image I-66560 courtesy of the Royal BC Museum and Archives.

Plate 3: Map drawn by Lance Corporal James Conroy, Royal Engineer, showing the plan for the Town of New Westminster. The map was commissioned by Colonel Moody in 1861 (Conroy, 1861). Image supplied by the National Archives, England. Image Library Reference: CO 700/BRITISHCOLUMBIA11 (8). Image purchased for publication.

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4.2.2 Sites Recorded Near the South Bridgehead (Currently Known as Surrey) In the early contact period the Surrey side of the study area – an area variously referred to as the land opposite New Westminster, the left bank of the Fraser, Brownsville, and South Westminster – was a thin strip of raised land that hugged the shoreline and was backed by a large cranberry marsh. Reconstructions from historical sources suggest that the cranberry marsh was very large and a significant feature of the landscape as well as an important source of plants used by early First Nations. 4.2.2.1 qəqəyt Across the river from the winter villages at New Westminster was a seasonal fishing village known as qəqəyt [alternatively Kikayt, qiqá:yt, Qaxqa’yət, qiq8, qiqéyt]. Oral traditions suggest that marsh or wetland areas on the Surrey side of the project area were artificially filled with rocks and earth to build up a solid foundation for a seasonal fishing village (Hill-Tout 1902; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017; Neary 2011). Based on early historic, and subsequent historical accounts it appears that the village of qəqəyt was used by several First Nations communities and likely stretched from what is now Old Yale Road to 126th Street (Golder Associates 2011). The ancient fishing village of qəqəyt is identified as having both cultural and spiritual importance for First Nations (Kwantlen First Nation 2017; Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017; Musqueam Indian Band 2017; Tsleil-Waututh Nation 2017). The site of qəqəyt [which some have translated to mean resting place (Neary 2011 p. 29; Carlson 2001 p. 145)] was not only a well known shared fishing village but was also associated with burials (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017; Neary 2011; Pearson 1960). In the late 1800s traditional preparations of the dead included placing individuals in wooden boxes suspended in trees; several historic informants reported that there were once burial boxes in the trees at qəqəyt (Pearson 1960). These were taken down in the years after contact. In 1879 a Reserve was designated up the hill along Old Yale Road. Langley IR7 was to be used, in part, as a cemetery for First Nations (Crockford 2010; Musqueam Indian Band 2017; Neary 2011).

Plate 4: Photograph of a Chief’s Grave House opposite New Westminster taken by Fredrick Dally between 1866 and 1870. This is very likely located in the village of qəqəyt. Image C-09274 courtesy of the Royal BC Museum and Archives.

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In 1859 a portion of the site and the cranberry marsh beyond was set aside as a tract of land assigned as a Government Reserve (Crockford 2010; Turner 1861) (refer to Plate 4). The initial purpose of this Reserve was as an area where Indigenous people could camp while they were near New Westminster for work, trade, fishing, or visiting. The stated use of the Reserve land was not restricted to a specific First Nations community and was not anticipated to be a permanent settlement. However, in 1860 Moody recorded ćsəmlenəxw‘s residence on a map west of the Revenue Station and Samuel Herrings Ranch (annotated by Anonymous 2010). He and his family may have moved here after being displaced from their residence in contemporary Sapperton. The original South Westminster reserve was 100 acres or more, however, the size of the Reserve was significantly reduced in 1868 (Anonymous 2013; Ford 1999). Not all of the inhabitants of IR1 were permanent residents, nor did they all set up camping spots or temporary residences on land. Several Musqueam community members recall occupying float houses at Musqueam IR1 and adjacent areas near the Pattullo Bridge (Musqueam Indian Band 2017).

In 1871 the portion of that Reserve land within the main study area was designated Musqueam IR1 due to its associations with ćsəmlenəxw. However, in response to a petition from Chief Casimer of Langley an adjacent area was designated Langley IR8 (Crockford 2010). The remainder was set aside as a New Westminster Reserve (Crockford 2010). The third unassigned Reserve is remembered within the oral histories of several Aboriginal groups (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017). Due to increasing the amount of land for pre-emption by European settlers the general New Westminster Reserve was decommissioned in 1891 (Crockford 2010).

1879 Map by A. S. Farwell Surveyor showing the Musqueam and Langley Reserves in Surrey. Map from Library and Archives of Canada Accession Number 78903/45, Item Number 65, Record Number 437.

Life at IR1 and IR8 was clearly influenced by its proximity to the Colonial Capital and the most rapidly urbanized area of the Lower Mainland in the 1800s – early 1900s. First Nations were, in general, being pushed away from their traditional economies through the effects of urbanisation depleting stocks of species that could be procured for trade (such as salmon, elk, and shellfish). This was combined with legislative mechanisms to prevent First Nations from fishing and gathering natural resources, such as timber (Roy 2007). Ever resilient First Nations found other ways to participate in the changing economy. People were working at local canneries, both as fishermen and labourers, as longshoremen, millers, hop pickers and the production of local handicrafts for a European market (Musqueam Indian Band 2017; Oliver

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2013; Royal Commission on Indian Affairs 1916). Life in the Reserves of South Westminster reflects these adaptations by incorporating European agriculture, horticulture, and orcharding into their local economy for trading at local markets (ARCHER CRM Partnership 2017; Dominion of Canada 1890; Kostuchenko 2000). However, while European domestic plants and animals were introduced and tended at IR1 and IR8 in the late 1880s people still relied on fishing for economic support and subsistence, rather than agriculture. Ethnographic and archaeological evidence supports the continued manufacture of cedar baskets at the village in the post-contact period (ARCHER CRM Partnership 2017a; Musqueam Indian Band 2017).

In many Reserves across the Province of British Columbia, the Indian Act with other legal mechanisms were used to devaluate and impoverish Reserve lands creating inhospitable environments designed to drive First Nations to sell or relinquish the land (Musqueam Indian Band 2017; Schuurman 2000). The history of Musqueam IR1 is also one of pre-emptions for European farmers, seizures of lands for telegraph lines, railroads, dykes, and public roads (including the Multi-use New Westminster Railway Bridge). This history of reductions of Reserve Lands predates the introduction of the Indian Act in 1876 but the slow dispossession of land from the residents at IR1 was heavily facilitated by the Act. Due to mounting pressure to sell and the increasingly unpleasant and reduced nature of the Reserve the first attempt to formally sell IR1 was in 1944 (Government of Canada 1944). The neighbouring Langley IR8 land was sold in 1943. However, records suggest that IR1 was officially sold in 1959 to Pacific Brick and Block Ltd. (Department of Citizenship and Immigration, Indian Affairs Branch 1959).

4.2.3 Resource gathering areas, camp sites, and burial grounds on Fraser River Islands Sites within the Fraser River are also important to Aboriginal Groups. Poplar Island is well known amongst First Nations as an area used for the collection of resources and camping, but perhaps most significantly for burials related to both pre- and post-contact occupations (Kwantlen First Nation 2017; Musqueam Indian Band 2017; Neary 2011). The island was on the original schedule of Reserves in 1860. In 1893 Poplar Island in New Westminster was specifically identified as an area that was well suited for the quarantine of individuals diagnosed as having small pox (BC Legislative Assembly 1893). More research is required to understand who was sent to the Poplar Island Reserve during the 1889 small pox epidemic and who, if anyone, may have been buried there. This search may be complicated by the fact that many of the public health records were lost in the Great New Westminster Fire in September of 1898. The Poplar Island Reserve was removed from the Schedule of Reserves in 1916. Currently, no part of this island is protected by the Heritage Conservation Act as an archaeological or post-contact heritage site. Shortly thereafter Poplar Island was cleared for the establishment of a military shipyard to supply the war effort. It was acquired in the 1990s by Metro Vancouver and is held in perpetuity as a nature reserve. Douglas Island and its sandbanks are reputed to have been a significant area for sturgeon and are likely to be an area of historical importance to First Nations (Musqueam Indian Band 2017).

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4.2.4 New Westminster and Surrey The city of New Westminster is dominated by a bowl-shaped plateau that slopes steeply toward the Fraser River providing a view of Surrey and beyond to the southeast. The plateau is the first spot of high land that is encountered on the north side of the Fraser River as one travels up the Fraser towards the interior. As a result the site of New Westminster was chosen by Colonel Moody for its military advantages; being at the highest point of land at the narrowest point of the river overlooking marshy land. In addition, the selected town-site offered good drainage, excellent accesses to a deep channel for shipping, was protected by several rivers from overland attack, and allowed some control over those who hoped to travel up or down the river though the narrows (Moody 1859; Scott 1983). The same defensive advantages did not escape the notice of the original inhabitants of the area – who used the landscape with a similar eye to defensibility (Kwikwetlem First Nation 2017). At the time of the bridge’s construction, Surrey and New Westminster were similar yet different in the land uses in the vicinity of the bridge. While both had industry well- established along the river, with sawmills, canneries agricultural distribution centres, food processing and cold storage facilities. The dominant shipping enterprise, Pacific Coast Terminals, had its beginnings in 1924 as the Fraser River Dock and Stevedoring Company. Yet Surrey remained largely agricultural and rural until the impacts of the bridge were felt, while New Westminster had a developed downtown with a thriving government and business sector. 4.3 Transportation networks In the late 19th century, ferries were the simplest and most economical and simplest method of crossing B.C.’s rivers. Surrey’s early roads, like those of the Fraser Valley in general, focused on New Westminster, at the time the largest city on the mainland. The The ferry K de K c.1885. Fraser River at New Westminster had been crossed first by canoe (SA/ surreyhistory.ca) then later by row boat. In 1884, a steam ferry called the K de K, went into operation, with hourly service. With the advent of the ferry, it became much simpler for Surrey’s farmers to bring their agricultural products to New Westminster using a horse and buggy. In 1889 the K de K was replaced by the steam ferry Surrey, which was operated by the City of New Westminster until the opening of the New Westminster Bridge in 1904. The New Westminster Bridge was constructed in response to increased traffic demand; portions of the bridge and access road were built on Musqueam IR #1. The new bridge was 720 metres The Surrey at New Westminster docks. long and constructed of steel, designed to carry wagon traffic on (SA/surreyhistory.ca the upper deck with railway and motor traffic on the lower. Westminster Road became the auto route to the south once the Fraser River was bridged in 1904. Nine years later Westminster Road was widened and paved with asphalt. The arrival of the railways resulted in the decline of water transportation, particularly in Surrey. Accessible year–round railway connections were superior for transporting non-Indigenous lumber and agricultural products to markets. Railway systems converging in the area of the Pattullo Bridge included the New Westminster branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, BC Electric Railway, Great Pacific Highway on the flats leading to Northern Railway operating out of the U.S. and the Canadian National South Westminster. (NWMA) Railway.

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Roadway networks associated with the Pattullo Bridge span almost all of the phases of B.C.’s transportation and road systems, including First Nations trails, gold trails, wagon roads (New Westminster & Yale wagon road), trunk roads (from New Westminster to Hope via Langley and Sumas), modern engineered highways and multi-lane highways.] 4.4 The Pacific Highway The Pattullo Bridge was the intended key link for the Pacific Highway south, and the Trans- Canada Highway east. The original route from Vancouver to Richmond, Delta and Surrey, and ultimately the U.S. border, was via Kingsway (formerly Westminster or Vancouver Road) in Vancouver and Burnaby, the Pattullo Bridge at New Westminster and the Pacific Highway in Surrey. The Surrey route consisted of the New Westminster- Yale Road (later Fraser Highway) and 176th Street.

Kingsway follows an Indigenous trail used by First Nations. In 1860, a wagon road was built over it by the Royal Engineers, connecting Vancouver’s Gastown waterfront and the former colonial capital at New Westminster. The road cut diagonally across Burrard Peninsula following the easiest grade and lying at an angle to Vancouver’s street grid, which had not yet been laid out. The road was improved in the 1870s and a parallel BCER interurban line connecting Vancouver and New Westminster constructed in 1891, making the area along the road increasingly favourable for settlement. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the government of premier Thomas Dufferin Pattullo created make-work projects that saw Kingsway widened to six lanes along most of its length.

1. This Act may be cited as the “Fraser River (New Westminster Bridge) Act.” 2. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may cause to be built a bridge across the Fraser River at the City of New Westminster, at a cost not exceeding four million dollars, for the purposes of vehicular and passenger traffic.1

1 BC Statutes. An Act to provide for the Construction of a Bridge across the Fraser River at New Westminster. 23 March 1935. The Lieutenant- Governor at the time was John William Fordham Johnson.

Route of the future Pacific Highway on a 1913 map. The route would connect the Vancouver Road (later Kingsway), 12th and Columbia streets in New Westminster, the New Westminster and Yale Road (now Fraser Highway) and 176th Street (not yet constructed) in Surrey.

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The construction of a trail south of the Fraser River from New Westminster to Yale (the terminus of steamboat travel on the Fraser River) began in 1861.This trail was upgraded to a wagon road in 1865, and in 1923 became known as the Pacific Highway from Vancouver, across the New Westminster bridge and south through Cloverdale to the U.S. border. The Pattullo Bridge and its road networks were essential to the growth of tourism. The booming 1920s made it possible for more and more families to afford an automobile and holiday trips were no longer dependent on public transportation. Together with gas stations, garages, and cafes, Kingsway acquired its first auto camps. By the early 1930s, it was evident that the old Westminster Bridge was proving inadequate for growing traffic demands.

1968 brochure for the Pacific Highway bus route. (UBC RBSC)

Part of a 1937 Imperial Oil road map, showing Kingsway with its auto camps, the only route out of Vancouver, crossing the 1904 Westminster Bridge and showing the Pattullo Bridge under construction. There is an auto camp shown at Queen’s Park. (CVA) 4.5 Opening of the Bridge On Nov. 15, 1937, and one month after he received an honourary doctorate from the University of British Columbia, Premier Pattullo officially opened the Toll booths in South Westminster Pattullo Bridge. Up to 20,000 people arrived to see the premier cut a chain c.1940 with an acetylene torch to open the $4-million structure. Mayors and (NWMA) members of the legislature were present, schools closed early and 400 vessels plied the Fraser River below the bridge. Towering above the 1904 railway link, the new Fraser River bridge was considered a monument to B.C.’s spirit of progress and a fine accomplishment of provincial investment in infrastructure. It was a representation of the growing importance of road transportation in opening up the province for development and tourism to benefit of the provincial economy. Opening day marked the first of many years of a true regional landmark.

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4.6 B.C.’s politics and transportation infrastructure The Pattullo Bridge was born in the years of the Great Depression. In 1933 a bill was passed in the provincial legislature by then-Premier Simon Fraser Tolmie to construct a toll bridge across the Fraser near Ladner (later the site of the George Massey Tunnel). It was to be constructed by the Ladner Bridge Company with completion in 1935, including a first-class highway from the new bridge to the Douglas (Peace Arch) border crossing near Blaine, USA. The provincial election of 1933 saw Dr. Tolmie and his Conservative administration replaced by Thomas Dufferin Pattullo and the Liberal party. The most pressing and immediate task of the new Pattullo government was to turn its campaign promise of work and wages into the reality of employment for British Columbians. Pattullo’s policies to deal with the depression Tending the garden in Albert Crescent Park c.1950s. (NWMA IHP10000-0276) was government spending on public works, projects that would provide employment and develop the province’s infrastructure.2 Other benefits would accrue from this work, for example, the development of roads would open up new parts of the province and encourage more tourists to come to B.C. When in opposition, Pattullo and the Liberals had strongly opposed Tolmie’s Ladner bridge agreement. After the election a bill was quickly introduced into the legislature seeking authority to cancel the agreement, and announcing the re-examination of the question of road links to Vancouver. There were good reasons for building a bridge further up the Fraser River at New Westminster. The location was closer to the Fraser Valley, the physical conditions made it easier to build there, and the combined railway and highway bridge already at that location Fishing in South Westminster 1964. had become completely inadequate. In the fall of 1934 Pattullo (SA 1992.036.3050) announced the construction of a new bridge adjacent to the old one at New Westminster.3 Accusations were made that the Ladner bridge was cancelled because Delta elected a Cooperative Commonwealth Federation MLA while New Westminster was represented by Wells Gray, Pattullo’s minister of lands. Citizens of Vancouver were dismayed as they would still have to drive to New Westminster to cross the Fraser River, others argued against a toll bridge or were concerned about the costs during a depressed economy. The federal government refused to assist and attempted to use federal jurisdiction over navigable waterways to prevent the bridge from being built. Pattullo was determined to get the bridge constructed as a measure he felt was essentially for the public good.4 New legislation calling for a high level bridge resulted in a revised agreement with the Ladner Bridge Company, and in March 1934, Pattullo announced the construction of a new bridge at New Westminster and the Richmond-Ladner bridge project was abandoned.

2 Robin Fisher. Duff Pattullo of British Columbia p.277. 3 Victoria Times, 10 September, 1934. 4 Robin Fisher. Duff Pattullo of British Columbia p.278

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The cost of the Pattullo Bridge was $4 million, including the cost of the main contract, concrete, purchase of right-of-way, and realigning and resurfacing the highways approaching the bridge. At the time of the bridge’s construction, F.M MacPherson was the Minister of Public Works, A.Wells Gray the Minister of Lands and Municipalities, and Arthur Dixon was the province’s chief engineer on the project. 4.7 Engineering and technological feats The engineering significance of the Pattullo Bridge is considerable, and its construction resulted in major impacts Pattullo Bridge under construction c.1937. on the surrounding land and water, particularly for (NWMA IHP1616) Musqueam and other First Nations. The bridge itself was designed by Major William G. Swan, a designer and engineer at Swan Wooster Engineering using a through-arch design in which the bridge deck is below the arch, and a truss system that became known as the “Warren Truss” from a patent dating from 1848, although it had been in use for many years. The truss method uses equilateral triangles to spread out the load on the bridge, minimizing the forces to compression and tension. The bridge was constructed by the Dominion Bridge Company using caissons and coffer dams to sink the piers below the surface of the river.

A new forming system called the Kane system was used rather than the usual timber form work to support the steelwork until it was erected. In this system, the concrete forms are hung directly to the steel trusses. The ability to avoid using wooden forms in the river was an advantage due to tides in the shipping channel.

The concrete piers were constructed first. Twin or triple reinforced concrete supporting pylons were built on the foundations of each pier, with bridge spans extending out until anchored onto their respective piers. The construction was undertaken from both sides of the river until they connected in the centre and the final arch placed on top. Construction was aided by the use of harnesses, travelling derricks and a creeper traveller that moved across the top of the bridge.

Original drawing of Pattullo Bridge elevation. (Translink)

Electrical power was supplied during construction and afterwards from the BC Electrical power plant at Ruskin to the substation at the north end of the bridge. The bridge itself carried a 30 cm cast-iron water main supplying water to the districts on the south side of the river. Bridge members that were to be in contact were given a coat of red lead paint prior to being riveted together. The original paint for the steelwork of the bridge was aluminum, a light colour designed to reduce a potential top-heavy appearance of the bridge.

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The Pattullo was the first bridge in Canada to be illuminated by sodium vapour lamps, then a new system in the country but widely used in Great Britain and the United States. Sodium vapour was superior as it improved vision without glare and shadows, worked well in the fog and eliminated the effects on oncoming headlights. The lighting was installed by local New Westminster company Mott Electric. 4.8 Regional Connections As the economic centre of New Westminster for many years, Downtown is recognized for the importance of its waterfront industries, as an international deep sea port, for its early government institutions and for the commerce that occurred along Columbia and Front Streets. Many still-existing and new commercial and institutional buildings and industrial traces are testament to this economic importance. The New Westminster docks played a particular role in the city’s economy. Prior to World War I, docks were built out into the river and filled, creating a surface for railway tracks and sheds. The revitalization efforts beginning in the 1970s and 80s are a continuation of the economic importance of Downtown. Queen’s Park is one of the oldest of New Westminster’s residential neighbourhoods. While Albert Crescent was initially intended to be New Westminster’s prestige residential area, Queen’s Park soon took charge and continues to do so to the present day, retaining many heritage homes and other significant values, such as its streetscapes and the open space of Queen’s Park. The original bridge ramp system construction removed a part of Albert Crescent, while in 1956, a new cloverleaf approach was developed that required the annexation of the southeast portion of Queen’s Park. A small community was established at Brownsville, across the Fraser River from New Westminster, at the convergence of the Yale Wagon Road and Semiahmoo Trail, and located directly beneath the current Pattullo Bridge. Brownsville was the location of the first commercial fish cannery on the B.C. Coast. Brownsville was named after Ebenezer Brown, who purchased land there in 1861, and developed his property through agriculture, commerce and industry. The community included a wharf on the Fraser River that could be accessed by local roads, making Brown’s Landing the starting point for traffic to and from the Fraser Valley, and the B.C. interior. With the arrival of the railway, bridges and highways came an increased population and Brownsville evolved into the neighborhoods of South Westminster, Port Mann, Whalley and Port Kells. Ferries connected the Brownsville to downtown New Westminster, first the Knyvett de Knyvett (or K de K) in 1884, replaced by the Surrey in 1889. The first rail bridge across the river was built in 1904, and was used by the New Westminster Southern Railway (NWSR), the Great Northern Railway (GNR), the BC Electric Railway (BCER) and the Canadian Northern Railway. By 1910, when the BCER established a passenger station, South Westminster was already an established community and a transportation hub for a rapidly growing population. St. Helen’s Anglican Church is a heritage resource significant for its association with the development of South Westminster, a visual landmark in a strategic location and used as a navigation aid by fishermen on the Fraser River.5 The construction of the Pattullo Bridge in 1938 had a major impact on Surrey. It made the relatively lower cost land in the municipality attractive, spurring the development of subdivisions and suburbs with the construction of accompanying retail and business infrastructure. In 2014, given the city’s established historical and dense urban context, New Westminster council formally supported a new tolled four-lane bridge, built to urban arterial standards and incorporating cycling and pedestrian facilities, stating that it would meet the transportation needs of the city and region.6

5 Heritage Planning Files, City of Surrey and Canadian Register of Historic Places. 6 Office of the CAO, City of New Westminster, 17 March 2014.

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Development patterns in New Westminster and north Surrey in 1910.The map shows the Semiahmoo Trail and New Westminster-Yale Road and the BCER route, as well as Poplar Island identified as a Qayqayt First Nation Reserve. (CVA)

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4.9 Opening Day On Nov. 15, 1937, and one month after he received an honorary doctorate from the University of British Columbia, Premier Pattullo officially opened the Pattullo Bridge. Up to 20,000 people arrived to see the premier cut a chain with an acetylene torch to open the $4-million structure. Mayors and members of the legislature were present, schools closed early and 400 vessels plied the Fraser River below the bridge.

Premier Duff Pattullo at official opening According to newspaper accounts, the Pattullo Bridge was once of bridge, 1937. (NWMA IHP4562) famous for being the largest single construction project ever undertaken by the provincial government, providing employment for

many companies and hundreds of workers.

Official opening day program. (NWMA)

View of bridge and New Westminster showing the fruit cannery, Woodlands School, BC Penitentiary and part of Queen’s Park bisected by the bridge approach from McBride Boulevard c.1950s. (VA) Publicity for Trapp Motors Ltd. on the Pattullo bridge, 1958. (NWMA IHP10115-005)

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View of bridge and land uses on the Surrey waterfront c.1950s. (VA) View of bridge extending into Surrey c.1957. VPL 47858)

Map of railway lines in the Lower Mainland, 1930. (CVA)

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1913 Fire Insurance Map of New Westminster. The construction of the Pattullo Bridge in 1937 would impact the downtown waterfront, Albert Crescent and Queen’s Park. (CVA)

1927 map showing Kingsway and the Pacific Highway. (CVA)

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5.0 HERITAGE VALUES + SITE DOCUMENTATION Heritage values for historic resources are the products of social norms, beliefs, customs, ethics, and practices, as are all values in society. Heritage values are generally grouped into the categories of aesthetic, historical, scientific, educational, cultural, spiritual, economic and social significance. Different individual and groups may have different perspectives on heritage values including those described in this report. Different individual and groups may have different perspectives on heritage values including those described in this report. Musqueam Indian Band, for example, has indicated that, although there may be overlap between Musqueam’s heritage values and the system of values that has guided this assessment, Musqueam’s values are also quite distinct. 5.1 Description Originally called the New Westminster Bridge, the Pattullo Bridge is “The Pattullo Bridge, although a a 735-metre long steel and concrete bridge structure with eight mighty structure of steel, stone massive concrete piers and eight steel and 22 concrete spans and concrete, is nevertheless an 1 flanking a central steel arch crossing the Fraser River between object of beauty and grace.” downtown New Westminster and north Surrey. Its span is a delicate 1 Vancouver Province, 1937. steel truss through- arch painted orange. The bridge has a roadway width of approximately 14 metres with four traffic lanes and a pedestrian sidewalk on the west side. Its total height mid-span is 77 metres with a shipping clearance of 132 metres.

At either end of the bridge there is a system of on-ramps, connecting to McBride Boulevard, Columbia Street and Royal Avenue on the New Westminster side, and to King George Boulevard in Surrey.

In its wider context, the bridge encompasses the landscape of the Fraser River, the communities and neighbourhoods on either side, the riparian foreshore and the various developments, industrial uses, waterfront features and parks along the riverside. 5.2 Heritage Values Opened in 1937 during the Great Depression, the Pattullo Bridge, its connecting roadways and its cultural landscape spanning the Fraser River and parts of New Westminster and Surrey together have cultural, historical, scientific, aesthetic and social value as part of the Lower Mainland’s transportation history, yet overlaid upon the contemporary and traditional territory, history and heritage of First Nations in the area. The bridge is an enduring engineering feat, a local and regional landmark, a transportation experience for residents and tourists, and a key route connecting Vancouver, New Westminster and Surrey, as well as points south and east. In contrast, some Aboriginal Groups have expressed a lack of connection with the existing bridge and have noted its disruption to the landscape.

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“The site and landscape surrounding the bridge have cultural significance for its importance to First Nations through contemporary and land use and activities, traditional ecological knowledge, and tangible and intangible cultural spaces. In addition to these aspects of cultural value of the site for First Nations, the presence of known archaeological sites and areas of archaeological potential contributes to the cultural significance of the area.” The site is associated with post-contact settlement and land use through its representation of the connection between the municipalities of Surrey and New Westminster. In particular, it is representative of the opening up and development of Surrey in the late 1930s and early 1940s, as the city began to transform from an agriculture and resource-based economy and less expensive land costs permitted the construction of new housing subdivisions. The Pattullo Bridge and its roadways are significant as the contemporary symbol of the early roads and trails that crossed the Lower Mainland, most meeting at the 1914 Railway Bridge in the important economic and civic centre of New Westminster. Roads in Surrey included the Westminster and Old Yale Road and the New Westminster and Semiahmoo Road, while the North Arm Road connected New Westminster to Eburne, built on top of the Musqueam village of cə̓ snaʔəm, in South Vancouver. In the 1920s, Kingsway would play a role in connecting Vancouver to New Westminster, Surrey and points south and east via the Pacific Highway and the Trans-Canada Highway. Associated railway systems, including the Canadian Pacific, Canadian National and Great Northern railways, along with the BC Electric Railway, and the ships and vessels associated with the ports at New Westminster, and later Surrey, made the area of the Pattullo Bridge a transportation hub. The timing of construction in the 1930s is significant, as with the ready availability of steel and concrete as structural materials it was possible to construct a through arch bridge, a bridge in which the deck does not have to be carried over the top of the arch. The bridge is historically significant as one of the largest and oldest bridges remaining in Greater Vancouver. With Canada still strongly associated with Great Britain, the bridge was built from British steel rolled in British and Canadian mills and fabricated in Vancouver. It is both representative and unique, having a particular bridge design style with singular engineering and construction requirements. Coffer dams and caissons were required to construct the concrete bridge piers submerged below the Fraser River. The Pattullo Bridge is significant for its scientific and education values. The engineering of the truss, arch, bridge deck, concrete piers and associated structures was impressive for its time and has the ability to represent a particular bridge design. The truss system utilized in its construction uses equilateral triangles to spread out loading on the bridge. The equilateral triangles minimize the forces to compression and tension, and as a live load moves across the bridge the forces for a member may switch from compression to tension. The built elements of the bridge offer a physical record of the technical and construction work, demonstrating the fabrication, joinery and assemblage that characterizes a bridge of this type. The bridge is notable for its high level of historic integrity with no significant alterations to the arch or deck truss spans.

The Pattullo Bridge has high aesthetic values seen in its form, scale and massing, and as an example of a graceful and delicate bridge design. The main arch, deck truss spans and the main span work together as one visual unit. The form of the arch is complemented by with the intricate triangles in the design of the truss. The support piers are deliberately design echo the art deco design aesthetic of the time. The overall structure of the bridge fits into its surrounding landscape.

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The bridge is significant for its association with a number of people, institutions and companies involved in its construction, as well as for its location on top of three named Indigenous sites identified by Musqueam, and a critical contemporary and traditional area of importance adjacent to the bifurcation of the river. A strong advocate for the bridge was Premier Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, representing New Westminster, who was instrumental in getting the bridge constructed at the expense of a crossing at Ladner.

The bridge has social value for its landmark status and importance to the citizens of New Westminster and Surrey as an iconic steel arch that has been part of the local and regional skyline for almost 80 years. The bridge has the potential to enhance the public’s understanding and appreciation of the political, technical and socioeconomic context through interpretive, educational and recreational endeavours.

The Pattullo Bridge is significant for its construction during the Depression in the 1930s, and for its role in connecting New Westminster, an established part of the Lower Main- land, to the expanding suburbs of Surrey and the Fraser Valley, leading to the expansion and development of both suburbs and region. The bridge is important for its location, adjacent to both New Westminster’s downtown and to a significant park, Queen’s Park. Its role in the history of transportation in the region is significant, as it evolved from The Turf Hotel in the 1950s. the major and only route from Vancouver to the south to an (NWMA) alternative route after the construction of Highway 99 and the George Massey Tunnel and the Trans-Canada Highway in the 1960s.

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6.0 CHARACTER DEFINING ELEMENTS The Pattullo Bridge, its road and highway connections, the Fraser River and the adjacent neighbourhoods of New Westminster and Surrey together comprise a large-scale cultural landscape that features many different physical characteristics. The bridge and its connections completed a transportation corridor creating an early link via Kingsway and the Pacific Highway between Vancouver, the BC interior to the east, and the U.S. border to the south.

Identifying the cultural landscape components of the bridge and Cultural landscape its environs, based on standard practice, is a way of describing, A geographical area that has been documenting and understanding the complexity of the system and how it relates to the overall history of the route and its modified, influenced, or given special surrounding landscapes. Used in conjunction with the thematic cultural meaning by people. framework and statement of significance, it provides a means of Cultural landscape characteristics potentially recognizing and mitigating construction encounters Features of a cultural landscape, used in a with unforeseen heritage values. system of classification, that describe the 6.1 Site and landscape tangible and intangible elements of a historically significant landscape and which • Located in area of substantial historical and individually and collectively embody contemporary significance and use by Aboriginal Groups for activities including fishing, hunting, landscape character and assist in gathering and settlement understanding heritage value.

• Location on the Fraser River between north Surrey and downtown New Westminster

• Cloverleaf on-ramp that bisects part of Queen’s Park in New Westminster

• Positioned at the narrows of the river, an important location for ancient and contemporary resource gathering, particularly of fish

• Arterial infrastructure that overlies pre-contact and early historic settlements and transportation networks Remains of wharf associated with fruit cannery. (Translink) • Northern abutments aligned to the highest point of land on the northern side of the river a critical viewpoint used by numerous people in the past, including Aboriginal people

• Utilizes an ancient trail and water network connecting Surrey to Port Moody

• Ramps and railings

• Connections to roads and streets including King George Boulevard in Surrey View of bridge approach, railway bridge tracks and industrial character in Surrey.

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6.2 Bridge and infrastructure • Warren truss (used for approaches and is also the basic element in the arch) • Through-arch bridge design • Decorative metal railings • Wooden approach structure on the south side • Decorative reinforced concrete piers with two or three arches • Infrastructure, such as water, electrical and cable associated with bridge systems • Catwalk • Commemorative plaque 6.3 Intangible • Current and historic use by Aboriginal Groups for accessing resources and transmitting knowledge and culture Stories associated with the history of the bridge • The experience of driving or walking over the bridge • Connections between landscapes that have a spiritual connection for Aboriginal Groups • Part of the route of the Transformer is within the Pattullo Bridge footprint • Connections to early contacts between Europeans and Aboriginal Groups 6.4 Natural systems and features • The Fraser River • Natural systems and features of the Pattullo Bridge are primarily associated with the Fraser River • Part of the Fraser River system and deposited delta consisting of productive alluvial clay soil, peat bog and sandy loam • Positioned at the narrows northeast of the bifurcation of the river at Lulu Island • A range of ecosystems including cranberry marshes, intertidal resources, nearby river confluences, rich cedar and pine forests, and freshwater streams providing a densely packed variety of resources for hunting and gathering, as well as for the establishment of large settlements. 6.5 Circulation • Current, historical, and pre-contact land use for transportation purposes • Original Aboriginal trail and travel networks that are now overlain with modern roads and bridges • Movement in and around the bridge to travel up and down river

• Wide range of seasonal resources including salmon, eulachon, cranberries, blueberries and other plants and animals in relatively small area • Interconnected with several other waterways and overland trail networks for travel and trade. • Association with extensive Salmon Canneries and fishing operations on both sides of the Fraser during the mid to late 1800s

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6.6 Land use • Current, historical, and pre‐contact land use for transportation purposes • Wide range of seasonal resources including salmon, eulachon, cranberries, blueberries and other plants and animals in relatively small area • Interconnected with several other waterways and overland trail networks for travel and trade • Association with extensive Salmon Canneries and fishing operations on both sides of the Fraser during the mid to late 1800s 6.7 Cultural Traditions • Significant number of named places related to camping, village, and resource sites • Ties to ancient history, First Ancestors, and the route of the Transformer 6.8 Spatial organization • North‐south alignment of the bridge • Two landmark endpoints in two different communities • Organization of the bridge relative to the streets, sidewalks, exterior staircases and access roads on both sides of the river 6.9 Topography • Mostly flat topography on the Surrey side of the river • Steeply rising topography on the New Westminster site with a steep escarpment on which the bridge sits 6.10 Vegetation and open space • Vegetation associated with the river foreshore • Vegetation within designed landscapes such as Albert Crescent Park, Queen’s Park, Brownsville Park and sand bar, and parks along the riverfront • Ornamental garden and specimen trees 6.11 Buildings and structures • Electrical substation at the north end of the bridge • The built environment along the New Westminster waterfront • Heritage houses and commercial buildings in New Westminster and Surrey • Structures associated with the working waterfront 6.12 Views • Significant views across the river of importance to Aboriginal groups prior to the construction of the bridge • Views from the bridge to the mountains to the south and east • Views from the bridge up and down the river and to neighbouring communities • Views to the bridge from New Westminster and Surrey • Views from below the bridge to the infrastructure above

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Contextual heritage and landscape characteristics

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6.13 Pattullo Bridge characteristics Two components of the through-arch The constructed elements or characteristics of the Pattullo Bridge provide a physical record of the bridge, its purpose and operation, and the engineering innovation and design it represents. Triangular splayed deck truss The form, scale, massing, materials and construction of the bridge all have support system heritage value because each helps to illustrate the structure, operation and use of the bridge. The condition of the constructed characteristics, such as paint, patina, graffiti and signs of wear can also be considered significant because they demonstrate the evolution and function of the bridge in its Bridge deck environment. Span

The Pattullo Bridge is a through arch bridge, in which the base of the arch Railings structure is below the deck and the top rises above it, so the deck passes through the arch.

Concrete piers

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6.14 Site Integrity While the Pattullo Bridge itself generally retains a high degree of historical integrity, with regard to the site and regional integrity of areas of importance to First Nations, the overlaying of the bridge onto the land is considered to have had a major impact on the integrity of the area surrounding the Pattullo Bridge (Musqueam 2017a). Despite these impacts, the area is still used by First Nations and retains significance for them. Aboriginal Groups have also expressed an interest in improving site integrity from an Indigenous perspective.

The bridge remains in its original location, which is integral to its heritage value as a historical connection between New Westminster and Surrey, as to its role in the Lower Mainland and provincial highway systems. Its original materials are intact, aside from the replacement of one small approach span and a section of wooden trestle. Alterations and repairs have been conducted on the bridge over the years, but this has not negatively impacted its heritage value to any degree. In fact, it tells the story of the bridge adapting over time to new circumstances included increasing population and vehicular traffic. The bridge and site retains most of its character-defining elements. Two major fires have occurred on the bridge over the course of its history. One was in August 1957, and the other in 2009. The more recent fire damaged an 18-metre section of wooden trestle at the Surrey end of the structure, closing the bridge for over a month.

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7.0 HERITAGE RESOURCES INVESTIGATION There are a number of previously identified heritage resources that are associated with New Westminster and Surrey and are located within the study area. Heritage resources include buildings, streetscapes, landscapes and engineering or industrial works. Buildings can be structures related to habitation, business, government, cultural or social functions. Streetscapes consist of groups or collections of heritage buildings along with their context. Heritage landscapes are exterior spaces that have cultural meaning or are the result of land manipulation for aesthetic, cultural or functional reasons. Engineering works include are civil, industrial or military infrastructure that contribute to services, transportation or production. A review of local heritage registers and inventories for New Westminster and Surrey, and the Canadian Register of Historic Places, provides comprehensive information on previously identified historical heritage sites in or near the LSA and RSA. For these resources, their heritage status has been noted. Other character-defining features have been included that have not been formally identified as heritage by local governments or the province, yet contribute to the heritage value and character of the Project area/study area, and may be impacted by the bridge replacement project. One example is the Pattullo bridge itself. Although it is a significant landmark and is important to the history of New Westminster, Surrey and the province, it has not been identified on heritage inventories or heritage registers in either city and has not been recognized as a provincially significant heritage resource. It is not listed on the BC Register of Historic Places. The 1904 Railway Bridge is another example. Formally protected resources and those formally recognized on a heritage register have been identified for both the LSA and the RSA. For a heritage inventory - an information listing of heritage resources - only those resources located in the LSA have been included. Inventory resources in the RSA for New Westminster can be found at http:// www.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=50c6b97e69dc4afd84ce30f4f5d50571 7.1 Pattullo Bridge The Pattullo Bridge is the most significant heritage resource to be directly impacted by the bridge replacement project. While the bridge is a major landmark and has importance as part of the heritage of transportation, development, politics and other aspects of the history of B.C., New Westminster and Surrey, it has not been identified on heritage inventories or heritage registers in either city. It has not been recognized as a provincially significant heritage resource and is not listed on the BC Register of Historic Places. 7.2 City of New Westminster Sites of longstanding use by and importance to First Nations located on the north side of the existing Pattullo Bridge are discussed in Section 4.2.1 Sites Recorded Near the North Bridgehead of this report. These sites retain current use and importance for First Nations. The local and regional study areas also include four neighbourhoods in New Westminster which are overlaid atop these areas including Downtown, Queen’s Park, Glenbrooke South and Uptown.7 Each neighbourhood has its own particular heritage values and characteristics, as well as being the location of designated heritage resources or properties on the BC Register of Historic Places.

7 Further information on these neighbourhoods can be found in their respective historical context studies at www.newwestcity.ca/heritage/heritage-research#historic-neighbourhood-context-statements

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7.2.1 Downtown Downtown is valued for its singularity as the beginning of, and original neighbourhood in New Westminster, derived from its riverfront location, geography, culturally diverse early history and significant industrial and commercial history. The Fraser River is considered key to Downtown, with its connection to nature, ecology, as a historic transportation corridor and as a recreational amenity. Characteristics include:

• Small-scale street grid from original survey • Series of open spaces and squares, such as Begbie Square, Hyack Square, Albert Crescent, McKenzie Street urban park and the riverfront promenade

• Small-scale, narrow streets 7.2.2 Queen’s Park Queen’s Park is one New Westminster’s oldest neighbourhoods and is valued for its outstanding stock of houses and older apartments in a variety of stately traditional styles set in a landscape of mature trees, shrubs, and planted borders. Characteristics include:

• A range of suburban landscapes dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries

• Mix of planned and idiosyncratic residential streets most set orthogonally

• Ready access to major City park: Queen’s Park 7.2.3 Glenbrooke South Glenbrooke South is characterized primarily by Glenbrook Ravine Park which was originally named Queen’s Ravine Colonel Richard Moody, and for being the location of the B.C. Penitentiary and Woodlands Institution and School, of which some structures remain today. 7.2.4 Uptown Uptown is valued for its singularity as a neighbourhood of New Westminster, derived from its uphill location, the diversity of its heritage features, particularly its buildings and its mid-20th century commercial evolution. It is historically important for its beginnings as a residential area and its emergence a second, modern city centre in New Westminster. Characteristics include:

• A wide mix of land uses, including institutional, government, retail, restaurant, service, hotel, park and open space and residential

• Areas of high and low-rise apartments

• Views and vistas

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Historic place Location Heritage status Pacific Highway Columbia Street and 12th Not listed Street/Kingsway

1904 Railway Bridge Downtown/Queen’s Park Not listed

Poplar Island Within Fraser River Not listed

Downtown Historical streetscapes: Downtown Not formally listed; on New Front Street Westminster Historic Preservation Society top 10 endangered sites

Disney House 101 Agnes Street, New New Westminster heritage Westminster register

107-109 Agnes Street 107-109 Agnes Street, New New Westminster heritage Westminster register

Dufferin Street Dufferin and Agnes Street Vacant lot Cemetery

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Historic place Location Heritage status 38 Royal Avenue 38 Royal Avenue New Westminster heritage inventory

55 Dufferin Street 55 Dufferin Street New Westminster heritage inventory

42 Dufferin Street 42 Dufferin Street New Westminster heritage inventory

38 Dufferin Street 38 Dufferin Street New Westminster heritage inventory

38 Agnes Street 38 Agnes Street New Westminster heritage inventory

44 Agnes Street 44 Agnes Street New Westminster heritage inventory

35 Hastings Street 35 Hastings Street New Westminster heritage inventory

42 Wellington Street 42 Wellington Street New Westminster heritage inventory

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Historic place Location Heritage status 37 Wellington Street 37 Wellington Street New Westminster heritage inventory

Ellis Block 548 and 553 Columbia Street New Westminster heritage register

Bank of Commerce 544 Columbia Street New Westminster heritage register

Malins Block 535 Front Street New Westminster heritage register

Army and Navy 502 Columbia Street New Westminster heritage Department Store register

Former location New Westminster waterfront BC Register of Historic Places of New Westminster’s Chinatown

Fisheries Building 630 Carnarvon Street New Westminster heritage register

New Westminster 508 Agnes Street New Westminster heritage Masonic Hall register

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Historic place Location Heritage status Westminster 709 Columbia Street New Westminster heritage Trust Building register

Land Registry Office 648 Carnarvon Street New Westminster heritage register

Holy Trinity Cathedral 514 Carnarvon Street New Westminster heritage register

Maria Keary Cottage 305 Carnarvon Street Municipally designated

Irving House 302 Royal Avenue Municipally designated

Old St.Andrews 317 Carnarvon Street Municipally designated Presbyterian Church

New St.Andrews 320 Carnarvon Street Municipally designated Presbyterian Church

Evans Block 441 Columbia Street New Westminster heritage register

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Historic place Location Heritage status McLeod Block 50 Sixth Street New Westminster heritage register

McLeod Block 671 Columbia Street New Westminster heritage register

Bunachie 238 First Street Municipally designated

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Historic place Location Heritage status Queen’s Park Queen’s Park City of New Westminster Designated Heritage Control Neighbourhood Period Under study as Heritage Conservation Area

Queen’s Park 51 Third Avenue New Westminster heritage register

Marshall Martin 119 Royal Avenue New Westminster heritage English House register

Captain Oliver Perry 107 Park Row New Westminster heritage Rogers House register

William Clarkson House 313 Fourth Street New Westminster heritage No. 1 register

William Clarkson House 314 Pine Street New Westminster heritage No. 2 register

Newton Residence 416 Oak Street Municipally designated

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Historic place Location Heritage status Glenbrooke South Former Woodlands 12 & 22 E. Royal Avenue / 215 Municipally designated Asylum and & 245 Francis Way / 9 E. Cemetery Columbia Street

Woodlands Nurses’ 12 East Royal Avenue New Westminster heritage Lodge register

Woodlands Wall 9 East Columbia Street Municipally designated

Former 22 East Royal Avenue Demolished Woodlands Centre Block

Woodlands Carpenter 245 Francis Way New Westminster heritage Shop register

The Gatehouse 319 Governor’s Court Municipally designated

BC Penitentiary Coal 60 East Columbia Street New Westminster heritage House register

Old Gaol Block 65 Richmond Street New Westminster heritage register

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Historic place Location Heritage status Uptown Tipperary Park 301 Royal Avenue New Westminster heritage register

The Armouries Sixth Street at Queens Avenue Recognized Federal Heritage Building

New Westminster City 511 Royal Avenue New Westminster heritage Hall register

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7.3 City of Surrey Sites of longstanding use by and importance to Aboriginal groups located on the north side of the existing Pattullo Bridge are discussed in Section 4.2.2 Sites Recorded Near the South Bridgehead of this report. These sites retain current use and importance for First Nations.

Overlaid atop these areas are three neighbourhoods in Surrey: South Westminster, St. Helen’s Park and Bridgeview. The following table shows the location and heritage status of historic places in Surrey.

Historic place Location Heritage status Former I.R. 1 and IR8 South Westminster and HCA designation DhRr14 Bridgeview

1904 Railway Bridge South Westminster Not listed

Historical streetscapes: South Westminster City of Surrey heritage register Old Yale Road / 1873 Semiahmoo Wagon Road

Brownsville Park and 1100 Block of Portage Road City of Surrey heritage register Sandbar

Martin Wilkes House 12432 Old Yale Road City of Surrey heritage register

Robert Kennedy House 12481 Old Yale Road City of Surrey heritage register

BC Electric Railway Inter- Bridgeview, South Westminster City of Surrey heritage register urban Line City of Surrey HCA designation DhRr-64

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Historic place Location Heritage status Pacific Highway South Westminster, St. Helen’s Not listed Park

St. Helen’s 10787 128th Street City of Surrey heritage Anglican Church register

South Westminster 12469 104 Avenue, Surrey City of Surrey heritage School register Heritage Revitalization Agreement 16072

Royal Kwantlen Park 13035 104 Avenue Not listed

Fraser Highway / 1875 South Westminster City of Surrey heritage Old Yale Road register

Sandell Grocery Store 11409 128 Street City of Surrey heritage register

Olsen House 10979 Olsen Road City of Surrey heritage register

James Creighton House 10668 125B Street City of Surrey heritage register Heritage designation bylaw 14446

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Historic place Location Heritage status Ambler House 10650 125B Street City of Surrey heritage register

Arthur Hedley House 11927 96A Avenue City of Surrey heritage register Heritage Revitalization Agreement 16882

S.W. Herring’s Point and Near Musqueam Drive, Not listed Ranch northeast of Pattullo Bridge

Cranberry marsh Inland of railway tracks in Not listed vicinity of Pattullo Bridge (see historical vegetation map page 12)

Queensborough Revenue Near Musqueam Drive, Not listed Station northeast of Pattullo Bridge

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8.0 APPENDICES Appendix A: Sources Historical Ames, Kenneth M. and Herbert D.G. Maschner. Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. Thames and Hudson, 1999. An Unusual Burial at the Whalen Farm Site. Research Studies, State College of Washington. Vol. 24, No.1, pp 67- 72., 1956.

Anonymous [Internet]. 2010. Tracing of Plan signed by Col RC Moody RE/L&W dating April 4, 1860, showing fence erected by SW Herring from the Revenue Station to Tsimlana's house. What was Herring's Point? [cited 2018 Jan 17]. Available from

Anonymous [Internet]. 2013. Face-off at Herring’s Point. oppositethecity.wordpress.com. 2013.; [cited 2017 Oct 23]. Available from: http://oppositethecity.wordpress.com/2013/06/04/face-off-at-herrings-point/ ARCHER CRM Partnership. 2017. Archaeological impact assessment of DhRr-74 to inform the planning and design phase for the proposed new Pattullo Bridge alignment. Victoria (BC): Archaeology Branch. 2017. Australia Heritage Commission. Australian Historic Themes, a framework for use in heritage assessment and management.

Barman, Jean. The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. Barnett, Homer. Coast Salish Field Notebooks. University of British Columbia Library, Special Collections Division, Vancouver. Homer Barnett Papers, Box 1, 1935-1936 Beasley, Larry. A Design Probe Comparison of regional and municipal Attitudes Toward Regional Town Centres: Case Study in Burnaby, B.C. (M.A. thesis). University of British Columbia, 1976.

Berkeley, California, 1939. Bibliotheque Nationale du Quebec and M. Herbert. “Historic Bridges: Not All Can Be Saved.” Proceedings of the 1997 Conference of the Northeast Association of State Transportation Officials, Quebec.

Brew C. 1865. Letter from C. Brew to the Colonial Secretary, January 23rd 1865. BC Archives and Records Service. Victoria (BC). BR 504, File 1. 1865.

BC Archives. GR-0071 BC Department of Public Works.

BC Archives. GR-1469 Department of Public Works summary of activities from 1934-35 to 1941-42.

BC Archives. MS-0003 Thomas Dufferin Pattullo fonds. BC Archives. MS-0521 Dominion Bridge Company fonds.

BC Heritage Branch. Heritage Impact Assessments in British Columbia Terms of Reference.

BC Stats community profiles. Bouchard, R. and D. Kennedy. Tsawwassen Ethnography and Ethnohistory. In Archaeological Investigations at Tsawwassen, BC. Arcas Consulting Ltd, pp. 97-170.

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British Columbia Legislative Assembly. 1883 Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the late epidemic outbreak of small-pox in the Province of British Columbia, under Order in Council, dated 6th October, 1862. Available at https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0063371

Burley, David V. Senewélets: Culture History of the Nanaimo Coast Salish and the False Narrows Midden. R.B.C.P.M. Memoir No.2, 1988. Carlson K. 2001. A Stó:lō Coast Salish historical atlas. Vancouver (BC): Douglas and McIntyre Ltd. 2001.

Chang, Joyce, P.Eng. Development of Toll Roads. Unpublished masters thesis, University of British Columbia, 2000. City of New Westminster. Community Profiles for Downtown, Glenbrooke South, Uptown and Queen’s Park.

CityView, City of New Westminster interactive map showing heritage sites. City of Surrey. Heritage Strategic Review. City of Surrey. Bridgeview Industrial Area Development Strategy. 1995.

City of Surrey. South Westminster Opportunities and Strategies. 1998. Cook, D. Heritage Significance and Conservation Opportunities for the Highway 99 Corridor and the George Massey Tunnel. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure,2016.

Cook, D. Downtown, Queen’s Park and Uptown Neighbourhood Historical Context Statements. City of New Westminster, 2016. Crockford C. 2010. Creation of Kwantlen Indian Reserves 1858-1930. Part II Federal Reserves 1871-1930. Fort Langley (BC): Kwantlen First Nation. 2010.

Culture Element Distributions: IX Gulf of Georgia Salish. Anthropological Records 1: 221-95. Carlson, Keith Thor, Albert [Sonny] McHalsie and Jan Perrier 1991 A Stó:lo Coast Salish Historical Atlas. University of Washington Press. Douglas and McIntyre. Stó:lo heritage Trust. 208pp Carlson, Roy 2003 Archaeology of Coastal British Columbia. Essays in Honour of Professor Philip M. Hobler.Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University, Burnaby B.C.

Dawson, Michael. Selling British Columbia: Tourism and Consumer Culture, 1890-1970. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2007.

Department of Citizenship and Immigration, Indian Affairs Branch. "Band Council Resolution." 1959.

Dominion of Canada. 1890. Dominion of Canada, Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs for the Year ended 31st December, 1889. Ottawa (ON): Brown Chamerlin, Printer to the Queen. 1890.

Duff, Wilson 1952a The Upper Stalo Indians of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Anthropology in B.C. Memoir No. 1 British Columbia Provincial

1952b Field Notes

Eldridge, Morley. The Glenrose Cannery Wetsite Component: A Significance Assessment. Unpublished permit report, permit # 1990-26. 114pp, 1991. Eldridge, Morley and Tal Fisher. St. Mungo Wetsite, DgRr-2: An Evaluation. Unpublished permit report, permit 1991-116, 1997.

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Felker, Andy. Lower Fraser River Then and Now. Richmond BC, 2011.

Fisher, Robin. Duff Pattullo of British Columbia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. Ford L [Internet]. 1999. B.C. Colonial Indian Reserves. [cited 2017 Oct 23] Available from: http://gsdl.ubcic.bc.ca/collect/firstna1/index/assoc/HASH01c4/ede7abb7.dir/doc.pdf1999.

Fraser River Estuary Management Program. A Living Working River. 1994.. GeoBC for community place names and histories.

Geographical Information Centre, UBC. Historical aerial photographs 1938-2009. Getty Conservation Institute. Values and Heritage Conservation. 2012. Golder Associates. 2011. Fraser River flood protection works, Surrey BC. Archaeological impact assessment and archaeological monitoring program. HCA permits 2010-0002 and 2010-0234. Vancouver (BC): Consultant’s report on file at the archaeology Branch Victoria (BC). 2011Government of British Columbia. Consultative Area Database, GeoBC http://geobc.gov. bc.ca/, 2017.

Government of Canada. 1944. Dominion Order in Council, P.C. 4391. 1944. Ham, Leonard, Arlene Yip, Leila Kullar and Debbie Cannon. A Charles Culture Fishing Village. Unpublished permit report on file Archaeology Branch. Victoria, 1986.

Hill-Tout C. 1902. Ethnological studies of the mainland Halkomelem, a division of the Salish of British Columbia. Report of the British Association of the Advancement of Science. p. 335-490. 1902.ICOMOS. Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties.

ICOMOS.A Historic Thematic Framework to Assess the Significance of Twentieth- Century Cultural Heritage. Jackson, John N. and John L. Northey. The Impact of Highway Development on Land Use: A Study of Selected Localities in the Greater Vancouver Area. Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, 1963. Jenness, Diamond. The Corn Goddess and other tales for Indian Canada Bulletin #141 Anthropology Series No. 39 National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, 1956.

The Faith of a Coast Salish Indian. Anthropology in British Columbia, Memoir No. 3. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria BC, 1955. Kostuchenko, A. [Internet] The Unique Experiences of Sto:lo Farmers: An Investigation into Native Agriculture in British Columbia, 1875 - 1916. Field School Report available at http://web.uvic.ca/stolo/pdf/KostuchenkoA%20-%20Field%20School%20Paper%202000.pdf. 2000

Kovanen, D J, Slaymaker O. The Fraser Lowland: A polygenetic paraglacial landsystem. In O. Slaymaker’s, Landscapes and Landforms of Western Canada. Cham (CH): Springer International Publishing. p. 363-380. 2017.

Kwantlen First Nation. Kwantlen land use and occupation in the vicinity of Pattullo Bridge. New Westminster (BC): Copies available from TransLink. 2017. Kwikwetlem First Nation. Kwikwetlem First Nation traditional knowledge and cultural heritage interests relating to the Pattullo Bridge rehabilitation project. New Westminster (BC): Copies available from TransLink. 2017.

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Matson, R.G. The evolution of the Northwest Coast subsistence. In Research in economic anthropology sup. 6, long term subsistence change in prehistoric North America, ed, 1992. By Dale Croes, R. Hawkins, and B.L. Isaac. JAI Press Inc., Greenwich. CT. pp. 367-428.

Matson, R.G., Heather Pratt, and Lisa Rankin. Crescent Beach excavations, final report: The origins of the Northwest Coast ethnographic pattern: The place of the Locarno Beach phase. Report on file, Archaeology Branch. Victoria, 1991 1989 and 1990.

Matson, R. G. The Glenrose Cannery Site. Nat. Mus. Of Man, Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada, No. 52, Ottawa, 1976.

Matson, R.G. and Gary Coupland. The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Academic Press. 364pp, 1995.

Maud, Ralph 1978 The Salish People: The Local Contributions of Charles Hill-Tout Volume IV: The Sechelt and the South-Eastern Tribes of Vancouver Island. Talon Books, Vancouver, B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways. Frontier to Freeway: A Short Illustrated History of the Roads in British Columbia. No date. Ministry of Transportation and Highways. Official numbered routes in British Columbia. www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/transportation-reports-and-reference/ numbered-routes

Ministry of Transportation and Highways. Pattullo Bridge Information Manual. c.1980. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Landmark Kilometre Inventory. July 2015. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. Technical Data Report, Heritage Resource Assessment, George Massey Tunnel Replacement Project. 2015. Miscellaneous notes on the Local Salish. Wilson Duff Papers, Anthropological Collection RBCPM, Victoria File #114, 1953-56.

Mitchell, Donald H. 1971 Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia area, a natural region and its culture types. Syesis Vol.4, supplement 1. 228pp. Montler, Timothy. An Outline of the Phonology and Morphology of Saanich, North Straits Salish. University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics, No. 4., 1986. Moody RC. 1859. Letter to James Douglas, 28 January 1859. Victoria (BC): Available from British Columbia Archives, Document Number F915-2. 1859.

Musqueam Indian Band. 2017. Musqueam Indian Band Knowledge and Use Study: TransLink’s Pattullo Bridge Replacement Project. New Westminster (BC): Copies available from TransLink. 2017.

Musqueam Indian Band [Internet]. 2017. Musqueam Online Mapping Portal - Place Names. [cited 2017 March 24] Available from http://www.musqueam.bc.ca/applications/map/index.html2017.

National Cooperative Highway Research Program and Transportation Research Council.

A Context For Common Historic Bridge Types. 2005.

Neary, K. 2011. Cultural heritage sites literature review. Fort Langley (BC): (report on file with the Kwantlen First Nation): Kwantlen Territory Knowledge Project. 2011. New Westminster Bridge, Pattullo Bridge and vicinity: BC Archives plans from 1905, 1945, 1948.

North ME, Dunn MW, Teversham JM. 1979. Vegetation of the Southwestern Fraser Lowland, 1858-1880.

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Vancouver (BC): Environment Canada. 1979. North M, Holdsworth D, Teversham J. 1977. A Brief guide to the use of land surveyors' notebooks in the Lower Fraser Valley, B.C., 1859-1890. B.C. Studies, 34. p. 45-60. 1977.

Notes on the History of the Cowichan Band. Miscellaneous Notes on the local Salish. Wilson Duff Papers, Anthropology Collection, RBCPM Victoria file #114, 1953-56. Oliver J. 2013. Reflections on resistance: agency, identity and being indigenous in colonial British Columbia. In: Symonds J, Badcock A, Oliver J, editors. Historical archaeologies of cognition: exploration into faith, hope, and charity. (UK): University of Aberdeen. p. 98-114. 2013. Oregon Department of Transportation. Historic Bridge Preservation Plan. 2007..

“Old firefighter looks back at another Pattullo Bridge blaze.” The Province, 27 January 2009Official Community Plans. New Westminster and Surrey. Official Souvenir. The Opening of the Pattullo Bridge at New Westminster, British Columbia Canada, November 15, 1937.

Parks Canada. A Guide to Writing Statements of Significance. Parks Canada. Parks Canada System Plan and Thematic Framework.

Parks Canada. Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada, in particular Section 4.4, Guidelines for Engineering Works, including Civil, Industrial and Military Works. 2011. Pearson J. 1960. Land of the Royal Kwantlen: a history of North Surrey, BC. Surrey (BC): North Surrey Athletic Association. 1960. Pinchefsky, Adam. “Uncertainty in EIA – Do we really want to know?” University of Concordia Environmental Studies Program. mastereia.wordpress.com/2014/02/25/uncertainty-in-eia-do-we-really-want-to-know

Poth, Janet. Saltwater People as told by Dave Elliott Sr.: A Resource Book for the Saanich Native Studies Program. Saanichton, B.C.: Native Education. School District 63 (Saanich), 1990. Precision Identification Biological Consultants. 1998. Wild, threatened, endangered, and lost streams of the Lower Fraser Valley: Summary Report. Vancouver (BC): Fraser River Action Plan: Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 1998.

Prehistory of the Coasts of Southern British Columbia and Northern Washington. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol.7. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C, 1990.

Province of British Columbia. Statutes. An Act to provide for the Construction of a Bridge across the Fraser River at New Westminster. 23 March 1935.

Roy S. 2007. "Who were these mysterious people" The Marpole Midden, Coast Salish identity and the dispossession of Aboriginal lands in British Columbia. Vancouver (BC): Unpublished PhD Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies, UBC. 2007.

Roy S. 2008. The History of qiqéyt. Vancouver (BC): Copies available from Musqueam Treaty Lands and Resources Department. 2008. Saanich, North Straits Salish Classified Word List. Canadian Ethnological Service Paper No. 119 Mercury Series. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Hull, Quebec, 1991.

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Sanford, Barry. Royal Metal: The People,Times and Trains of New Westminster, B.C. Schuurman N. 2000. Constructing and deconstructing the railway through reserves in British Columbia. Native Studies Review. 13(1). p. 19-39. 2000.

Somogyi-Csizmazia John and Don Welsh. An Interim Report on the Traditional Land and Marine Resource Use and Practices of the Semiahmoo First Nation for the Proposed Kinder-Morgan Trans Canada Pipeline Expansion Project System, Sumas to Fraser River Crossing Section British Columbia. Confidential Report prepared for Kinder-Morgan, 2014. Stanley, Meg. Creating beautiful British Columbia: Pattullo’s Promotion of Tourism. Unpublished paper for BC Historical Society, 2011.

Statutes of the Province of B.C .1935.“An Act to provide for the construction of a bridge across the Fraser River at New Westminster.” Surrey History. www.surreyhistory.ca/

Suttles, Wayne P. “The Economic life of the Coast Salish of Haro and Rosario Straits.” PhD. dissertation in anthropology. University of Washington, 1951. In Coast Salish and Western Washington Indians: Vol. 1. New York: Garland Publishing, 1974.

Suttles, Wayne P. Coast Salish Essays. Talon Books.Vancouver. University of Washington Press. 1987. Suttles, Wayne P. “Central Coast Salish.” In Handbook of North American Indians Volume 7: Northwest Coast. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1990.

Suttles, W. 2004. Musqueam reference grammar. Vancouver (BC): UBC Press. 2004.

Taylor, Gordon. Delta’s Century of Progress. Delta, B.C.,1958. Tenney, Aud, Kvaerner, Jens & Djerstad, Karl Idar, 2006.“Uncertainty in environmental impact assessment predictions: the need for better communication and more transparency.” Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. Volume 24, number 1, 45-56. The Coast Salish of British Columbia. University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon (reprinted in 1975 by Greenwood Press Publishers, Westport, Connecticut), 1955.

The Coast Salish of Canada. American Anthropologist. 40(1): 118-141, 1938.

The Fort Victoria Treaties. B.C. Studies #3, p. 3-57 UBC, Vancouver, Canada, 1969.

The Fort Victoria Treaties. B.C. Studies 3, p.3-57, 1969.

The Saanich Indians of Vancouver Island. Ms#1103.6. Canadian Ethnology Service Archives. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Hull, Quebec, 1934-36.

Translink. Original engineering plans for the 1937 bridge, improvements and alterations. Translink. Pattullo Bridge projects, studies and background material.

“Translink pushes for bridge.” Peace Arch News, Tuesday October 7, 2014.

Treleaven, Fern. The Surrey Story. Surrey, B.C.: Surrey Museum and Historical Society, c.1978. Vancouver Fraser Port Authority. Harbour Operations Manual. January 2014. Tsleil-Waututh Nation. 2017. Tsleil-Waututh Nation traditional use study in relation to the Pattullo Bridge

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Replacement Project. New Westminster (BC): Copies available from TransLink. 2017. Turner, G. (Royal Engineer) [Internet] 1861. Four sketches of Indian Reserves opposite camp at New Westminster, Vol 16. p. 17-18. New Westminster (BC). [cited 2017 Oct 23]. Available from: Library and Archives of Canada at www.collectionscanada.gc.ca. Accession Number 78903/45, Item No. 96, Record No. 440. 1861. Virginia Transportation Research Council. A Management Plan for Historic Bridges in Virginia. 2001. Walker, Elizabeth. Street Names of Vancouver. Vancouver Historical Society, 1999.

Wagner, Henry R. Spanish Explorations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Santa Anna CA: Fine Arts Press, 1933. Wightman, Peter. From Freeway to Freeway: Congestion Pricing Policies of B.C.’s Fraser River Crossings. Master’s Thesis, Simon Fraser University, 2008. Williams, Louise Eileen. Revisiting the Locarno Beach Site [DhRt-6], Vancouver, B.C. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Simon Fraser University. 167pp, 2013.

Wolf, Jim. Royal City: A Photographic History of New Westminster, 1858-1960. Surrey, B.C.: Heritage House, 2005. Woolford, David and Darryl Matson. “The Pattullo Bridge Emergency Repair.” 2009 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, Vancouver, B.C.

Wright, J.V. A History of the Native People of Canada. Archaeological Survey of Canada Volume 1 & 2 Paper 152. Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, Quebec, 2001. Wightman, Peter. From Freeway to Feeway: Congestion Pricing Policies for B.C.’s Fraser River Crossings. Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Spring 2008

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Appendix B: Glossary of Heritage Terms Canadian Register of Historic Places The pan-Canadian list of historic places of local, provincial, territorial and national significance. The Register is administered by the Government of Canada, in collaboration with provincial and territorial governments. Historic registers can be created by local governments. Historic places on local government registers are submitted to B.C. Heritage Branch for placement on the B.C. and Canadian heritage registers.

Character-defining elements The materials, forms, location, spatial configurations, uses and cultural associations or meanings that contribute to the heritage value of a historic place, and which must be retained in order to preserve its heritage value.

Conservation All actions or processes that are aimed at safeguarding the character-defining elements of a cultural resource so as to retain its heritage value and extend its physical life. This may involve stabilization, preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, interpretation or a combination of these or other actions or processes.

A listing of potential conservation treatments can be found in Appendix B, Approaches to Heritage Conservation.

Cultural landscape Any geographical area that has been modified, influenced, or given special cultural meaning by people.

• Designed cultural landscapes were intentionally created by human beings.

• Organically evolved cultural landscapes developed in response to social, economic, administrative, or religious forces interacting with the natural environment. They fall into two sub-categories:

• Relict landscapes in which an evolutionary process came to an end. Its significant distinguishing features are, however, still visible in material form.

• Continuing landscapes in which the evolutionary process is still in progress. They exhibit significant material evidence of their evolution over time.

• Associative cultural landscapes are distinguished by the power of their spiritual, artistic, or cultural associations, rather than their surviving material evidence.

Cultural landscape characteristics Features of a cultural landscape, used in a system of classification, that describe the tangible and intangible elements of a historically significant landscape and which individually and collectively embody landscape character and assist in understanding heritage value.

Designation The classification of real property in whole or in part under Part 27, Division 4, Section 967 of the Local Government Act, if a local government considers that the property has heritage value or heritage character.

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Heritage character The heritage character of a place or community is formed by the synthesis of all of its heritage values. Heritage character is the overall effect produced by traits or features which give a property or area a distinctive quality, appearance and sense of place that distinguishes it from other areas in a municipality or region.

Heritage inventory A listing of heritage resources that a community, local government, group or individual has identified as having heritage value, based on particular criteria. Listing on a heritage inventory does not require formal recognition by local government and does not imply protection of a heritage resource.

Heritage register - B.C. Register of Historic Places The official provincial list of historic places in British Columbia that have been formally recognized for their heritage value by local governments, regional governments and/or the Province, using heritage conservation powers available in the Local Government Act or other legislation. Listing on a heritage register allows the local government to access heritage conservation tools.

Heritage resource / heritage feature / historic place A structure, building, group of buildings, district, landscape, landscape feature, industrial site, artifact, archaeological site or any other place or feature that embodies or contributes to the historical significance of a place and which has been recognized as having heritage value.

Heritage value The aesthetic, historic, scientific, cultural, social or spiritual importance or significance of a place as recognized by a community for past, present or future generations. The heritage value of a historic place is embodied in its character-defining materials, forms, location, spatial configurations, uses and cultural associations or meanings.

Intangible heritage The practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills, stories, memories, – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated with them, that communities, groups and individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage or the heritage of a place. Intangible heritage includes the perceptions experienced at a historic site that are integral to the appreciation of the place, including sight, sound, touch, taste and smell.

Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada A Canadian benchmark for heritage conservation practice in this country offering results- oriented guidance for sound decision-making when planning for, intervening on and using historic places. The document establishes a consistent, pan-Canadian set of conservation principles and guidelines for conserving Canada’s historic places.

Statement of Significance A statement that identifies the description, heritage value, and character-defining elements of a historic place. A statement of significance is required in order for a historic place to be listed on a local, provincial or Canadian Register of Historic Places.

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Appendix C: Additional Site Photographs

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Appendix D: Historical Aerial Photographs 1938

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1938

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1949

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1949

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1954

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1963

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1974

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1984

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